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Experiments to determine the strength of some alloys of nickel and iron, similar in composition to meteoric iron
280
Mechanics, _Physic.s, and Chemistry.
solid mass in a pair of (lies or mould, which have been previously heated to about 230 to 280 degrees Fahrenheit ; after being so solidified, they are worked round and polished like the ordinary ivory balls. The same ]mrpose is effeeted by reducing eight ounces of white shellac, three ounces of white color prepared of bismuth, lead, or zinc, with five ounces of ivory dust, bone dust, or any other suitable matter, into a fine powder, and by mixing this powder in passing it between heated metal rollers repeatedly, at about 230 to 280 degrees Fahrenheit; by this process a soft homogeneous mass is obtained, which can easily be nmulded into any desired shape, and forms, when cold and hard, a very ivory-like material. Instead of using ivory dust, steamed and finely powdered bones, porcelain, cotton, and various finely powdered materials may be employed, and the colors may be varied according to the tint or shade required ; the ivory or other dust may be dyed similar to cotton cloth. Gum dammar, copal, mastic, (and if great elasticity is required, bleached india rubber or gutta percha,) answer the purpose very well, either with or without shellac; bees-wax, camphor, and tm-pentine, are good for some of the purposes, and, according to the ingredients used, it will be perceived that the preparation must undergo various modifications, during the proccss of manufacture.
_Experiments to determine the Strength of some Alloys of Nickel and Iron, similar in Coml)osition to 3leteoric Iron.* :By W. FAIRBAI~, F. R. S., Ere. The object of the experiments in this paper was to ascertain whether an infusion of nickel, in a given proportion, would increase the tenacity of cast iron, as originally imagined from the analysis of meteoric iron, found to contain 2½ ~ cent. of nickel. Contrary to expectation, the cast iron when mixed with the precise quantity of nickel, indicated by the analysis of meteoric iron, lost considerably in point of strength instead of gaining by it. Hopes were entertained that increased toughncss and ductility would be the result of the mixture ; but the experiments which follow clearly show that there is a diminution in place of an increase of strength. From tile first class of experiments recorded in the paper, it appears that the nickel was prepared from the ore, and melted in the crucible, as follows : - 30 ]bs. of roasted ore. 5 lbs. of pure sand. 2 lbs. of charcoal. 2 lbs. of lime. These were kept six hours in the furnace, and, after bel,ng separated from the slag, the metal was cooled and remelted with half a pound of roasted ore and a quarter of a pound of pure bottle glass; about * From the London Repertory of Patent Invention~ N o . 776.
.Determining the Strength of Alloys of Nickel and Iron.
281
25 ]9 cent. of nickel was obtained. 2½ ]9 cent. of this was fused with Blaenavon No. 3 pig iron, and run into ingots or bars, which were then subjected to experiment as follows : -
Results derived f r o m
one inch square bars, subjected to a transverse strain two feet three inches between the supports.
. . . . . x~eserlptmn oF t r o n .
~Exp. I. " II. "III. " IV. " V.
BarD. " C. " B. " A. " E.
P u r e B l a e n a v o n , No. 3 Blaenavon, No. 3 Nickel Pure Cast Iron, No. 1 Cast Iron, No. I Nickel Pontypool, pure No. 1
! Comparative B r e a k i n g I'Ultimate P o w e r of strength, L w e i g h t deflection resisting . Blaenavon I n pounu., in i n c h e s , i m p a c t . representing (D.) (BXA.) 1000. I / / ~
1131 875 861 637 798
•58 •47 •43 •36
1 I I /
860
• 52
I 465'8
•
507"5 404"7 276"4 292'1
1000 773 761 563 705
F Mean,
t
760"2
From the above there appears to be a loss of 22 to 26 ~ cent. as compared with the ]~laenavon :No. 3 iron; and in the next series of experiments made upon similar mixtures, but with perfectly pure nickel, the same indications of loss are apparent, but not to the same extent as in the preceding, as may be seen from the following results : - -
D e s c r i p t i o n of I r o n .
E x p . VI. B a r " VII. " " VIII. " " IX. "
"
X. "
"
XI. "
F l without Notches, F2 " G t with one Notch, G 2 " H 1 with two Notches, H 2 "
Mean,
Breaking weight in p o u n d s (B .)
i Deflee- I B X A tion in ]or p o w e r inches. / to resist (D.) Hnpact.
Rates of strength F 2-~. 1000.
867 989 760 899 746 703
•315
~73
•380 •331 .410" •286 •2 9 0
376 231 308 213 203
10~0 : 876 1000 : 1000 1 0 0 0 : 768 1000 : 908 1000 : 7 5 4 1000 : 8 1 0
829
•3 3 5
280
1000 :
838
Taking the mean of these experiments, it will be observed that the loss of strength is not so great as in the former, it being about 17 ]9 cent., or as 100 : 83. In the deflections and the power to resist impact, they are, however, inferior to those first experimented upon, as may be seen by the numbers, in the ratio of 465 : 280. This in some degree neutralizes the measure of strength, by a proportionate diminution of elasticity of the bars employed in the last experiments. At the commencement of the paper, the author stated that the experiments were undertaken for the purpose of ascertaining how far, and to what extent, an admixture of nickel would improve cast iron ; and that that improvement had reference, independent of other objects, to increased tenacity in the metal employed for the casting 'of mortars and heavy ordnance. 24'
282
Mechanics, .Physics, and Chemistry.
During the last two years innumerable tests and experhnents have been made for that purpose with more or less success ; but the ultimate result appeared to be, in the opinion of the author and others, that for the casting, or rather the construction, of heavy artillery, there is no metal so well calculated to resist the action of gunpowder as a perfectly homogeneous mass of the best and purest cast iron when freed from sulphur and phosphorus. In the discussion which followed the reading of the paper, Mr. Calvert said that it was highly probable that nickel caused tile increased brittleness of cast iron, just as carbon, phosphorus, and sulphur, but that the result with malleable iron might probably be very different ; and, as meteoric iron is malleable, the trial could only be complete when soft iron and nickel were united ; nevertheless, these experiments, as far as cast iron is concerned, were decidedly new and of great value. Proceedings Manchester Society.
3£eteors of lOth of August. Mr. Benj. V. Marsh informs us, that on the evening of the 10th of August, of this year, he saw from 30 to 40 meteors between 9 and 10½ o'clock, although not observing constantly. Fully nlne-tenths of them, including all the large ones, were referable to a radiant situated approximately in R. A. 47 ° 30 p, Deel. 58 ° N. ; that is, near the stars B and C of the constellation Camelopard.
New Material for 3loulds, ~c.* It is proposed to introduce a vast improvement in the casting of metals, by substituting compressed carbon for the sand or clay usually employed. The advantage to be derived is, that the same mould may be used over and over again without injuring the smooth surface of the cast material. The carbon to be employed, which is manufactured under a patent recently granted to Mr. Btihring, is comparatively pure, and can be moulded into any shape and form required. The same material has been successfully applied to the manufacture of crucibles, and these crucibles are by many considered superior to any others. Another purpose to which the compressed carbon is applicable is the manufacture of battery plates ; and it is anticipated that electric telegraph companies would effect a vast saving in the cost of their batteries, by employing carbon in connexion with iron, instead of the zinc and copper plates now used. The development of Mr. Btlhring's patent is entrusted to a public company, registered under the, Limited Liability Act, and called the Moulded Carbon Company. The new material will, no doubt, be used in many cases in which carbon in any other form was valueless, or so difficult to apply that it could not be advantageously employed. * From the London MiniDg Journal, No. 1199.
Mechanics, _Physic.s, and Chemistry.
solid mass in a pair of (lies or mould, which have been previously heated to about 230 to 280 degrees Fahrenheit ; after being so solidified, they are worked round and polished like the ordinary ivory balls. The same ]mrpose is effeeted by reducing eight ounces of white shellac, three ounces of white color prepared of bismuth, lead, or zinc, with five ounces of ivory dust, bone dust, or any other suitable matter, into a fine powder, and by mixing this powder in passing it between heated metal rollers repeatedly, at about 230 to 280 degrees Fahrenheit; by this process a soft homogeneous mass is obtained, which can easily be nmulded into any desired shape, and forms, when cold and hard, a very ivory-like material. Instead of using ivory dust, steamed and finely powdered bones, porcelain, cotton, and various finely powdered materials may be employed, and the colors may be varied according to the tint or shade required ; the ivory or other dust may be dyed similar to cotton cloth. Gum dammar, copal, mastic, (and if great elasticity is required, bleached india rubber or gutta percha,) answer the purpose very well, either with or without shellac; bees-wax, camphor, and tm-pentine, are good for some of the purposes, and, according to the ingredients used, it will be perceived that the preparation must undergo various modifications, during the proccss of manufacture.
_Experiments to determine the Strength of some Alloys of Nickel and Iron, similar in Coml)osition to 3leteoric Iron.* :By W. FAIRBAI~, F. R. S., Ere. The object of the experiments in this paper was to ascertain whether an infusion of nickel, in a given proportion, would increase the tenacity of cast iron, as originally imagined from the analysis of meteoric iron, found to contain 2½ ~ cent. of nickel. Contrary to expectation, the cast iron when mixed with the precise quantity of nickel, indicated by the analysis of meteoric iron, lost considerably in point of strength instead of gaining by it. Hopes were entertained that increased toughncss and ductility would be the result of the mixture ; but the experiments which follow clearly show that there is a diminution in place of an increase of strength. From tile first class of experiments recorded in the paper, it appears that the nickel was prepared from the ore, and melted in the crucible, as follows : - 30 ]bs. of roasted ore. 5 lbs. of pure sand. 2 lbs. of charcoal. 2 lbs. of lime. These were kept six hours in the furnace, and, after bel,ng separated from the slag, the metal was cooled and remelted with half a pound of roasted ore and a quarter of a pound of pure bottle glass; about * From the London Repertory of Patent Invention~ N o . 776.
.Determining the Strength of Alloys of Nickel and Iron.
281
25 ]9 cent. of nickel was obtained. 2½ ]9 cent. of this was fused with Blaenavon No. 3 pig iron, and run into ingots or bars, which were then subjected to experiment as follows : -
Results derived f r o m
one inch square bars, subjected to a transverse strain two feet three inches between the supports.
. . . . . x~eserlptmn oF t r o n .
~Exp. I. " II. "III. " IV. " V.
BarD. " C. " B. " A. " E.
P u r e B l a e n a v o n , No. 3 Blaenavon, No. 3 Nickel Pure Cast Iron, No. 1 Cast Iron, No. I Nickel Pontypool, pure No. 1
! Comparative B r e a k i n g I'Ultimate P o w e r of strength, L w e i g h t deflection resisting . Blaenavon I n pounu., in i n c h e s , i m p a c t . representing (D.) (BXA.) 1000. I / / ~
1131 875 861 637 798
•58 •47 •43 •36
1 I I /
860
• 52
I 465'8
•
507"5 404"7 276"4 292'1
1000 773 761 563 705
F Mean,
t
760"2
From the above there appears to be a loss of 22 to 26 ~ cent. as compared with the ]~laenavon :No. 3 iron; and in the next series of experiments made upon similar mixtures, but with perfectly pure nickel, the same indications of loss are apparent, but not to the same extent as in the preceding, as may be seen from the following results : - -
D e s c r i p t i o n of I r o n .
E x p . VI. B a r " VII. " " VIII. " " IX. "
"
X. "
"
XI. "
F l without Notches, F2 " G t with one Notch, G 2 " H 1 with two Notches, H 2 "
Mean,
Breaking weight in p o u n d s (B .)
i Deflee- I B X A tion in ]or p o w e r inches. / to resist (D.) Hnpact.
Rates of strength F 2-~. 1000.
867 989 760 899 746 703
•315
~73
•380 •331 .410" •286 •2 9 0
376 231 308 213 203
10~0 : 876 1000 : 1000 1 0 0 0 : 768 1000 : 908 1000 : 7 5 4 1000 : 8 1 0
829
•3 3 5
280
1000 :
838
Taking the mean of these experiments, it will be observed that the loss of strength is not so great as in the former, it being about 17 ]9 cent., or as 100 : 83. In the deflections and the power to resist impact, they are, however, inferior to those first experimented upon, as may be seen by the numbers, in the ratio of 465 : 280. This in some degree neutralizes the measure of strength, by a proportionate diminution of elasticity of the bars employed in the last experiments. At the commencement of the paper, the author stated that the experiments were undertaken for the purpose of ascertaining how far, and to what extent, an admixture of nickel would improve cast iron ; and that that improvement had reference, independent of other objects, to increased tenacity in the metal employed for the casting 'of mortars and heavy ordnance. 24'
282
Mechanics, .Physics, and Chemistry.
During the last two years innumerable tests and experhnents have been made for that purpose with more or less success ; but the ultimate result appeared to be, in the opinion of the author and others, that for the casting, or rather the construction, of heavy artillery, there is no metal so well calculated to resist the action of gunpowder as a perfectly homogeneous mass of the best and purest cast iron when freed from sulphur and phosphorus. In the discussion which followed the reading of the paper, Mr. Calvert said that it was highly probable that nickel caused tile increased brittleness of cast iron, just as carbon, phosphorus, and sulphur, but that the result with malleable iron might probably be very different ; and, as meteoric iron is malleable, the trial could only be complete when soft iron and nickel were united ; nevertheless, these experiments, as far as cast iron is concerned, were decidedly new and of great value. Proceedings Manchester Society.
3£eteors of lOth of August. Mr. Benj. V. Marsh informs us, that on the evening of the 10th of August, of this year, he saw from 30 to 40 meteors between 9 and 10½ o'clock, although not observing constantly. Fully nlne-tenths of them, including all the large ones, were referable to a radiant situated approximately in R. A. 47 ° 30 p, Deel. 58 ° N. ; that is, near the stars B and C of the constellation Camelopard.
New Material for 3loulds, ~c.* It is proposed to introduce a vast improvement in the casting of metals, by substituting compressed carbon for the sand or clay usually employed. The advantage to be derived is, that the same mould may be used over and over again without injuring the smooth surface of the cast material. The carbon to be employed, which is manufactured under a patent recently granted to Mr. Btihring, is comparatively pure, and can be moulded into any shape and form required. The same material has been successfully applied to the manufacture of crucibles, and these crucibles are by many considered superior to any others. Another purpose to which the compressed carbon is applicable is the manufacture of battery plates ; and it is anticipated that electric telegraph companies would effect a vast saving in the cost of their batteries, by employing carbon in connexion with iron, instead of the zinc and copper plates now used. The development of Mr. Btlhring's patent is entrusted to a public company, registered under the, Limited Liability Act, and called the Moulded Carbon Company. The new material will, no doubt, be used in many cases in which carbon in any other form was valueless, or so difficult to apply that it could not be advantageously employed. * From the London MiniDg Journal, No. 1199.