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Explosion limits of carbon monoxide
31s
W. A. Kirkby
at all initial diameters, the drop has to be positioned very accurately relative to the observation system. A ‘captive’ as opposed to a ‘free’ technique was therefore chosen, and the drops were suspended on fine horizontal fibres of silica and ignited by a spark discharge. Records of their burning were obtained by means of a drum camera capable of framing rates between 8 and 1 000 per second. A full account of the work will be published later, but a brief statement is made of some of the results, including that of a significant reduction in burning rate as the initial size of drop is reduced. Explosion Limits of Carbon Monoxide The explosion limits of the dry carbon monoxide-oxygen reaction have been investigated b’y P. G. DICKENS, J. E. DOVE and J. W. LINNETT[Trans. Faraday Sot. 1964, 60, 5391. The upper limits were found to be at considerably higher temperatures than previously reported, and to be surface dependent. Whilst small amounts of water or hydrogen accelerate the reaction strongly, until recently water was supposed to be without effect with respect to explosion limits, making it difficult to formulate an acceptable reaction mechanism. Recent Work, however, has shown that the addition of water does alter the explosion limits, but to what extent is still in doubt [Gas Abstr., Institute of Gas Technology, 1964, 20, 1871. Refuse Burning In a recent issue of Brew&.-Wiirmekr, [1964, 16, 373 to 4111 there is a series of sixteen papers 011 the burning of refuse. These deal with the organization of refuse disposal; descriptions of furnace systems for refuse burning: the slagging method, which overcomes the well-known difficulties of refuse combustion resulting from varying calorific value and proportion of incombustible material: combustion of sludge with oil gasification burners; combustion of sludge from galvanizing plants with a cone burner; automatic control of refuse burning plant; the Gonator, an inclined rotor equipment, for handling, size reduction, kneading and mixing
Vol.
8
of inhomogeneous material; a three-sta!e waste gas torch. There is a list of 179 hterature references. British Flame Research Committee The annual report of the Council of the British Flame Research Committee for 1963 was presented to the eighth annual general meeting in April 1964. The chairman of the Council: Professor 0. A. SAUNDERS,F.R.S., points out that the financial situation of the Foundation is still the determining factor in the full exploitation of the potentialities of the station at IJmuiden belonging to the International Flame Research Foundation. The British Committee has been able to increase its contribution due to additional support from new membership. A new five-year programme is being prepared by the Foundation and a further grant is hoped for from the European Coal and Steel Community in order to enable more trials to be carried out with pulverized fuel flames. A furnace and facilities at Egham have been offered by the Shell Company for oil/gas trials as part of the agreed oil and gas programme. Camera for Investigating Gaseous Detonation A description has been given of a high-speed, image-converter camera for elucidating the mechanism of initiation of a detonation wave in a stoichiometric mixture of hydrogen and oxygen. The authors of the paper are J. A. LAUGHREY,L. E. BOLLINGERand R. EDSE, of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration [NASA-TN-D 2242, April 1964: 46
PPI.
The a.rrangements of the camera are such that the entire length of the test section tube, 167 cm long. can be covered photographically. The effective exposure time of the phenomena under observation is about 0.4 microsecond, determined by the duration of the light pulse from the point-source lamp in the shadowgraph system [Gas Abstr., Institute of Gas Technology, 1964, 20, 1851.
Calibrating Temperature Measuring Instruments The third edition of Notes on Applied Science No. 12, The Calibration of Tem@eratwe Measur-
W. A. Kirkby
at all initial diameters, the drop has to be positioned very accurately relative to the observation system. A ‘captive’ as opposed to a ‘free’ technique was therefore chosen, and the drops were suspended on fine horizontal fibres of silica and ignited by a spark discharge. Records of their burning were obtained by means of a drum camera capable of framing rates between 8 and 1 000 per second. A full account of the work will be published later, but a brief statement is made of some of the results, including that of a significant reduction in burning rate as the initial size of drop is reduced. Explosion Limits of Carbon Monoxide The explosion limits of the dry carbon monoxide-oxygen reaction have been investigated b’y P. G. DICKENS, J. E. DOVE and J. W. LINNETT[Trans. Faraday Sot. 1964, 60, 5391. The upper limits were found to be at considerably higher temperatures than previously reported, and to be surface dependent. Whilst small amounts of water or hydrogen accelerate the reaction strongly, until recently water was supposed to be without effect with respect to explosion limits, making it difficult to formulate an acceptable reaction mechanism. Recent Work, however, has shown that the addition of water does alter the explosion limits, but to what extent is still in doubt [Gas Abstr., Institute of Gas Technology, 1964, 20, 1871. Refuse Burning In a recent issue of Brew&.-Wiirmekr, [1964, 16, 373 to 4111 there is a series of sixteen papers 011 the burning of refuse. These deal with the organization of refuse disposal; descriptions of furnace systems for refuse burning: the slagging method, which overcomes the well-known difficulties of refuse combustion resulting from varying calorific value and proportion of incombustible material: combustion of sludge with oil gasification burners; combustion of sludge from galvanizing plants with a cone burner; automatic control of refuse burning plant; the Gonator, an inclined rotor equipment, for handling, size reduction, kneading and mixing
Vol.
8
of inhomogeneous material; a three-sta!e waste gas torch. There is a list of 179 hterature references. British Flame Research Committee The annual report of the Council of the British Flame Research Committee for 1963 was presented to the eighth annual general meeting in April 1964. The chairman of the Council: Professor 0. A. SAUNDERS,F.R.S., points out that the financial situation of the Foundation is still the determining factor in the full exploitation of the potentialities of the station at IJmuiden belonging to the International Flame Research Foundation. The British Committee has been able to increase its contribution due to additional support from new membership. A new five-year programme is being prepared by the Foundation and a further grant is hoped for from the European Coal and Steel Community in order to enable more trials to be carried out with pulverized fuel flames. A furnace and facilities at Egham have been offered by the Shell Company for oil/gas trials as part of the agreed oil and gas programme. Camera for Investigating Gaseous Detonation A description has been given of a high-speed, image-converter camera for elucidating the mechanism of initiation of a detonation wave in a stoichiometric mixture of hydrogen and oxygen. The authors of the paper are J. A. LAUGHREY,L. E. BOLLINGERand R. EDSE, of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration [NASA-TN-D 2242, April 1964: 46
PPI.
The a.rrangements of the camera are such that the entire length of the test section tube, 167 cm long. can be covered photographically. The effective exposure time of the phenomena under observation is about 0.4 microsecond, determined by the duration of the light pulse from the point-source lamp in the shadowgraph system [Gas Abstr., Institute of Gas Technology, 1964, 20, 1851.
Calibrating Temperature Measuring Instruments The third edition of Notes on Applied Science No. 12, The Calibration of Tem@eratwe Measur-