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Eye tracking measures of attentional bias to individually-calibrated marijuana cues
Abstract / Drug and Alcohol Dependence 156 (2015) e183–e245
days of consecutive abstinence during treatment and positively associated with reductions in negative affect during treatment. Conclusions: These data suggest neurofunctional differences related to treatment outcomes between individuals with cocaine dependence with and without methadone treatment, which may relate to differences in the efficacies of existing treatments. Financial support: This research was supported by NIH grants from NIDA (P50 DA009241, R01 DA030058). SWY receives support from DA007238-23 (PI: Petrakis). http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2015.07.653 Eye tracking measures of attentional bias to individually-calibrated marijuana cues Jin H. Yoon ∗ , Anka Vujanovic, Mike Weaver, Robert Suchting, C. Green, Joy Schmitz, Scott D. Lane Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Texas Health Science Center – Houston, Houston, TX, United States Aims: The aim of this ongoing study is to examine eye-tracking based measurement of AB in individuals with cannabis use disorder (CUD) using cues calibrated to individual subject reactivity, and examine correlations among AB, stress, and CUD-severity. Methods: Twenty-five subjects (12 female) who met DSM-5 criteria for CUD were first exposed to MJ and matched neutral pictures. Measures of pupillary, cardiovascular, respiratory, and subjective reactivity were acquired and scored as a composite. For each subject, 6 high-reactivity MJ pictures and 6 low-reactivity neutral pictures were then used in AB testing. AB testing utilized eye-tracking methodology in a pro-saccade (look at) and antisaccade (look away from) test paradigm. AB was defined as the number of anti-saccade errors (MJ vs. neutral). Results: The reactivity score for MJ pictures was greater than for neutral pictures (p < .001). Subjects made more anti-saccade errors on MJ vs. neutral trials (p = .001). There were no differences in errors on pro-saccade trials (p = .687), and no significant associations among AB and measures of CUD severity or stress. Conclusions: Eye tracking-based measurement of reactivity to MJ cues, using individually-calibrated stimuli, provides a sensitive index of AB to MJ stimuli. AB is not related currently to stress or CUD severity. The measurement system is amenable to repeated measures and pharmacological interventions for drug-cue reactivity. Financial support: NIH/NIDA grants R21 034825 and P50 09262. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2015.07.654 A rapidly changing recreational drug market: Findings from the Canadian Community Epidemiology network on drug use Matthew M. Young Canadian Centre on Substance Abuse, Ottawa, ON, Canada Aims: Since 2000, the recreational psychoactive drug market has undergone unprecedented changes. Abuse of prescription drugs and the introduction of many new synthetic drugs, has blurred the line between illicit and non-illicit drug use. These changes have made monitoring emerging drug use trends challenging. In response, the Canadian Centre on Substance Abuse
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developed the Canadian Community Epidemiology Network on Drug Use (CCENDU), a sentinel surveillence, early warning system. We will present information on the new and emerging drugpatterns and trends in Canada using data from the network. Methods: Between June, 2012 and September, 2014, a variety of leading-edge indicators were collected from CCENDU sites across Canada. Information was analyzed in real-time and CCENDU notifications were issued on drug-related topics of significance to public health. Information was also analysed to identify overarching themes/trends. Results: Ongoing surveillence and analysis of data led to eight CCENDU notifications being issued on the following: an amphetamine type stimulant colloquially referred to as “bath-salts”, the misuse of opioids in Canadian communities; nonpharmaceutical fentanyl, unconfirmed reports of desomorphine (“Krocodil”), recreational use of bupropion, abuse of counterfeit oxycodone tablets containing fentanyl, synthetic cannabinoids, and drug overdoses at music festivals. In addition, analysis revealed three overall trends/themes in the data: (1) the emergence of new psychoactive substances, (2) adulteration of heroin, (3) abuse of pharmaceutical agents. Conclusions: Themes identified support the assertion that the Canadian illicit drug market is rapidly changing. Unlike The United States and Europe, Canada has no national early warning system designed to detect new drugs and new drug use trends. The results suggest that the CCENDU surveillance system can reliably function to detect drug-related adverse events and alert stakeholders to new trends in drug use, however there is a need to strengthen and expand its capabilities. Financial support: CCSA is supported through a financial contribution from Health Canada. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2015.07.655 Do alcohol-focused interventions reduce marijuana use in mandated college students? Ali Yurasek 2,∗ , Anne Fernandez 2 , Mary Beth Miller 2 , Jane Metrik 1 , Brian Borsari 2 1
Behavioral and Social Sciences, Brown University, Providence, RI, United States 2 Public Health, Brown University, Providence, RI, United States Aims: Marijuana use among college students is highly prevalent and associated with poorer academic outcomes. Although brief motivational interventions (BMIs) have been shown to be efficacious with reducing alcohol use in college students, little is known about the utility of alcohol BMIs in reducing other addictive behaviors, such as marijuana use, that often co-occur with drinking. The purpose of the current study was to examine the impact of alcohol-focused BMIs implemented within a stepped care approach in reducing marijuana use. Methods: Participants were 530 college students who violated campus alcohol policy and were mandated to receive an alcoholfocused brief advice (BA) session. Of the 530 participants, 39% (N = 208) reported baseline marijuana use and were included in the current analyses. Participants who reported continued risky alcohol use (4 or more heavy drinking episodes and/or 5 or more alcohol-related problems in the past month) six weeks following the BA session were randomized to BMI (n = 92) or assessment only (n = 90). Follow-up assessments were conducted 3, 6, and 9 months post-intervention. Results: Repeated measures ANOVA revealed that students did not reduce their frequency of marijuana use following a BA session,
days of consecutive abstinence during treatment and positively associated with reductions in negative affect during treatment. Conclusions: These data suggest neurofunctional differences related to treatment outcomes between individuals with cocaine dependence with and without methadone treatment, which may relate to differences in the efficacies of existing treatments. Financial support: This research was supported by NIH grants from NIDA (P50 DA009241, R01 DA030058). SWY receives support from DA007238-23 (PI: Petrakis). http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2015.07.653 Eye tracking measures of attentional bias to individually-calibrated marijuana cues Jin H. Yoon ∗ , Anka Vujanovic, Mike Weaver, Robert Suchting, C. Green, Joy Schmitz, Scott D. Lane Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Texas Health Science Center – Houston, Houston, TX, United States Aims: The aim of this ongoing study is to examine eye-tracking based measurement of AB in individuals with cannabis use disorder (CUD) using cues calibrated to individual subject reactivity, and examine correlations among AB, stress, and CUD-severity. Methods: Twenty-five subjects (12 female) who met DSM-5 criteria for CUD were first exposed to MJ and matched neutral pictures. Measures of pupillary, cardiovascular, respiratory, and subjective reactivity were acquired and scored as a composite. For each subject, 6 high-reactivity MJ pictures and 6 low-reactivity neutral pictures were then used in AB testing. AB testing utilized eye-tracking methodology in a pro-saccade (look at) and antisaccade (look away from) test paradigm. AB was defined as the number of anti-saccade errors (MJ vs. neutral). Results: The reactivity score for MJ pictures was greater than for neutral pictures (p < .001). Subjects made more anti-saccade errors on MJ vs. neutral trials (p = .001). There were no differences in errors on pro-saccade trials (p = .687), and no significant associations among AB and measures of CUD severity or stress. Conclusions: Eye tracking-based measurement of reactivity to MJ cues, using individually-calibrated stimuli, provides a sensitive index of AB to MJ stimuli. AB is not related currently to stress or CUD severity. The measurement system is amenable to repeated measures and pharmacological interventions for drug-cue reactivity. Financial support: NIH/NIDA grants R21 034825 and P50 09262. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2015.07.654 A rapidly changing recreational drug market: Findings from the Canadian Community Epidemiology network on drug use Matthew M. Young Canadian Centre on Substance Abuse, Ottawa, ON, Canada Aims: Since 2000, the recreational psychoactive drug market has undergone unprecedented changes. Abuse of prescription drugs and the introduction of many new synthetic drugs, has blurred the line between illicit and non-illicit drug use. These changes have made monitoring emerging drug use trends challenging. In response, the Canadian Centre on Substance Abuse
e243
developed the Canadian Community Epidemiology Network on Drug Use (CCENDU), a sentinel surveillence, early warning system. We will present information on the new and emerging drugpatterns and trends in Canada using data from the network. Methods: Between June, 2012 and September, 2014, a variety of leading-edge indicators were collected from CCENDU sites across Canada. Information was analyzed in real-time and CCENDU notifications were issued on drug-related topics of significance to public health. Information was also analysed to identify overarching themes/trends. Results: Ongoing surveillence and analysis of data led to eight CCENDU notifications being issued on the following: an amphetamine type stimulant colloquially referred to as “bath-salts”, the misuse of opioids in Canadian communities; nonpharmaceutical fentanyl, unconfirmed reports of desomorphine (“Krocodil”), recreational use of bupropion, abuse of counterfeit oxycodone tablets containing fentanyl, synthetic cannabinoids, and drug overdoses at music festivals. In addition, analysis revealed three overall trends/themes in the data: (1) the emergence of new psychoactive substances, (2) adulteration of heroin, (3) abuse of pharmaceutical agents. Conclusions: Themes identified support the assertion that the Canadian illicit drug market is rapidly changing. Unlike The United States and Europe, Canada has no national early warning system designed to detect new drugs and new drug use trends. The results suggest that the CCENDU surveillance system can reliably function to detect drug-related adverse events and alert stakeholders to new trends in drug use, however there is a need to strengthen and expand its capabilities. Financial support: CCSA is supported through a financial contribution from Health Canada. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2015.07.655 Do alcohol-focused interventions reduce marijuana use in mandated college students? Ali Yurasek 2,∗ , Anne Fernandez 2 , Mary Beth Miller 2 , Jane Metrik 1 , Brian Borsari 2 1
Behavioral and Social Sciences, Brown University, Providence, RI, United States 2 Public Health, Brown University, Providence, RI, United States Aims: Marijuana use among college students is highly prevalent and associated with poorer academic outcomes. Although brief motivational interventions (BMIs) have been shown to be efficacious with reducing alcohol use in college students, little is known about the utility of alcohol BMIs in reducing other addictive behaviors, such as marijuana use, that often co-occur with drinking. The purpose of the current study was to examine the impact of alcohol-focused BMIs implemented within a stepped care approach in reducing marijuana use. Methods: Participants were 530 college students who violated campus alcohol policy and were mandated to receive an alcoholfocused brief advice (BA) session. Of the 530 participants, 39% (N = 208) reported baseline marijuana use and were included in the current analyses. Participants who reported continued risky alcohol use (4 or more heavy drinking episodes and/or 5 or more alcohol-related problems in the past month) six weeks following the BA session were randomized to BMI (n = 92) or assessment only (n = 90). Follow-up assessments were conducted 3, 6, and 9 months post-intervention. Results: Repeated measures ANOVA revealed that students did not reduce their frequency of marijuana use following a BA session,