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Fabrication & characterization of ZnS micro particulate filled glass and jute fibre reinforced hybrid polymer composites
Materials Today: Proceedings xxx (xxxx) xxx
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Fabrication & characterization of ZnS micro particulate filled glass and jute fibre reinforced hybrid polymer composites B.S. Raju, L.H. Manjunatha, Santosh, N. Jagadeeswaran School of Mechanical Engineering, REVA University, Bangalore 560064, India
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Article history: Received 31 August 2019 Accepted 15 October 2019 Available online xxxx Keywords: Hybrid composites E-glass fiber Jute mat Epoxy ZnS microparticles Alkali treatment
a b s t r a c t Hybrid composites are one of the prominent materials being extensively developed and are gaining momentum due to features like greater flexibility in design, high specific strength and reduced cost of manufacturing. Hybrid composites exhibit better mechanical properties when compared to traditional composites. This research work is concerned with the fabrication and evaluation of the physical and mechanical properties of a new polymer hybrid epoxy composite consisting of glass fiber, jute fiber mat, ZnS microparticles and LY556 Epoxy resin with HY951 Hardener. The specimens were prepared using hand lay-up technique as per ASTM standard & were tested for Tensile, Flexural, Interlaminar Shear Strength, Impact, Water Absorption Test, Density, Micro Hardness and the microstructure was evaluated by SEM analysis. Jute fibers resist bending stresses & hence on hybridization of fibers, better properties can be obtained due to supportive nature of the fibers. Selection and/or Peer-review under responsibility of The First Materials Research Society of Thailand International Conference. Ó 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the International Conference on Recent Research Emerging Trends in Materials & Mechanical Engineering.
1. Introduction Progress in the field of materials science and technology has given birth to fascinating and wonderful materials called composites, which are one of the most advanced and adaptable engineering materials. Composite materials are formed by combining two or more dissimilar materials that have quite different properties. Composite materials are replacing traditional materials, because of their superior properties, such as ratio of high strength-toweight, high mechanical strength, and minimal thermal expansion etc. the development of new materials is on the anvil and the number is growing day by day. Suresh J.S et al. [1] have conducted studies on Fabrication and mechanical characterization of glass/ particulates reinforced polymer composites. The author prepared fiberglass reinforced composites filled with natural fillers. The author concluded that that the mechanical properties like Tensile strength, Flexural strength, ILSS, Impact strength and Hardness of the glass reinforced composites are improved with the incorporation of the fillers compared with base composite. M.R. Sanjay et al. [2] have conducted Studies on mechanical properties of
E-mail address: [email protected] (B.S. Raju)
jute/E-glass fiber reinforced epoxy hybrid composites. This paper deals with the hybrid effect of composites made of jute/E-Glass fibers which are fabricated by hand layup method using LY556 Epoxy resin and HY951 hardener. The result of the test shows that hybrid composite of jute/ E-glass fiber has far better properties than that of jute fiber composite. Gowda, T.M et al. [3] have conducted studies on Some Mechanical Properties of Untreated Jute Fabric-Reinforced Polyester Composites. This research work is concerned with the evaluation of the mechanical properties-modulus, Poisson’s ratio and strength-of woven jute fabric-reinforced composites. The specimens are prepared using hand lay-up techniques as per ASTM standard. It is concluded that this composite possess strengths and moduli better than that of wood composites and some plastics. Ramesh K. Nayak et al. [4] have studied the Effect of epoxy modifiers (Al2O3/SiO2/TiO2) on mechanical performance of epoxy/glass fiber hybrid composites. In this paper, they have modified the epoxy matrix by Al2O3, SiO2 and TiO2 microparticles in glass fiber/epoxy composite to improve the mechanical properties. The composites are fabricated by hand lay-up method. It is concluded that mechanical properties like flexural strength, flexural modulus and ILSS are more in case of SiO2 modified epoxy composite compared to other micro modifiers. Alumina modified epoxy composite increases the hardness and impacts energy com-
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2019.10.061 2214-7853/Ó 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the International Conference on Recent Research Emerging Trends in Materials & Mechanical Engineering.
Please cite this article as: B. S. Raju, L. H. Manjunatha, Santosh et al., Fabrication & characterization of ZnS micro particulate filled glass and jute fibre reinforced hybrid polymer composites, Materials Today: Proceedings, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2019.10.061
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pared to other modifiers. Patil Deogonda et al. [5] have investigated the Mechanical property of glass fiber reinforcement epoxy composites. The authors prepared polymer composites consisting of glass fibre reinforcement, epoxy resin and filler materials such as TiO2 and ZnS. Tensile test, three-point bending, and impact test were conducted to find the influence of filler material on mechanical characteristics. The tests result have shown that higher the filler material volume percentage greater the strength for both TiO2 and ZnS filled glass epoxy composites, ZnS filled composite show more sustaining values than TiO2. A. Thiagarajan, et al. [6] work describes the Synthesis and characterization of hybrid glass fiber reinforced epoxy/TiO2 nanocomposites. The authors synthesized hybrid S-glass fiber reinforced with epoxy/TiO2 nanoparticles. The composite laminates were prepared by hand layup technique with varying weight percentages of TiO2 nanoparticles. The authors concluded that an addition of 3 wt% of TiO2 nanoparticles the tensile strength was improved by 44% and impact strength by 64.7% when compared with neat polymer Nano composites. Vinay H B et al. [7] studied the Processing and characterization of glass fiber and carbon fiber reinforced vinyl ester based composites. The authors have investigated the mechanical strength of glass fiber & carbon fiber reinforced vinyl ester resin composites. The laminated specimens were fabricating using Hand lay-up technique and the specimens are prepared as per the ASTM standards. The authors concluded that the carbon fibre& resin of vinyl ester with mixture of Promoter, accelerator, catalyst showed better Mechanical properties. Tensile strength & compression strength is more in carbon fibre and less in glass fibre. MP Westman et al. [8] work describes Natural Fiber Composites: A Review. This research work has investigated the use of Kenaf, Hibiscus cannabinus, as a possible glass replacement in fiber replacement in fiber reinforced composites. The proceeding data has shown that in their native form Kenaf composites cannot compete with glass composites. While the dry specific properties were only slightly lower for the Kenaf composites, the wet samples were drastically lower. Fiber treatments will need to be explored to reduce the water absorption and increase the wettability of the fibers. Karandeep Singh Sodhi et al. [9] have investigated the Development and mechanical characterization of low cost natural hybrid date/jute fiber reinforced epoxy composite. The authors prepared hybrid date and fiberglass reinforced composites by hand lay-up tech-
nique. Results revealed that hybridization of fibers improved tensile and flexural strength of composites by 65.01% and 89.56% in comparison to pure epoxy. The developed hybrid composite allowed a cost saving of 30.43% in comparison to single jute reinforced composites. S. Srinivasa Moorthy et al. [10] have studied the Fabrication and characterization of TiO2 particulate filled glass fiber reinforced polymer composite. The authors prepared a hybrid composite with random oriented e-glass fiber in unsaturated polyester resin matrix. TiO2 was used as reinforcement material and kept 10 wt% constant. It was observed that the inclusion of titanium oxide and increase of fiber length resulted in composites with increased tensile strength, impact strength, hardness and chemical resistance. Amit Kumar Tanwer [11] conducted studies on Mechanical Properties Testing of Uni-directional and Bidirectional Glass Fibre Reinforced Epoxy Based Composites. In this study, mechanical properties for glass fiber composites were evaluated. Here, Glass fiber is the fiber reinforcement and epoxy polymer resin as a matrix material. Composites were prepared with longitudinal (Unidirectional) and cross (Bidirectional) glass fiber reinforced with the epoxy-based polymer. The authors concluded
Table 2 Calculation of Flexural Strength and ILSS. Sl.No.
Load (KN)
Flexural Strength (N/mm2)
Ilss (N/mm2)
1 2 3 4 5
4.24 4.38 4.46 4.40 4.38
7006.67 7300.00 7433.33 7333.33 7300.00
132.50 136.88 139.38 137.50 136.88
Table 3 Calculation of Impact Strength of the composites. Designation of Composites
Impact Meter Reading [J]
Impact Strength [KJ/ m2]
C1 C2 C3 C4 C5
10.80 5.00 4.90 4.60 4.0
283.46 131.23 128.61 120.73 104.99
Fig. 1. Classification of composite materials.
Table 1 For calculated of density of composite. S.No
Specimens
Mass [gm]
Mass of water displaced [gm]
Volume of water displaced [cm3]
Density [g/cm3]
1 2 3 4 5
C1 C2 C3 C4 C5
8.42 9.12 9.03 8.72 9.45
6.40 6.92 5.96 5.20 4.78
6.40 6.92 5.96 5.20 4.78
1.3156 1.3179 1.5151 1.6769 1.9769
Please cite this article as: B. S. Raju, L. H. Manjunatha, Santosh et al., Fabrication & characterization of ZnS micro particulate filled glass and jute fibre reinforced hybrid polymer composites, Materials Today: Proceedings, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2019.10.061
B.S. Raju et al. / Materials Today: Proceedings xxx (xxxx) xxx
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Fig. 2. Methodology.
Fig. 3. Three point flexure test.
that unidirectional oriented glass fiber epoxy composites have large value of all the properties such as Ultimate force, yield force, Compressive strength, Tensile strength, elongation etc. in tensile as well as compression test. K.Bhavani et al. [12] work describes the Evaluation of Mechanical Behavior and Structural Simulation of Jute-Glass/Epoxy Hybrid Composites. This work demonstrates the
fabrication of hybrid composite using jute and E-glass fibre reinforced epoxy composite by hand layup method. Structural properties are evaluated by tensile test, flexural test and Impact test. FEA analysis using ANSYS has been carried out for structural simulation of the hybrid composites. The authors conclude that the incorporation of glass fibre in jute fibre composites enhances the mechanical properties and it leads to the increase of the utilization of natural fibres in various applications. Manoj Samson R et al. [13] have studied the Development of hybrid E-glass fibre reinforced polymer matrix composite and study of mechanical properties. In this work, glass fibers like WRM glass fiber, CSM glass fiber, and hybrid using both WRM fiber and CSM fiber are used to prepare a specimen using a thermosetting polymer called unsaturated polyester. The authors concluded that WRM reinforced polymer has higher tensile strength and hardness. When comparing with WRM fiber and CSM fiber laminate, hybrid composite laminate has higher Impact energy. So, hybrid glass fiber composites can be preferred over other composites if impact energy is critical in the application. D. Senthilnathan et al. [14] has conducted the Characterization of Glass Fibre – Coconut Coir– Human Hair Hybrid Composites. In this
Fig. 4. Flexural Test experimental setup.
Please cite this article as: B. S. Raju, L. H. Manjunatha, Santosh et al., Fabrication & characterization of ZnS micro particulate filled glass and jute fibre reinforced hybrid polymer composites, Materials Today: Proceedings, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2019.10.061
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Fig. 5. (a)–(e) SEM images of the fractured specimens.
work, a glass fiber, coconut coir and human hair hybrid composite is prepared. It is concluded that the Human hair-Coconut coirglass-human hair hybrid composite is more suitable for high flexibility, impact and double shear strength loads and moreover it is eco-friendly and it can be applied where the obtained characteristics are required in aircraft, automobiles and other areas of manufacturing. Srinivas Shenoy H et al. [15] have conducted studies on Interlaminar shear and flexural properties of E-glass/jute reinforced polymer matrix composites. In this study, composite laminates with basket weave (BW) and twill weave (TW) patterns
were fabricated using hand layup technique and tested for interlaminar shear and flexural strength. It was concluded that among the two weave patterns laminates with twill weave arrangement demonstrated better flexural and interlaminar shear properties. Basketweave pattern resulted in comparatively inferior properties. Prakash Tudu [16] conducted a study on Processing and Characterization of Natural Fiber Reinforced Polymer Composites. This work includes the processing, characterization of coconut fiber reinforced epoxy composites by simple hand lay-up technique. The results indicate that impact velocity, erodent size and fiber loading
Please cite this article as: B. S. Raju, L. H. Manjunatha, Santosh et al., Fabrication & characterization of ZnS micro particulate filled glass and jute fibre reinforced hybrid polymer composites, Materials Today: Proceedings, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2019.10.061
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are the significant factors in a declining sequence affecting the erosion wear rate. The composites exhibit semi-ductile erosion characteristics with the peak erosion wear occurring at 600 impingement angle. E. Naveen et al. [17] have prepared a report on Alkali Chemical Treatment on the Surface of Natural Fiber. In this work, untreated (UTRF) -reinforced and alkali -treated fiber (ATRF) -reinforced composites were prepared using compression moulding and tested for Tensile strength, tensile modulus and % elongation at break. The authors concluded that the composites reinforced with alkali treated fibers showed improved mechanical properties. The improvement was high for the composite prepared with 4 h alkali treated fibers. The flexural strength was found to be high for composites with treated fiber and red mud. Less percentage of water absorption was observed after the alkali treatment of fibers. Jochen Gassan et al. [18] work describes the Possibilities for improving the mechanical properties of jute/epoxy composites by alkali treatment of fibres. The objective of this paper is the improvement of the mechanical properties of natural-fibrereinforced thermosets. The mechanical properties of Tossa jute fibers were optimized by using a NaOH-treatment process with different alkali concentrations and shrinkages. Shrinkage of the fibers during treatment had the most significant effect on the fiber structure and, as a result, on the fiber mechanical properties such as tensile strength, modulus, and toughness.
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is softer, silky and stronger than white jute. Jute fibers are hygroscopic and swell 23% in diameter, 40% in cross-section and 0.06% in length. Absorption of water modifies the dimensions and mechanical and electrical properties. Jute fibers consist of 12– 14% lignin, 21–24% hemicellulose, 58–63% a- cellulose and trace amounts of nitrogenous matter, fats, wax, and ash [26] (Table 1–3). 3.2. Alakli treatment of jute mat The natural fibers are hydrophilic and have polar groups in their structure. Moreover, natural fibres also consist of several elementary fibers associated with cellulose, hemicellulose, pectin, lignin, etc. Hence, they cannot be considered as the mono-filament fibers. To remove the unwanted elements from the fiber, specific treatments are necessary. On the alkali treatment of jute fibers reports on the removal of lignin and hemicellulose which affects the tensile characteristics of the fibers. When hemicelluloses are removed, the interfibrillar region is likely to be less dense and less rigid and thereby makes the fibrils more capable of rearranging themselves along the direction of tensile deformation.
2. Background Composite materials are engineered materials made from two or more constituent materials with significantly different physical and chemical properties which remain separate and distinct on a macroscopic level within the finished structure. Composites are made up of individual materials referred to as constituent materials. All the constituents in the composite retain their identities and do not dissolve or completely merge into each other. The composite material should be created to obtain properties which would not be achieved by any of the components acting alone [19]. The matrix has three main functions
Graph 1. Effect of ZnS Microparticle on density of composites.
1. To protect the reinforcement from damage. 2. To hold the reinforcement in the correct orientation. 3. To transfer applied loads into the reinforcement. Reinforcement can have different materials like particles, fillers, fibers, flakes or whiskers. The reinforcement provides the strength and stiffness properties to the composite. The form and arrangement of the fillers as they are introduced to the mould can vary significantly. They can be arranged as short strands of randomly oriented whiskers, a bundle of fibers, a unidirectional fabric, a woven fabric, a braided fabric or a multi-axial fabric. Reinforcement may be used in several different forms or arrangements, depending on the application and manufacturing route. Composites materials are broadly classified into three categories as given in Fig. 1.
Graph 2. Effect of ZnS microparticles on Flexural strength of the composites.
3. Method & material 3.1. Materials used The chief sources of commercial jute are two Indian species (C. capsularis –white jute and C. olitorius – tosa jute), grown primarily in the Ganges and Brahmaputra valleys. Although jute adapts well to the loamy soil in any hot and humid region, cultivation and harvesting require abundant cheap labor, and India remains the unrivaled world producer as well as the chief fiber processor. White jute is used for making ropes, twines, and fabrics. Tosa jute fiber
Graph 3. Effect of ZnS microparticles on Inter laminar shear strength of the composites.
Please cite this article as: B. S. Raju, L. H. Manjunatha, Santosh et al., Fabrication & characterization of ZnS micro particulate filled glass and jute fibre reinforced hybrid polymer composites, Materials Today: Proceedings, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2019.10.061
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When jute fibers are stretched, such rearrangements among the fibrils would result in better load sharing and hence in higher stress development in the fibers. The increase in the percentage crystallinity index of alkali-treated fibres occurs because of the removal of the cementing materials, which leads to better packing of the cellulose chains. The mechanical properties of jute fibres were optimized by using NaOH-treatment process with different alkali concentrations and shrinkages. Shrink- age of the fibres during treatment had the most significant effect on the fiber structure and, as a result, on the fiber mechanical properties such as tensile strength, modulus and toughness.
3.3. Composite preparation procedure See (Fig. 2).
4. Results and discussions 4.1. Density test A material’s density is defined as its mass per unit volume. It is essentially, a measurement of how tightly matter is crammed
together. Mathematically, density is defined as mass divided by volume (Fig. 3 and 4).
q ¼ m=V where q is the density m is the mass V is the volume 4.2. Flexural and Inter laminar shear strength Flexural strength is material’s ability to resist deformations under bending load. The transverse bending test is employed to calculate the flexural strength of a composite specimen, in which a specimen is bent until fracture. The flexural test is done in a three point flexural setup as per ASTM: D790 standard (sample dimension is 80 8 3 mm3). The flexural strength represents the highest stress experienced within the material at its moment of rupture. Shear is basically a set of parallel forces which act in opposite directions. Inter laminar shear strength is measured in the layered materials or composites, where the connection between two layers provides the necessary shear strength.
Graph 4. Bending moment diagram for Composition C1.
Graph 5. Bending moment diagram for Composition C2.
Please cite this article as: B. S. Raju, L. H. Manjunatha, Santosh et al., Fabrication & characterization of ZnS micro particulate filled glass and jute fibre reinforced hybrid polymer composites, Materials Today: Proceedings, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2019.10.061
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Graph 6. Bending moment diagram for Composition C3.
Graph 7. Bending moment diagram for Composition C4.
The flexural strength and the interlinear shear strength are calculated as given in the equations below.
Flexural Strength ¼
3PL
ð1Þ
2
2bd
Interlaminar Shear Strength ¼
3P 4bd
where: P is the maximum load applied in N
ð2Þ
L is the length of the support span in mm b is width in mm and d is thickness in mm 4.3. Impact test The impact test is done in an IZOD impact setup as per ASTM: D256 standard (sample dimension is 65 12.7 3 mm3). The specimens are in Graph 8. The specimen must be loaded in the testing machine and a low velocity impact testing process is carried out with a pendulum type impact tester until the specimen fractures or breaks. The loss of energy during impact is the energy
Please cite this article as: B. S. Raju, L. H. Manjunatha, Santosh et al., Fabrication & characterization of ZnS micro particulate filled glass and jute fibre reinforced hybrid polymer composites, Materials Today: Proceedings, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2019.10.061
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Graph 8. Bending moment diagram for Composition C5.
absorbed by the specimen during impact. The values are tabulated and it shows comparison between energy absorbed by the different combination of composites.
Micro graph shows better bonding between matrixes, ZnS reinforcement. Overall composition C3 (6% ZnS) can be considered as suitable composition for the development of ZnS, jute mat, glass fiber and epoxy based composites by hand lap-up process.
4.4. SEM analysis In scanning electron microscope (SEM), micrographs have a large depth of field yielding a characteristic three-dimensional appearance useful for understanding the surface structure of a sample. Fracture surface of SBS tested samples have been investigated using SEM. Fig. 5(a) shows the SEM micrograph of fractured samples of 3% Zns epoxy modified composite which has the best results among the tests conducted (Graph 1–7).
Acknowledgment Authors would like to thank Rukmini Knowledge Park at REVA University for the necessary support during this work.
References 5. Conclusion In the present performance study, the hybrid polymer composites with micro ZnS fillers are prepared with five different microparticle weights (0, 3, 6, 9 and 12%). Properties such as Hardness, Density, Water Absorption, Tensile, Flexural, Inter Laminar Shear Strength, Impact strength are evaluated as per the ASTM standards and its microstructure is determined by SEM analysis. Based on the experimentation results and analysis, following conclusions are drawn. Glass & Jute fiber reinforced polymer matrix composites have been successfully fabricated by hand lay-up technique by addition of ZnS micro particulate. The density of composite was found to increase with increase in the weight % of ZnS micro particulate. The density is less for the composition C2 (3% ZnS) than the other composites due to the weight of ZnS micro particulates. In flexure test, the flexure strength was found to increase as compared to C1 (0%ZnS) which is because of increase in ZnS micro particulate content, significantly increases up to C3 (6% ZnS) but decreases thereafter due to increase in the brittleness, hence flexure strength decreases. In impact test, the impact strength decreases as compared to base composite C1 (0% ZnS). It is because of increase in % of ZnS reinforcement.
[1] J.S. Suresh, M. Pramila Devi, Raffi Mohammed, Fabrication and mechanical characterization of glass/particulates reinforced polymer composites, IJMET 07 (05) (2016) 380–387, ISSN 0976-6340. [2] M.R. Sanjay, B. Yogesha, Studies on mechanical properties of jute/E-glass fiber reinforced epoxy hybrid composites, J. Min. Mater. Charac. Eng. 4 (2016) 15– 25. [3] T.M. Gowda, A.C.B. Naidu, R. Chhaya, Some mechanical properties of untreated jute fabric-reinforced polyester composites, Compos: Part A 30 (1999) 277– 284, https://doi.org/10.1016/S1359- 835X (98)00157-2. [4] Ramesh K. Nayak, Alina Dash, B.C. Ray, Effect of epoxy modifiers (Al2O3/SiO2/ TiO2) on mechanical performance of epoxy/glass fiber hybrid composites, Proc. Mater. Sci. 6 (2014) 1359–1364. [5] Patil Deogonda, Vijaykumar N. Chalwa, Mechanical property of glass fiber reinforcement epoxy composites, IJSER 01 (04) (2013), ISSN 2347-3878. [6] A. Thiagarajan, P. Madavan, B. Parisithu, P. Loganathan, B. Aravinth, Synthesis and characterization of hybrid glass fiber reinforced epoxy/Tio2 nanocomposites, Int. J. Tech. Res. Appl. (2016) 78–82, e-ISSN: 2320-8163. [7] H.B. Vinay, H.K. Govindaraju, Prashanth Banakar, Processing and characterization of glass fiber and carbon fiber reinforced vinyl ester based composites, Int. J. Res. Eng. Technol. (2015), eISSN: 2319-1163, ISSN: 23217308. [8] M.P. Westman, S.G. Laddha, L.S. Fifield, T.A. Kafentzis, K.L. Simmons, Natural Fiber Composites: A Review, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, 2010. [9] Karandeep Singh Sodhi, Shanti Parkash, Development and mechanical characterization of low cost natural hybrid date/jute fiber reinforced epoxy composite, IJRMET 05 (01) (2014), ISSN 2249-5762. [10] S. Srinivasa Moorthy, K. Manonmani, Fabrication and characterization of Tio2 particulate filled glass fiber reinforced polymer composite, Mater. Phys. Mech. 18 (2013) (2013) 28–34. [11] Amit Kumar Tanwer, Mechanical properties testing of uni-directional and bidirectional glass fibre reinforced epoxy based composites, Int. J. Res. Advent Technol. 2 (11) (2014), E-ISSN: 2321-9637.
Please cite this article as: B. S. Raju, L. H. Manjunatha, Santosh et al., Fabrication & characterization of ZnS micro particulate filled glass and jute fibre reinforced hybrid polymer composites, Materials Today: Proceedings, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2019.10.061
B.S. Raju et al. / Materials Today: Proceedings xxx (xxxx) xxx [12] K. Bhavani, K. Hemachandra Reddy, S. Jabiulla, Evaluation of mechanical behaviour and structural simulation of jute-glass/epoxy hybrid composites, IJMET 03 (12) (2016), ISSN 2348-4845. [13] R. Manoj Samson, Vaddi Thulasikanth, S. Senkathir, A.C. Arun Raj, T. Geethapriyan, Development of hybrid E-glass fibre reinforced polymer matrix composite and study of mechanical properties, J. Chem. Pharm. Sci. (2016), ISSN: 0974-2115. [14] D. Senthilnathan, A. Gnanavel Babu, G.B. Bhaskar, K.G.S. Gopinath, Characterization of glass fibre – coconut coir– human hair hybrid composites, Int. J. Eng. Technol. 6 (1) (2014), ISSN: 0975-4024. [15] Shenoy H. Srinivas, Suhas Y. Nayak, Ayush Prakash, Ankit Awasthi, Rishabh Singh Kochhar, Interlaminar shear and flexural properties of E-glass/jute reinforced polymer matrix composites, Proceedings of International Conference on Mechanical Engineering and Industrial Automation Held on 21-22, Nov, 2015, in Dubai, 2015. [16] Prakash Tudu, Processing and Characterization of Natural Fiber Reinforced Polymer Composites (thesis), Department of Mechanical Engineering National Institute of Technology, Rourkela-769008. [17] E. Naveen, N. Venkatachalam, N. Maheswaran, Alkalichemical treatment on the surface of natural fiber, Int. J. Innov. Res. Sci. Eng. Technol. 4 (4) (2015), ISSN (Online): 2319-8753. [18] Jochen Gassan, Andrzej K. Bledzki, Possibilities for improving the mechanical properties of jute/epoxy composites by alkali treatment of fibres, Elsevier, Compos. Sci. Technol. 59 (1999) 1303–1309.
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[19] K.R. Dr Phaneesh, Text Book of Material Science and Metallurgy, Sudha Publications, 2013. [26] M. Boopalan, Thesis on studies on jute Nano fibre reinforced epoxy polymer composite, 2012.
Further reading [20] Vallery Vasillac, V. Evengeny, Mofozov, Mechanics and Analysis of Composite Materials, Elsevier Publications, New York, 2007. [21] R. Bhaskar, Thesis on unsaturated polyester/Inorganic mineral Nano composites, Preparation and Properties, 2011.. [22] B.D. Agarwal, L.J. Broutman, Analysis and Performance of Fibre Composites, John Wiley and Sons. Inc., 1990. [23] R.N. Rothon, Particulate Fillers for Polymets, Rapra Technology Limited, 2002. [24] M. Ramesh, thesis on mechanical and machining characteristics of hybrid natural fibre, Composites (2014). [25] K. Ahmed Sabeel, S. Vijayarangan, Tensile, flexural and inter-laminar shear properties of woven jute and jute-glass fabric reinforced polyester composites, J. Mater. Process. Technol. 207 (1) (2008) 330–335. [27] http://indianjute.blogspot.in/p/jute-jute-cultivation-and-fibre.html.. [28] http://www.worldjute.com/about_jute/abj_cultivation.html..
Please cite this article as: B. S. Raju, L. H. Manjunatha, Santosh et al., Fabrication & characterization of ZnS micro particulate filled glass and jute fibre reinforced hybrid polymer composites, Materials Today: Proceedings, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2019.10.061
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Fabrication & characterization of ZnS micro particulate filled glass and jute fibre reinforced hybrid polymer composites B.S. Raju, L.H. Manjunatha, Santosh, N. Jagadeeswaran School of Mechanical Engineering, REVA University, Bangalore 560064, India
a r t i c l e
i n f o
Article history: Received 31 August 2019 Accepted 15 October 2019 Available online xxxx Keywords: Hybrid composites E-glass fiber Jute mat Epoxy ZnS microparticles Alkali treatment
a b s t r a c t Hybrid composites are one of the prominent materials being extensively developed and are gaining momentum due to features like greater flexibility in design, high specific strength and reduced cost of manufacturing. Hybrid composites exhibit better mechanical properties when compared to traditional composites. This research work is concerned with the fabrication and evaluation of the physical and mechanical properties of a new polymer hybrid epoxy composite consisting of glass fiber, jute fiber mat, ZnS microparticles and LY556 Epoxy resin with HY951 Hardener. The specimens were prepared using hand lay-up technique as per ASTM standard & were tested for Tensile, Flexural, Interlaminar Shear Strength, Impact, Water Absorption Test, Density, Micro Hardness and the microstructure was evaluated by SEM analysis. Jute fibers resist bending stresses & hence on hybridization of fibers, better properties can be obtained due to supportive nature of the fibers. Selection and/or Peer-review under responsibility of The First Materials Research Society of Thailand International Conference. Ó 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the International Conference on Recent Research Emerging Trends in Materials & Mechanical Engineering.
1. Introduction Progress in the field of materials science and technology has given birth to fascinating and wonderful materials called composites, which are one of the most advanced and adaptable engineering materials. Composite materials are formed by combining two or more dissimilar materials that have quite different properties. Composite materials are replacing traditional materials, because of their superior properties, such as ratio of high strength-toweight, high mechanical strength, and minimal thermal expansion etc. the development of new materials is on the anvil and the number is growing day by day. Suresh J.S et al. [1] have conducted studies on Fabrication and mechanical characterization of glass/ particulates reinforced polymer composites. The author prepared fiberglass reinforced composites filled with natural fillers. The author concluded that that the mechanical properties like Tensile strength, Flexural strength, ILSS, Impact strength and Hardness of the glass reinforced composites are improved with the incorporation of the fillers compared with base composite. M.R. Sanjay et al. [2] have conducted Studies on mechanical properties of
E-mail address: [email protected] (B.S. Raju)
jute/E-glass fiber reinforced epoxy hybrid composites. This paper deals with the hybrid effect of composites made of jute/E-Glass fibers which are fabricated by hand layup method using LY556 Epoxy resin and HY951 hardener. The result of the test shows that hybrid composite of jute/ E-glass fiber has far better properties than that of jute fiber composite. Gowda, T.M et al. [3] have conducted studies on Some Mechanical Properties of Untreated Jute Fabric-Reinforced Polyester Composites. This research work is concerned with the evaluation of the mechanical properties-modulus, Poisson’s ratio and strength-of woven jute fabric-reinforced composites. The specimens are prepared using hand lay-up techniques as per ASTM standard. It is concluded that this composite possess strengths and moduli better than that of wood composites and some plastics. Ramesh K. Nayak et al. [4] have studied the Effect of epoxy modifiers (Al2O3/SiO2/TiO2) on mechanical performance of epoxy/glass fiber hybrid composites. In this paper, they have modified the epoxy matrix by Al2O3, SiO2 and TiO2 microparticles in glass fiber/epoxy composite to improve the mechanical properties. The composites are fabricated by hand lay-up method. It is concluded that mechanical properties like flexural strength, flexural modulus and ILSS are more in case of SiO2 modified epoxy composite compared to other micro modifiers. Alumina modified epoxy composite increases the hardness and impacts energy com-
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2019.10.061 2214-7853/Ó 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the International Conference on Recent Research Emerging Trends in Materials & Mechanical Engineering.
Please cite this article as: B. S. Raju, L. H. Manjunatha, Santosh et al., Fabrication & characterization of ZnS micro particulate filled glass and jute fibre reinforced hybrid polymer composites, Materials Today: Proceedings, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2019.10.061
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pared to other modifiers. Patil Deogonda et al. [5] have investigated the Mechanical property of glass fiber reinforcement epoxy composites. The authors prepared polymer composites consisting of glass fibre reinforcement, epoxy resin and filler materials such as TiO2 and ZnS. Tensile test, three-point bending, and impact test were conducted to find the influence of filler material on mechanical characteristics. The tests result have shown that higher the filler material volume percentage greater the strength for both TiO2 and ZnS filled glass epoxy composites, ZnS filled composite show more sustaining values than TiO2. A. Thiagarajan, et al. [6] work describes the Synthesis and characterization of hybrid glass fiber reinforced epoxy/TiO2 nanocomposites. The authors synthesized hybrid S-glass fiber reinforced with epoxy/TiO2 nanoparticles. The composite laminates were prepared by hand layup technique with varying weight percentages of TiO2 nanoparticles. The authors concluded that an addition of 3 wt% of TiO2 nanoparticles the tensile strength was improved by 44% and impact strength by 64.7% when compared with neat polymer Nano composites. Vinay H B et al. [7] studied the Processing and characterization of glass fiber and carbon fiber reinforced vinyl ester based composites. The authors have investigated the mechanical strength of glass fiber & carbon fiber reinforced vinyl ester resin composites. The laminated specimens were fabricating using Hand lay-up technique and the specimens are prepared as per the ASTM standards. The authors concluded that the carbon fibre& resin of vinyl ester with mixture of Promoter, accelerator, catalyst showed better Mechanical properties. Tensile strength & compression strength is more in carbon fibre and less in glass fibre. MP Westman et al. [8] work describes Natural Fiber Composites: A Review. This research work has investigated the use of Kenaf, Hibiscus cannabinus, as a possible glass replacement in fiber replacement in fiber reinforced composites. The proceeding data has shown that in their native form Kenaf composites cannot compete with glass composites. While the dry specific properties were only slightly lower for the Kenaf composites, the wet samples were drastically lower. Fiber treatments will need to be explored to reduce the water absorption and increase the wettability of the fibers. Karandeep Singh Sodhi et al. [9] have investigated the Development and mechanical characterization of low cost natural hybrid date/jute fiber reinforced epoxy composite. The authors prepared hybrid date and fiberglass reinforced composites by hand lay-up tech-
nique. Results revealed that hybridization of fibers improved tensile and flexural strength of composites by 65.01% and 89.56% in comparison to pure epoxy. The developed hybrid composite allowed a cost saving of 30.43% in comparison to single jute reinforced composites. S. Srinivasa Moorthy et al. [10] have studied the Fabrication and characterization of TiO2 particulate filled glass fiber reinforced polymer composite. The authors prepared a hybrid composite with random oriented e-glass fiber in unsaturated polyester resin matrix. TiO2 was used as reinforcement material and kept 10 wt% constant. It was observed that the inclusion of titanium oxide and increase of fiber length resulted in composites with increased tensile strength, impact strength, hardness and chemical resistance. Amit Kumar Tanwer [11] conducted studies on Mechanical Properties Testing of Uni-directional and Bidirectional Glass Fibre Reinforced Epoxy Based Composites. In this study, mechanical properties for glass fiber composites were evaluated. Here, Glass fiber is the fiber reinforcement and epoxy polymer resin as a matrix material. Composites were prepared with longitudinal (Unidirectional) and cross (Bidirectional) glass fiber reinforced with the epoxy-based polymer. The authors concluded
Table 2 Calculation of Flexural Strength and ILSS. Sl.No.
Load (KN)
Flexural Strength (N/mm2)
Ilss (N/mm2)
1 2 3 4 5
4.24 4.38 4.46 4.40 4.38
7006.67 7300.00 7433.33 7333.33 7300.00
132.50 136.88 139.38 137.50 136.88
Table 3 Calculation of Impact Strength of the composites. Designation of Composites
Impact Meter Reading [J]
Impact Strength [KJ/ m2]
C1 C2 C3 C4 C5
10.80 5.00 4.90 4.60 4.0
283.46 131.23 128.61 120.73 104.99
Fig. 1. Classification of composite materials.
Table 1 For calculated of density of composite. S.No
Specimens
Mass [gm]
Mass of water displaced [gm]
Volume of water displaced [cm3]
Density [g/cm3]
1 2 3 4 5
C1 C2 C3 C4 C5
8.42 9.12 9.03 8.72 9.45
6.40 6.92 5.96 5.20 4.78
6.40 6.92 5.96 5.20 4.78
1.3156 1.3179 1.5151 1.6769 1.9769
Please cite this article as: B. S. Raju, L. H. Manjunatha, Santosh et al., Fabrication & characterization of ZnS micro particulate filled glass and jute fibre reinforced hybrid polymer composites, Materials Today: Proceedings, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2019.10.061
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Fig. 2. Methodology.
Fig. 3. Three point flexure test.
that unidirectional oriented glass fiber epoxy composites have large value of all the properties such as Ultimate force, yield force, Compressive strength, Tensile strength, elongation etc. in tensile as well as compression test. K.Bhavani et al. [12] work describes the Evaluation of Mechanical Behavior and Structural Simulation of Jute-Glass/Epoxy Hybrid Composites. This work demonstrates the
fabrication of hybrid composite using jute and E-glass fibre reinforced epoxy composite by hand layup method. Structural properties are evaluated by tensile test, flexural test and Impact test. FEA analysis using ANSYS has been carried out for structural simulation of the hybrid composites. The authors conclude that the incorporation of glass fibre in jute fibre composites enhances the mechanical properties and it leads to the increase of the utilization of natural fibres in various applications. Manoj Samson R et al. [13] have studied the Development of hybrid E-glass fibre reinforced polymer matrix composite and study of mechanical properties. In this work, glass fibers like WRM glass fiber, CSM glass fiber, and hybrid using both WRM fiber and CSM fiber are used to prepare a specimen using a thermosetting polymer called unsaturated polyester. The authors concluded that WRM reinforced polymer has higher tensile strength and hardness. When comparing with WRM fiber and CSM fiber laminate, hybrid composite laminate has higher Impact energy. So, hybrid glass fiber composites can be preferred over other composites if impact energy is critical in the application. D. Senthilnathan et al. [14] has conducted the Characterization of Glass Fibre – Coconut Coir– Human Hair Hybrid Composites. In this
Fig. 4. Flexural Test experimental setup.
Please cite this article as: B. S. Raju, L. H. Manjunatha, Santosh et al., Fabrication & characterization of ZnS micro particulate filled glass and jute fibre reinforced hybrid polymer composites, Materials Today: Proceedings, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2019.10.061
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Fig. 5. (a)–(e) SEM images of the fractured specimens.
work, a glass fiber, coconut coir and human hair hybrid composite is prepared. It is concluded that the Human hair-Coconut coirglass-human hair hybrid composite is more suitable for high flexibility, impact and double shear strength loads and moreover it is eco-friendly and it can be applied where the obtained characteristics are required in aircraft, automobiles and other areas of manufacturing. Srinivas Shenoy H et al. [15] have conducted studies on Interlaminar shear and flexural properties of E-glass/jute reinforced polymer matrix composites. In this study, composite laminates with basket weave (BW) and twill weave (TW) patterns
were fabricated using hand layup technique and tested for interlaminar shear and flexural strength. It was concluded that among the two weave patterns laminates with twill weave arrangement demonstrated better flexural and interlaminar shear properties. Basketweave pattern resulted in comparatively inferior properties. Prakash Tudu [16] conducted a study on Processing and Characterization of Natural Fiber Reinforced Polymer Composites. This work includes the processing, characterization of coconut fiber reinforced epoxy composites by simple hand lay-up technique. The results indicate that impact velocity, erodent size and fiber loading
Please cite this article as: B. S. Raju, L. H. Manjunatha, Santosh et al., Fabrication & characterization of ZnS micro particulate filled glass and jute fibre reinforced hybrid polymer composites, Materials Today: Proceedings, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2019.10.061
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are the significant factors in a declining sequence affecting the erosion wear rate. The composites exhibit semi-ductile erosion characteristics with the peak erosion wear occurring at 600 impingement angle. E. Naveen et al. [17] have prepared a report on Alkali Chemical Treatment on the Surface of Natural Fiber. In this work, untreated (UTRF) -reinforced and alkali -treated fiber (ATRF) -reinforced composites were prepared using compression moulding and tested for Tensile strength, tensile modulus and % elongation at break. The authors concluded that the composites reinforced with alkali treated fibers showed improved mechanical properties. The improvement was high for the composite prepared with 4 h alkali treated fibers. The flexural strength was found to be high for composites with treated fiber and red mud. Less percentage of water absorption was observed after the alkali treatment of fibers. Jochen Gassan et al. [18] work describes the Possibilities for improving the mechanical properties of jute/epoxy composites by alkali treatment of fibres. The objective of this paper is the improvement of the mechanical properties of natural-fibrereinforced thermosets. The mechanical properties of Tossa jute fibers were optimized by using a NaOH-treatment process with different alkali concentrations and shrinkages. Shrinkage of the fibers during treatment had the most significant effect on the fiber structure and, as a result, on the fiber mechanical properties such as tensile strength, modulus, and toughness.
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is softer, silky and stronger than white jute. Jute fibers are hygroscopic and swell 23% in diameter, 40% in cross-section and 0.06% in length. Absorption of water modifies the dimensions and mechanical and electrical properties. Jute fibers consist of 12– 14% lignin, 21–24% hemicellulose, 58–63% a- cellulose and trace amounts of nitrogenous matter, fats, wax, and ash [26] (Table 1–3). 3.2. Alakli treatment of jute mat The natural fibers are hydrophilic and have polar groups in their structure. Moreover, natural fibres also consist of several elementary fibers associated with cellulose, hemicellulose, pectin, lignin, etc. Hence, they cannot be considered as the mono-filament fibers. To remove the unwanted elements from the fiber, specific treatments are necessary. On the alkali treatment of jute fibers reports on the removal of lignin and hemicellulose which affects the tensile characteristics of the fibers. When hemicelluloses are removed, the interfibrillar region is likely to be less dense and less rigid and thereby makes the fibrils more capable of rearranging themselves along the direction of tensile deformation.
2. Background Composite materials are engineered materials made from two or more constituent materials with significantly different physical and chemical properties which remain separate and distinct on a macroscopic level within the finished structure. Composites are made up of individual materials referred to as constituent materials. All the constituents in the composite retain their identities and do not dissolve or completely merge into each other. The composite material should be created to obtain properties which would not be achieved by any of the components acting alone [19]. The matrix has three main functions
Graph 1. Effect of ZnS Microparticle on density of composites.
1. To protect the reinforcement from damage. 2. To hold the reinforcement in the correct orientation. 3. To transfer applied loads into the reinforcement. Reinforcement can have different materials like particles, fillers, fibers, flakes or whiskers. The reinforcement provides the strength and stiffness properties to the composite. The form and arrangement of the fillers as they are introduced to the mould can vary significantly. They can be arranged as short strands of randomly oriented whiskers, a bundle of fibers, a unidirectional fabric, a woven fabric, a braided fabric or a multi-axial fabric. Reinforcement may be used in several different forms or arrangements, depending on the application and manufacturing route. Composites materials are broadly classified into three categories as given in Fig. 1.
Graph 2. Effect of ZnS microparticles on Flexural strength of the composites.
3. Method & material 3.1. Materials used The chief sources of commercial jute are two Indian species (C. capsularis –white jute and C. olitorius – tosa jute), grown primarily in the Ganges and Brahmaputra valleys. Although jute adapts well to the loamy soil in any hot and humid region, cultivation and harvesting require abundant cheap labor, and India remains the unrivaled world producer as well as the chief fiber processor. White jute is used for making ropes, twines, and fabrics. Tosa jute fiber
Graph 3. Effect of ZnS microparticles on Inter laminar shear strength of the composites.
Please cite this article as: B. S. Raju, L. H. Manjunatha, Santosh et al., Fabrication & characterization of ZnS micro particulate filled glass and jute fibre reinforced hybrid polymer composites, Materials Today: Proceedings, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2019.10.061
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When jute fibers are stretched, such rearrangements among the fibrils would result in better load sharing and hence in higher stress development in the fibers. The increase in the percentage crystallinity index of alkali-treated fibres occurs because of the removal of the cementing materials, which leads to better packing of the cellulose chains. The mechanical properties of jute fibres were optimized by using NaOH-treatment process with different alkali concentrations and shrinkages. Shrink- age of the fibres during treatment had the most significant effect on the fiber structure and, as a result, on the fiber mechanical properties such as tensile strength, modulus and toughness.
3.3. Composite preparation procedure See (Fig. 2).
4. Results and discussions 4.1. Density test A material’s density is defined as its mass per unit volume. It is essentially, a measurement of how tightly matter is crammed
together. Mathematically, density is defined as mass divided by volume (Fig. 3 and 4).
q ¼ m=V where q is the density m is the mass V is the volume 4.2. Flexural and Inter laminar shear strength Flexural strength is material’s ability to resist deformations under bending load. The transverse bending test is employed to calculate the flexural strength of a composite specimen, in which a specimen is bent until fracture. The flexural test is done in a three point flexural setup as per ASTM: D790 standard (sample dimension is 80 8 3 mm3). The flexural strength represents the highest stress experienced within the material at its moment of rupture. Shear is basically a set of parallel forces which act in opposite directions. Inter laminar shear strength is measured in the layered materials or composites, where the connection between two layers provides the necessary shear strength.
Graph 4. Bending moment diagram for Composition C1.
Graph 5. Bending moment diagram for Composition C2.
Please cite this article as: B. S. Raju, L. H. Manjunatha, Santosh et al., Fabrication & characterization of ZnS micro particulate filled glass and jute fibre reinforced hybrid polymer composites, Materials Today: Proceedings, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2019.10.061
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Graph 6. Bending moment diagram for Composition C3.
Graph 7. Bending moment diagram for Composition C4.
The flexural strength and the interlinear shear strength are calculated as given in the equations below.
Flexural Strength ¼
3PL
ð1Þ
2
2bd
Interlaminar Shear Strength ¼
3P 4bd
where: P is the maximum load applied in N
ð2Þ
L is the length of the support span in mm b is width in mm and d is thickness in mm 4.3. Impact test The impact test is done in an IZOD impact setup as per ASTM: D256 standard (sample dimension is 65 12.7 3 mm3). The specimens are in Graph 8. The specimen must be loaded in the testing machine and a low velocity impact testing process is carried out with a pendulum type impact tester until the specimen fractures or breaks. The loss of energy during impact is the energy
Please cite this article as: B. S. Raju, L. H. Manjunatha, Santosh et al., Fabrication & characterization of ZnS micro particulate filled glass and jute fibre reinforced hybrid polymer composites, Materials Today: Proceedings, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2019.10.061
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Graph 8. Bending moment diagram for Composition C5.
absorbed by the specimen during impact. The values are tabulated and it shows comparison between energy absorbed by the different combination of composites.
Micro graph shows better bonding between matrixes, ZnS reinforcement. Overall composition C3 (6% ZnS) can be considered as suitable composition for the development of ZnS, jute mat, glass fiber and epoxy based composites by hand lap-up process.
4.4. SEM analysis In scanning electron microscope (SEM), micrographs have a large depth of field yielding a characteristic three-dimensional appearance useful for understanding the surface structure of a sample. Fracture surface of SBS tested samples have been investigated using SEM. Fig. 5(a) shows the SEM micrograph of fractured samples of 3% Zns epoxy modified composite which has the best results among the tests conducted (Graph 1–7).
Acknowledgment Authors would like to thank Rukmini Knowledge Park at REVA University for the necessary support during this work.
References 5. Conclusion In the present performance study, the hybrid polymer composites with micro ZnS fillers are prepared with five different microparticle weights (0, 3, 6, 9 and 12%). Properties such as Hardness, Density, Water Absorption, Tensile, Flexural, Inter Laminar Shear Strength, Impact strength are evaluated as per the ASTM standards and its microstructure is determined by SEM analysis. Based on the experimentation results and analysis, following conclusions are drawn. Glass & Jute fiber reinforced polymer matrix composites have been successfully fabricated by hand lay-up technique by addition of ZnS micro particulate. The density of composite was found to increase with increase in the weight % of ZnS micro particulate. The density is less for the composition C2 (3% ZnS) than the other composites due to the weight of ZnS micro particulates. In flexure test, the flexure strength was found to increase as compared to C1 (0%ZnS) which is because of increase in ZnS micro particulate content, significantly increases up to C3 (6% ZnS) but decreases thereafter due to increase in the brittleness, hence flexure strength decreases. In impact test, the impact strength decreases as compared to base composite C1 (0% ZnS). It is because of increase in % of ZnS reinforcement.
[1] J.S. Suresh, M. Pramila Devi, Raffi Mohammed, Fabrication and mechanical characterization of glass/particulates reinforced polymer composites, IJMET 07 (05) (2016) 380–387, ISSN 0976-6340. [2] M.R. Sanjay, B. Yogesha, Studies on mechanical properties of jute/E-glass fiber reinforced epoxy hybrid composites, J. Min. Mater. Charac. Eng. 4 (2016) 15– 25. [3] T.M. Gowda, A.C.B. Naidu, R. Chhaya, Some mechanical properties of untreated jute fabric-reinforced polyester composites, Compos: Part A 30 (1999) 277– 284, https://doi.org/10.1016/S1359- 835X (98)00157-2. [4] Ramesh K. Nayak, Alina Dash, B.C. Ray, Effect of epoxy modifiers (Al2O3/SiO2/ TiO2) on mechanical performance of epoxy/glass fiber hybrid composites, Proc. Mater. Sci. 6 (2014) 1359–1364. [5] Patil Deogonda, Vijaykumar N. Chalwa, Mechanical property of glass fiber reinforcement epoxy composites, IJSER 01 (04) (2013), ISSN 2347-3878. [6] A. Thiagarajan, P. Madavan, B. Parisithu, P. Loganathan, B. Aravinth, Synthesis and characterization of hybrid glass fiber reinforced epoxy/Tio2 nanocomposites, Int. J. Tech. Res. Appl. (2016) 78–82, e-ISSN: 2320-8163. [7] H.B. Vinay, H.K. Govindaraju, Prashanth Banakar, Processing and characterization of glass fiber and carbon fiber reinforced vinyl ester based composites, Int. J. Res. Eng. Technol. (2015), eISSN: 2319-1163, ISSN: 23217308. [8] M.P. Westman, S.G. Laddha, L.S. Fifield, T.A. Kafentzis, K.L. Simmons, Natural Fiber Composites: A Review, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, 2010. [9] Karandeep Singh Sodhi, Shanti Parkash, Development and mechanical characterization of low cost natural hybrid date/jute fiber reinforced epoxy composite, IJRMET 05 (01) (2014), ISSN 2249-5762. [10] S. Srinivasa Moorthy, K. Manonmani, Fabrication and characterization of Tio2 particulate filled glass fiber reinforced polymer composite, Mater. Phys. Mech. 18 (2013) (2013) 28–34. [11] Amit Kumar Tanwer, Mechanical properties testing of uni-directional and bidirectional glass fibre reinforced epoxy based composites, Int. J. Res. Advent Technol. 2 (11) (2014), E-ISSN: 2321-9637.
Please cite this article as: B. S. Raju, L. H. Manjunatha, Santosh et al., Fabrication & characterization of ZnS micro particulate filled glass and jute fibre reinforced hybrid polymer composites, Materials Today: Proceedings, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2019.10.061
B.S. Raju et al. / Materials Today: Proceedings xxx (xxxx) xxx [12] K. Bhavani, K. Hemachandra Reddy, S. Jabiulla, Evaluation of mechanical behaviour and structural simulation of jute-glass/epoxy hybrid composites, IJMET 03 (12) (2016), ISSN 2348-4845. [13] R. Manoj Samson, Vaddi Thulasikanth, S. Senkathir, A.C. Arun Raj, T. Geethapriyan, Development of hybrid E-glass fibre reinforced polymer matrix composite and study of mechanical properties, J. Chem. Pharm. Sci. (2016), ISSN: 0974-2115. [14] D. Senthilnathan, A. Gnanavel Babu, G.B. Bhaskar, K.G.S. Gopinath, Characterization of glass fibre – coconut coir– human hair hybrid composites, Int. J. Eng. Technol. 6 (1) (2014), ISSN: 0975-4024. [15] Shenoy H. Srinivas, Suhas Y. Nayak, Ayush Prakash, Ankit Awasthi, Rishabh Singh Kochhar, Interlaminar shear and flexural properties of E-glass/jute reinforced polymer matrix composites, Proceedings of International Conference on Mechanical Engineering and Industrial Automation Held on 21-22, Nov, 2015, in Dubai, 2015. [16] Prakash Tudu, Processing and Characterization of Natural Fiber Reinforced Polymer Composites (thesis), Department of Mechanical Engineering National Institute of Technology, Rourkela-769008. [17] E. Naveen, N. Venkatachalam, N. Maheswaran, Alkalichemical treatment on the surface of natural fiber, Int. J. Innov. Res. Sci. Eng. Technol. 4 (4) (2015), ISSN (Online): 2319-8753. [18] Jochen Gassan, Andrzej K. Bledzki, Possibilities for improving the mechanical properties of jute/epoxy composites by alkali treatment of fibres, Elsevier, Compos. Sci. Technol. 59 (1999) 1303–1309.
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[19] K.R. Dr Phaneesh, Text Book of Material Science and Metallurgy, Sudha Publications, 2013. [26] M. Boopalan, Thesis on studies on jute Nano fibre reinforced epoxy polymer composite, 2012.
Further reading [20] Vallery Vasillac, V. Evengeny, Mofozov, Mechanics and Analysis of Composite Materials, Elsevier Publications, New York, 2007. [21] R. Bhaskar, Thesis on unsaturated polyester/Inorganic mineral Nano composites, Preparation and Properties, 2011.. [22] B.D. Agarwal, L.J. Broutman, Analysis and Performance of Fibre Composites, John Wiley and Sons. Inc., 1990. [23] R.N. Rothon, Particulate Fillers for Polymets, Rapra Technology Limited, 2002. [24] M. Ramesh, thesis on mechanical and machining characteristics of hybrid natural fibre, Composites (2014). [25] K. Ahmed Sabeel, S. Vijayarangan, Tensile, flexural and inter-laminar shear properties of woven jute and jute-glass fabric reinforced polyester composites, J. Mater. Process. Technol. 207 (1) (2008) 330–335. [27] http://indianjute.blogspot.in/p/jute-jute-cultivation-and-fibre.html.. [28] http://www.worldjute.com/about_jute/abj_cultivation.html..
Please cite this article as: B. S. Raju, L. H. Manjunatha, Santosh et al., Fabrication & characterization of ZnS micro particulate filled glass and jute fibre reinforced hybrid polymer composites, Materials Today: Proceedings, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2019.10.061