- Email: [email protected]
Nylon NCTF and its superior photocatalytic activity against dye degradation
Materials Today: Proceedings xxx (xxxx) xxx
Contents lists available at ScienceDirect
Materials Today: Proceedings journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/matpr
Facile synthesis of Bi2O3/Nylon NCTF and its superior photocatalytic activity against dye degradation T. Jeyapaul a, P. Latha b, K. Prakash c, V. Selvam a,⇑ a
Department of Chemistry, The MDT Hindu College, Tirunelveli Tamil Nadu 627010, India Department of Chemistry, V.V.V. College for Women, Virudhunagar, Tamil Nadu 626001, India c Department of Chemistry, SMS College of Arts and Science, Sivakasi, Tamil Nadu 626131, India b
a r t i c l e
i n f o
Article history: Received 18 May 2019 Accepted 6 June 2019 Available online xxxx Keywords: Bi2O3/Nylon NCTF XRD SEM Rhodamine Blue Methyl Orange dyes
a b s t r a c t In this present work, A novel Bi2O3/Nylon NCTF (Nanocomposites Thin Film) has been successfully synthesized via a facile, low cost solution cast method. The as-synthesized Bi2O3/Nylon NCTF were characterized by XRD. The morphology was confirmed by scanning electron microscopy. The Bi2O3/Nylon NCTF which showed the best photocatalytic activity and superior photocatalytic stability. Synergistic effect of Bi2O3/Nylon NCTF played a vital role in photocatalytic degradation Rhodamine Blue (RhB) and Methyl Orange (MO) dyes. This works give a new approach to construct novel photocatalysts and a promising candidate catalyst for removal of hazardous materials from waste water treatment in the near future. Ó 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the International Conference on Recent Trends in Nanomaterials for Energy, Environmental and Engineering Applications.
1. Introduction Photocatalytic degradation of organic pollutants by semiconductor photocatalyst has been the valuable technology for environmental decontamination [1–4]. Semiconductor photocatalysis affords a prospective solution to the problems of energy shortages and environmental pollution [5–9]. However, photo efficiency of the bare semiconductor catalyst is limited because of the rapid electron-hole recombination. Therefore, it is urgent to develop highly efficient photocatalytic materials for pollutant degradation. The photocatalytic activity of semiconductor oxide depends on its physical and chemical properties. Since the recombination of photoexcited electrons and holes occurs at crystal lattice defects, crystallinity (i.e., the extent of crystallization) is one of the main factors for photocatalytic reaction efficiency. It is also found that photogenerated charge carriers can be effectively separated inside semiconducting composite materials according to different band gap structures of their components [10]. Bismuth based semiconductors are receiving great interest as photocatalysts to degrade organic pollutants under UV–visible light. In Particular bismuth oxide (Bi2O3) has great interest due to its characteristics such as ⇑ Corresponding author.
band gap (2–3.9 eV), high refractive index, Photoluminescence, large surface area, electrochemical stability, photoconductivity, dielectric permittivity, thermal stability, non toxicity and its catalytic actions [11–16]. Due to its properties which has been commonly used in the field of solid oxide fuel cells, gas sensors, photoelectric materials, high temperature super conductor materials, super capacitors, functional ceramics and photocatalyst [17–18]. There are six polymorphs phase of Bi2O3: a-Bi2O3 (monoclinic), b-Bi2O3 (tetragonal), c-Bi2O3 (b.c.c), d- Bi2O3 (f.c.c), e- Bi2O3 (orthorhombic) and w- Bi2O3 (triclinic) [19–21]. Among them b-Bi2O3 has excellent advantageous and demonstrates appreciable properties for degrade pollutants [22]. Among the polymers nylon have high chemical stability, high surface area to volume ratio, high porosity, good morphology is able to offer high specific area and good enrichment ability for organic compounds. Thus it is very suitable for photocatalyst carrier. In this paper we report novel Bi2O3/nylon NCTF was successfully synthesized by simple low cost wet chemical method. Synthesized Bi2O3/nylon NCTF was characterized in detail. The photocatalytic activity, stability and reusability of Bi2O3/nylon NCTF were investigated towards degradation of RhB and MO dye solution under visible light irradiation. Our prepared Bi2O3/nylon NCTF have excellent visible light activity, stability and recycling.
E-mail address: [email protected] (V. Selvam). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2019.06.555 2214-7853/Ó 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the International Conference on Recent Trends in Nanomaterials for Energy, Environmental and Engineering Applications.
Please cite this article as: T. Jeyapaul, P. Latha, K. Prakash et al., Facile synthesis of Bi2O3/Nylon NCTF and its superior photocatalytic activity against dye degradation, Materials Today: Proceedings, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2019.06.555
2
T. Jeyapaul et al. / Materials Today: Proceedings xxx (xxxx) xxx
2. Experimental section
2.1. Photocatalytic activity of Bi2O3/Nylon NCTF
Bismuth nitrate, oxalic acid, ammonium hydroxide, Methyl Orange and RhodamineB were purchased from sigma Aldrich and used as without further purification. Bismuth oxide (Bi2O3) nanoparticles were synthesized by simple wet chemical method. 0.1 M of Bismuth nitrate was dissolved in 30 mL distilled water and 3 g of oxalic acid in distilled water under vigorous stirring. 1 M of ammonium hydroxide solution was added to the reaction mixture bismuth hydroxide was obtained. The precipitate was washed with water and alcohol for several times to remove impurities. Then it was dried in oven at 80 °C for 12 h and the resulted product was calcinated at 550 C in muffle furnace for 2 h. Bi2O3/Nylon Nanocomposites Thin Film (NCTF) was synthesized by solution cast method.
The photocatalytic activity of Bi2O3/Nylon NCTF was evaluated against MO and RhB dyes solution under visible light irradiation (k > 400 nm). 0.5 g Bi2O3/Nylon NCTF photo catalyst was added to 80 mL of the dye solution in 100 mL reaction vessel. At given time intervals, 5 mL of aliquots were collected. The degraded dye solutions were analyzed using the main absorption peaks for MO and RhB at 463 and 554 nm respectively. After the degradation the catalyst was separated from the reaction mixture and dried to carry out the reusability tests. Prior to irradiation, the solution was magnetically stirred in the dark for 1 h to ensure the equilibrium of the working solution. In a similar manner the photocatalytic degradation of Bi2O3 and Polymer were also been performed.
3. Results and discussion 3.1. Structural analysis
Fig. 1. XRD spectra of Bi2O3, Nylon, Bi2O3/Nylon NCTF.
The phase structure of Bi2O3/nylon NCTF was investigated by XRD technique and the results were shown in Fig. 1. The diffraction peaks of Bi2O3 at 2h = 27.36°, 33.18° and 46.32° which could be perfectly indexed to (2 0 1), (2 2 0), and (2 2 2) planes of tetragonal Bi2O3 (JCPDS No. 78-1793). The peak at 20.330 and 24.550 in the 2h region shows the characteristic peak of nylon. The crystallite size were measured by using Scherr equation, D = Kk/bcosh, where D is the crystallite size, K is a constant, k is the wavelength, b is the line width, and h is the angle diffraction. The crystallite size of Bi2O3 is 38 nm. The XRD pattern of Bi2O3/nylon NCTF showed characteristic peak of Bi2O3 and diffraction peak of nylon which indicated that a Bi2O3 nanoparticle was successfully embedded on to the polymer matrix.
Fig. 2. SEM micrographs of (a) nylon, (b) Bi2O3, and (c&d) Bi2O3/Nylon NCTF.
Please cite this article as: T. Jeyapaul, P. Latha, K. Prakash et al., Facile synthesis of Bi2O3/Nylon NCTF and its superior photocatalytic activity against dye degradation, Materials Today: Proceedings, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2019.06.555
T. Jeyapaul et al. / Materials Today: Proceedings xxx (xxxx) xxx
3
3.2. Morphology analysis
3.4. Effect of initial dye concentration
Fig. 2 shows the SEM micrographs of nylon, Bi2O3 and Bi2O3/ nylon NCTF. SEM image of nylon showed a smooth surface of the polymer in Fig. 3a. SEM micrographs of Bi2O3 showed that the spherical in shape and average size of nanoparticle is significantly of 200 nm in Fig. 3b. For the Bi2O3/nylon NCTF, the morphology shows nanofibre structure. In addition, the selected energy dispersive spectrum (EDS) of the nylon, Bi2O3, and Bi2O3/nylon NCTF is shown in Fig. 3a–c. Fig. 4a showed that EDS spectra of nylon is composed of C, N and O. Fig. 4b showed that EDS spectra of Bi2O3 is composed of Bi and O.
RhB & MO concentration on photocatalytic degradation was tested by changing the concentration from 10 ppm to 25 ppm and 50 ppm to 75 ppm respectively which is shown in Fig. 4. It was observed that the photodegradation rate was high when MO concentration is 10 ppm and RhB concentration is 10 ppm and degradation percentage was 95% for RhB and 96% for MO and then subsequent decrease from 10 ppm to 20 ppm and 1 ppm to 10 ppm. These results shows that increasing initial concentration of dye solution will lead to absorb more light, which decrease the effectiveness of light intensity reached on the surface of the catalyst, and then diminish the interaction of photons with the active sites.
3.3. Photocatalytic activity of the Bi2O3/Nylon NCTF photocatalyst The photocatalytic efficiency of the Bi2O3/Nylon NCTF was evaluated towards the photodegradation of dyes viz RhB and MO under visible light irradiation. The photodegradation of the dyes were monitored by the absorption peak at 495 and 554 nm for RhB and MO respectively which is shown in Fig. 4(a and b). There is no degradation in the absence of photocatalyst and light illumination. The RhB and MO dyes were completely degraded within 60 min and the corresponding degradation percentage were also been shown in Fig. 4(a and b). This clearly indicates that the Bi2O3/Nylon NCTF was active well against the azo and anionic dyes.
3.5. Effect of catalyst weight To investigate the effect of catalyst weight on photocatalytic degradation of RhB and MO, the catalyst weight was varied from 10 mg to 75 mg. The correlation between photodegradation rate of dye solution and different catalyst weight was shown in Fig. 5. The photodegradation rate was high when catalyst weight was 50 mg and it produces the highest photodegradation rate of 92%. The catalyst weight below 50 mg it generated fewer holes, within unite time which produce fewer high active species excited on the catalyst surface and thus photodegradation rate is lower. While
Fig. 3. Absorption spectra of (a) RhB and (b) MO in the presence of 50 mg of Bi2O3/Nylon NCTF under exposure to visible light.
Fig. 4. Effect of different concentration of (a) RhB and (b) MO dye solution on its photodegradation in the presence of Bi2O3/Nylon NCTF.
Please cite this article as: T. Jeyapaul, P. Latha, K. Prakash et al., Facile synthesis of Bi2O3/Nylon NCTF and its superior photocatalytic activity against dye degradation, Materials Today: Proceedings, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2019.06.555
4
T. Jeyapaul et al. / Materials Today: Proceedings xxx (xxxx) xxx
Fig. 5. Photodegradation of (a) RhB and (b) MO dye solution with different amount of photocatalyst.
if the catalyst weight increases above 50 mg there is no change in degradation rate and rate of photodegradation remains constant. 4. Conclusion A novel Bi2O3/Nylon NCTF has been successfully synthesized via a facile, low cost solution cast method and has been characterized in detail. As a result of narrow band gap, the as-prepared Bi2O3/ Nylon NCTF exhibits excellent visible light induced photocatalytic activity towards RhB and MO dye degradation. The photodegradation efficiency of both the RhB and MO dyes attain 95% after 60 min, respectively under visible light irradiation. Hydroxyl radicals and superoxide radicals are actively participated in the photodegradation of the dye. In addition, the Bi2O3/Nylon NCTF has high stability and recyclability which is beneficial for practical applications. The present work presents a greatly efficient and stable supported Bi2O3 catalyst for novel applications. It also affords s stage for the problem-free recoverability of the photocatalyst by a simple hand-picking method. These features will benefit industrial applications for the treatment of dye pollutants. References
[2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] [10] [11] [12] [13] [14] [15] [16] [17] [18] [19] [20] [21] [22]
[1] X. Chang, G. Yu, J. Huang, Z. Li, S. Zhu, P. Yu, C. Cheng, S. Deng, G. Ji, Catal. Today 153 (2010) 193–199.
R. Daghrir, P. Drogui, D. Robert, Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 52 (2013) 3581–3599. D. Bahnemann, Sol. Energy 77 (2004) 445–459. K. Rajeshwar, A. Thomas, C. Janáky, J. Phys. Chem. Lett. 6 (2015) 139–147. D.W. Bahnemann, M. Hilgendorff, R. Memming, J. Phys. Chem. B 101 (1997) 4265–4275. A. Fujishima, X. Zhang, D.A. Tryk, Surf. Sci. Rep. 63 (2008) 515–582. M. Huang, C. Xu, Z. Wu, Y. Huang, J. Lin, J. Wu, Dyes Pigm. 77 (2008) 327–334. B. Zhao, G. Mele, I. Pio, J. Li, L. Palmisano, G. Vasapollo, J. Hazard. Mater. 176 (2010) 569–574. J. Jing, J. Li, J. Feng, W. Li, W.W. Yu, Chem. Eng. J. 219 (2013) 355–360. R. Vinu, S.U. Akki, G. Madras, J. Hazard. Mater. 176 (2010) 765–773. J. Hu, H. Li, C. Huang, M. Liu, X. Qiu, Appl. Catal. B-Environ. 142–143 (2013) 598–603. Z. Ai, Y. Huang, S. Lee, L. Zhang, J. Alloy. Compd. 509 (2011) 2044–2049. H.Y. Jiang, J. Liu, K. Cheng, W. Sun, J. Lin, J. Phys. Chem. C 117 (2013) 20029– 20036. A.M. Abu-Dief, W.S. Mohamed, Mater. Res. Express (2017), https://doi.org/ 10.1088/2053-1591/aa6712. L. Song, S. Zhang, Res. Kinetics Mech. Catal. 99 (2010) 235–241. J. Dai, X. Chen, H. Yang, Inorg. Nano-Metal. Chem. 47 (2017) 1364–1368. J. Zeng, J.B. Zhong, J.Z. Li, X.Y. He, J.J. He, J. Adv. Oxidation. Technol. (2016), https://doi.org/10.1515/jaots-2013-0208. P.Y. Ayekoe, D. Robert, D.L. Gone, Environ. Chem. Lett. 13 (2015) 327–332. L. Zhang, W. Wang, J. Yang, Z. Chen, W. Zhang, L. Zhou, S. Liu, Appl. Catal. A Gen. 308 (2006) 105–110. R. Chen, Z.R. Shen, H. Wang, H.J. Zhou, Y.P. Liu, D.T. Ding, T.H. Chen, J. Alloy. Compd. 509 (2011) 2588–2596. Y. Qiu, M. Yang, H. Fan, Y. Zuo, Y. Shao, Y. Xu, X. Yang, S. Yang, Cryst. Eng. Commun. 13 (2011) 1843–1850. S. Iyyapushpam, S.T. Nishanthi, D. Pathinettam Padiyan, J. Alloy. Compd. 563 (2013) 104–107.
Please cite this article as: T. Jeyapaul, P. Latha, K. Prakash et al., Facile synthesis of Bi2O3/Nylon NCTF and its superior photocatalytic activity against dye degradation, Materials Today: Proceedings, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2019.06.555
Contents lists available at ScienceDirect
Materials Today: Proceedings journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/matpr
Facile synthesis of Bi2O3/Nylon NCTF and its superior photocatalytic activity against dye degradation T. Jeyapaul a, P. Latha b, K. Prakash c, V. Selvam a,⇑ a
Department of Chemistry, The MDT Hindu College, Tirunelveli Tamil Nadu 627010, India Department of Chemistry, V.V.V. College for Women, Virudhunagar, Tamil Nadu 626001, India c Department of Chemistry, SMS College of Arts and Science, Sivakasi, Tamil Nadu 626131, India b
a r t i c l e
i n f o
Article history: Received 18 May 2019 Accepted 6 June 2019 Available online xxxx Keywords: Bi2O3/Nylon NCTF XRD SEM Rhodamine Blue Methyl Orange dyes
a b s t r a c t In this present work, A novel Bi2O3/Nylon NCTF (Nanocomposites Thin Film) has been successfully synthesized via a facile, low cost solution cast method. The as-synthesized Bi2O3/Nylon NCTF were characterized by XRD. The morphology was confirmed by scanning electron microscopy. The Bi2O3/Nylon NCTF which showed the best photocatalytic activity and superior photocatalytic stability. Synergistic effect of Bi2O3/Nylon NCTF played a vital role in photocatalytic degradation Rhodamine Blue (RhB) and Methyl Orange (MO) dyes. This works give a new approach to construct novel photocatalysts and a promising candidate catalyst for removal of hazardous materials from waste water treatment in the near future. Ó 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the International Conference on Recent Trends in Nanomaterials for Energy, Environmental and Engineering Applications.
1. Introduction Photocatalytic degradation of organic pollutants by semiconductor photocatalyst has been the valuable technology for environmental decontamination [1–4]. Semiconductor photocatalysis affords a prospective solution to the problems of energy shortages and environmental pollution [5–9]. However, photo efficiency of the bare semiconductor catalyst is limited because of the rapid electron-hole recombination. Therefore, it is urgent to develop highly efficient photocatalytic materials for pollutant degradation. The photocatalytic activity of semiconductor oxide depends on its physical and chemical properties. Since the recombination of photoexcited electrons and holes occurs at crystal lattice defects, crystallinity (i.e., the extent of crystallization) is one of the main factors for photocatalytic reaction efficiency. It is also found that photogenerated charge carriers can be effectively separated inside semiconducting composite materials according to different band gap structures of their components [10]. Bismuth based semiconductors are receiving great interest as photocatalysts to degrade organic pollutants under UV–visible light. In Particular bismuth oxide (Bi2O3) has great interest due to its characteristics such as ⇑ Corresponding author.
band gap (2–3.9 eV), high refractive index, Photoluminescence, large surface area, electrochemical stability, photoconductivity, dielectric permittivity, thermal stability, non toxicity and its catalytic actions [11–16]. Due to its properties which has been commonly used in the field of solid oxide fuel cells, gas sensors, photoelectric materials, high temperature super conductor materials, super capacitors, functional ceramics and photocatalyst [17–18]. There are six polymorphs phase of Bi2O3: a-Bi2O3 (monoclinic), b-Bi2O3 (tetragonal), c-Bi2O3 (b.c.c), d- Bi2O3 (f.c.c), e- Bi2O3 (orthorhombic) and w- Bi2O3 (triclinic) [19–21]. Among them b-Bi2O3 has excellent advantageous and demonstrates appreciable properties for degrade pollutants [22]. Among the polymers nylon have high chemical stability, high surface area to volume ratio, high porosity, good morphology is able to offer high specific area and good enrichment ability for organic compounds. Thus it is very suitable for photocatalyst carrier. In this paper we report novel Bi2O3/nylon NCTF was successfully synthesized by simple low cost wet chemical method. Synthesized Bi2O3/nylon NCTF was characterized in detail. The photocatalytic activity, stability and reusability of Bi2O3/nylon NCTF were investigated towards degradation of RhB and MO dye solution under visible light irradiation. Our prepared Bi2O3/nylon NCTF have excellent visible light activity, stability and recycling.
E-mail address: [email protected] (V. Selvam). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2019.06.555 2214-7853/Ó 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the International Conference on Recent Trends in Nanomaterials for Energy, Environmental and Engineering Applications.
Please cite this article as: T. Jeyapaul, P. Latha, K. Prakash et al., Facile synthesis of Bi2O3/Nylon NCTF and its superior photocatalytic activity against dye degradation, Materials Today: Proceedings, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2019.06.555
2
T. Jeyapaul et al. / Materials Today: Proceedings xxx (xxxx) xxx
2. Experimental section
2.1. Photocatalytic activity of Bi2O3/Nylon NCTF
Bismuth nitrate, oxalic acid, ammonium hydroxide, Methyl Orange and RhodamineB were purchased from sigma Aldrich and used as without further purification. Bismuth oxide (Bi2O3) nanoparticles were synthesized by simple wet chemical method. 0.1 M of Bismuth nitrate was dissolved in 30 mL distilled water and 3 g of oxalic acid in distilled water under vigorous stirring. 1 M of ammonium hydroxide solution was added to the reaction mixture bismuth hydroxide was obtained. The precipitate was washed with water and alcohol for several times to remove impurities. Then it was dried in oven at 80 °C for 12 h and the resulted product was calcinated at 550 C in muffle furnace for 2 h. Bi2O3/Nylon Nanocomposites Thin Film (NCTF) was synthesized by solution cast method.
The photocatalytic activity of Bi2O3/Nylon NCTF was evaluated against MO and RhB dyes solution under visible light irradiation (k > 400 nm). 0.5 g Bi2O3/Nylon NCTF photo catalyst was added to 80 mL of the dye solution in 100 mL reaction vessel. At given time intervals, 5 mL of aliquots were collected. The degraded dye solutions were analyzed using the main absorption peaks for MO and RhB at 463 and 554 nm respectively. After the degradation the catalyst was separated from the reaction mixture and dried to carry out the reusability tests. Prior to irradiation, the solution was magnetically stirred in the dark for 1 h to ensure the equilibrium of the working solution. In a similar manner the photocatalytic degradation of Bi2O3 and Polymer were also been performed.
3. Results and discussion 3.1. Structural analysis
Fig. 1. XRD spectra of Bi2O3, Nylon, Bi2O3/Nylon NCTF.
The phase structure of Bi2O3/nylon NCTF was investigated by XRD technique and the results were shown in Fig. 1. The diffraction peaks of Bi2O3 at 2h = 27.36°, 33.18° and 46.32° which could be perfectly indexed to (2 0 1), (2 2 0), and (2 2 2) planes of tetragonal Bi2O3 (JCPDS No. 78-1793). The peak at 20.330 and 24.550 in the 2h region shows the characteristic peak of nylon. The crystallite size were measured by using Scherr equation, D = Kk/bcosh, where D is the crystallite size, K is a constant, k is the wavelength, b is the line width, and h is the angle diffraction. The crystallite size of Bi2O3 is 38 nm. The XRD pattern of Bi2O3/nylon NCTF showed characteristic peak of Bi2O3 and diffraction peak of nylon which indicated that a Bi2O3 nanoparticle was successfully embedded on to the polymer matrix.
Fig. 2. SEM micrographs of (a) nylon, (b) Bi2O3, and (c&d) Bi2O3/Nylon NCTF.
Please cite this article as: T. Jeyapaul, P. Latha, K. Prakash et al., Facile synthesis of Bi2O3/Nylon NCTF and its superior photocatalytic activity against dye degradation, Materials Today: Proceedings, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2019.06.555
T. Jeyapaul et al. / Materials Today: Proceedings xxx (xxxx) xxx
3
3.2. Morphology analysis
3.4. Effect of initial dye concentration
Fig. 2 shows the SEM micrographs of nylon, Bi2O3 and Bi2O3/ nylon NCTF. SEM image of nylon showed a smooth surface of the polymer in Fig. 3a. SEM micrographs of Bi2O3 showed that the spherical in shape and average size of nanoparticle is significantly of 200 nm in Fig. 3b. For the Bi2O3/nylon NCTF, the morphology shows nanofibre structure. In addition, the selected energy dispersive spectrum (EDS) of the nylon, Bi2O3, and Bi2O3/nylon NCTF is shown in Fig. 3a–c. Fig. 4a showed that EDS spectra of nylon is composed of C, N and O. Fig. 4b showed that EDS spectra of Bi2O3 is composed of Bi and O.
RhB & MO concentration on photocatalytic degradation was tested by changing the concentration from 10 ppm to 25 ppm and 50 ppm to 75 ppm respectively which is shown in Fig. 4. It was observed that the photodegradation rate was high when MO concentration is 10 ppm and RhB concentration is 10 ppm and degradation percentage was 95% for RhB and 96% for MO and then subsequent decrease from 10 ppm to 20 ppm and 1 ppm to 10 ppm. These results shows that increasing initial concentration of dye solution will lead to absorb more light, which decrease the effectiveness of light intensity reached on the surface of the catalyst, and then diminish the interaction of photons with the active sites.
3.3. Photocatalytic activity of the Bi2O3/Nylon NCTF photocatalyst The photocatalytic efficiency of the Bi2O3/Nylon NCTF was evaluated towards the photodegradation of dyes viz RhB and MO under visible light irradiation. The photodegradation of the dyes were monitored by the absorption peak at 495 and 554 nm for RhB and MO respectively which is shown in Fig. 4(a and b). There is no degradation in the absence of photocatalyst and light illumination. The RhB and MO dyes were completely degraded within 60 min and the corresponding degradation percentage were also been shown in Fig. 4(a and b). This clearly indicates that the Bi2O3/Nylon NCTF was active well against the azo and anionic dyes.
3.5. Effect of catalyst weight To investigate the effect of catalyst weight on photocatalytic degradation of RhB and MO, the catalyst weight was varied from 10 mg to 75 mg. The correlation between photodegradation rate of dye solution and different catalyst weight was shown in Fig. 5. The photodegradation rate was high when catalyst weight was 50 mg and it produces the highest photodegradation rate of 92%. The catalyst weight below 50 mg it generated fewer holes, within unite time which produce fewer high active species excited on the catalyst surface and thus photodegradation rate is lower. While
Fig. 3. Absorption spectra of (a) RhB and (b) MO in the presence of 50 mg of Bi2O3/Nylon NCTF under exposure to visible light.
Fig. 4. Effect of different concentration of (a) RhB and (b) MO dye solution on its photodegradation in the presence of Bi2O3/Nylon NCTF.
Please cite this article as: T. Jeyapaul, P. Latha, K. Prakash et al., Facile synthesis of Bi2O3/Nylon NCTF and its superior photocatalytic activity against dye degradation, Materials Today: Proceedings, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2019.06.555
4
T. Jeyapaul et al. / Materials Today: Proceedings xxx (xxxx) xxx
Fig. 5. Photodegradation of (a) RhB and (b) MO dye solution with different amount of photocatalyst.
if the catalyst weight increases above 50 mg there is no change in degradation rate and rate of photodegradation remains constant. 4. Conclusion A novel Bi2O3/Nylon NCTF has been successfully synthesized via a facile, low cost solution cast method and has been characterized in detail. As a result of narrow band gap, the as-prepared Bi2O3/ Nylon NCTF exhibits excellent visible light induced photocatalytic activity towards RhB and MO dye degradation. The photodegradation efficiency of both the RhB and MO dyes attain 95% after 60 min, respectively under visible light irradiation. Hydroxyl radicals and superoxide radicals are actively participated in the photodegradation of the dye. In addition, the Bi2O3/Nylon NCTF has high stability and recyclability which is beneficial for practical applications. The present work presents a greatly efficient and stable supported Bi2O3 catalyst for novel applications. It also affords s stage for the problem-free recoverability of the photocatalyst by a simple hand-picking method. These features will benefit industrial applications for the treatment of dye pollutants. References
[2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] [10] [11] [12] [13] [14] [15] [16] [17] [18] [19] [20] [21] [22]
[1] X. Chang, G. Yu, J. Huang, Z. Li, S. Zhu, P. Yu, C. Cheng, S. Deng, G. Ji, Catal. Today 153 (2010) 193–199.
R. Daghrir, P. Drogui, D. Robert, Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 52 (2013) 3581–3599. D. Bahnemann, Sol. Energy 77 (2004) 445–459. K. Rajeshwar, A. Thomas, C. Janáky, J. Phys. Chem. Lett. 6 (2015) 139–147. D.W. Bahnemann, M. Hilgendorff, R. Memming, J. Phys. Chem. B 101 (1997) 4265–4275. A. Fujishima, X. Zhang, D.A. Tryk, Surf. Sci. Rep. 63 (2008) 515–582. M. Huang, C. Xu, Z. Wu, Y. Huang, J. Lin, J. Wu, Dyes Pigm. 77 (2008) 327–334. B. Zhao, G. Mele, I. Pio, J. Li, L. Palmisano, G. Vasapollo, J. Hazard. Mater. 176 (2010) 569–574. J. Jing, J. Li, J. Feng, W. Li, W.W. Yu, Chem. Eng. J. 219 (2013) 355–360. R. Vinu, S.U. Akki, G. Madras, J. Hazard. Mater. 176 (2010) 765–773. J. Hu, H. Li, C. Huang, M. Liu, X. Qiu, Appl. Catal. B-Environ. 142–143 (2013) 598–603. Z. Ai, Y. Huang, S. Lee, L. Zhang, J. Alloy. Compd. 509 (2011) 2044–2049. H.Y. Jiang, J. Liu, K. Cheng, W. Sun, J. Lin, J. Phys. Chem. C 117 (2013) 20029– 20036. A.M. Abu-Dief, W.S. Mohamed, Mater. Res. Express (2017), https://doi.org/ 10.1088/2053-1591/aa6712. L. Song, S. Zhang, Res. Kinetics Mech. Catal. 99 (2010) 235–241. J. Dai, X. Chen, H. Yang, Inorg. Nano-Metal. Chem. 47 (2017) 1364–1368. J. Zeng, J.B. Zhong, J.Z. Li, X.Y. He, J.J. He, J. Adv. Oxidation. Technol. (2016), https://doi.org/10.1515/jaots-2013-0208. P.Y. Ayekoe, D. Robert, D.L. Gone, Environ. Chem. Lett. 13 (2015) 327–332. L. Zhang, W. Wang, J. Yang, Z. Chen, W. Zhang, L. Zhou, S. Liu, Appl. Catal. A Gen. 308 (2006) 105–110. R. Chen, Z.R. Shen, H. Wang, H.J. Zhou, Y.P. Liu, D.T. Ding, T.H. Chen, J. Alloy. Compd. 509 (2011) 2588–2596. Y. Qiu, M. Yang, H. Fan, Y. Zuo, Y. Shao, Y. Xu, X. Yang, S. Yang, Cryst. Eng. Commun. 13 (2011) 1843–1850. S. Iyyapushpam, S.T. Nishanthi, D. Pathinettam Padiyan, J. Alloy. Compd. 563 (2013) 104–107.
Please cite this article as: T. Jeyapaul, P. Latha, K. Prakash et al., Facile synthesis of Bi2O3/Nylon NCTF and its superior photocatalytic activity against dye degradation, Materials Today: Proceedings, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2019.06.555