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Factors influencing any decision to enter the metal injection moulding market
transformations except when milled above 250 rpm when changes were not reversible and there were no endo- or exothermic peaks in the calorimetry curves. There were clear peaks for powders milled at 100 rpm. It was noted there were effects possibly due to grain size and contamination. SYNTHESISAND PROPERTIES OF TITANIUM-NICEELMEMORY ALLOYS MADE FROM ELEMENTAL POWDERS SStover et al. (Forschungzentrum Julich GmbH, Germany) It was reported that TiNi shape memory alloys can be made from elemental powders by HIP more successfully than by other PM methods. Dilatometry was used to monitor dimensional change. Effects of process variables were studied. In some cases the HIP material showed shape memory effects and in others heat treatment was required. Mechanical and fracture properties of alloys made by HIP from elemental powders were compared with those of alloys made from prealloyed powder by other means.
Metal injection modding FACTORS INFLUENCINGANY DECISION TO ENTER THE METAL INJECTION MOULDING MARKET G.C.Howard, M.Zedalis. (Columbia Powder Injection Moulding, Inc, USA.) Metal injection moulding (MIMI was discussed with regard to the factors that must be considered when deciding whether or not to enter the market for MIM stainless steel parts. DEFECTS IN INJECTION MOULDED PARTS AND REASONS FOR THEM U.Haupt, H.Walcher. (Arburg GmbH, Germany.) Defects, and the reasons for them, in injection moulded metal parts, were discussed. Some, such as residual stresses, jetting and voids, were identified. Causes were considered to include poor mould design and equipment selection or use of false parameters. It was noted that some defects may have multiple causes. Defects, their detection and some countermeasures were given. ADVANCES IN POWDERFLOm INJECTION MOULDING R. van Weeren, M.Zedalis. (Allied Signal, Inc, USA.) A PowderFloTMtechnique for production of parts was described. This uses a water-based fluidizing agent and a small amount of organic binder, which has plastic-like properties. After shaping the part only requires drying and can then be sintered. Lengthy debinding
40 MPR January 2000
is avoided. The technique can be used for thin and thick sections, operates at low pressures and temperatures and can be used with soft tooling. CORROSION RESISTANCE OF INJECTION MOULDED STAINLESS STEEL M.O.Speidel et al. (BASF AG, Germany.) Corrosion properties of a range of MIM stainless steels, some were Nifree austenitic grades, were investigated by a variety of tests. It was reported that the corrosion properties of MIM stainless steels were similar to those of cast/wrought alloys. Selection of materfor some applications, was id, d&cussed with reference to corrosion properties. STRUCTURE AND PROPERTIES OF STAINLESS STEEL INJECTION MOULDED WITH AQUEOUS BINDER et al. (Allied Signal J.C.LaSalle Research and Technology, USA.) Applications of 17-4PH stainless steel, in automotive uses, were discussed with reference to mechanical and corrosion properties and the use of MIM for part production. MIM with a water based binder was described. Tensile and fatigue properties were investigated. A sintering regime, to give 99% density and
INJECTION MOULDING OF MECHANICALLYALLOYED POWDERS
similar to those of cast/wrought HastelloyX and a 718 alloy. PERFORMANCE OF CARBONYL IRON POWDER WITB A NEW INJECTION MOULDING BINDER P.H.Booker et al. (Thermal Technology, Inc, USA.) It was reported that a feedstock with 59.5% carbonyl Fe and 2%Ni had been injection moulded with a novel binder. This allowed lower temperatures and pressures to be used in moulding and gave clean debinding. Moulding, debinding and sintering were evaluated with regard to satisfactory process steps and were discussed. EFFECTS OF PROCESS CONDITIONS ON STRUCTURE AND PROPERTIES OF INmTION MOULDED TOOL STEEL S.Komatsu et al. (Kinki University, Japan.) Conditions for debinding, sintering and heat treatment of injection moulded tool steel, made from water or gas atomized powders with a polyamide binder, were investigated. Process conditions were described. Structures and mechanical properties were determined and correlated with process parameters. It was shown that the properties of MIM tool steels could approach those of wrought materials by control of the process conditions.
Hard metal processing COMPARISON OF PROPERTIES OF
COBALTPOWDERSFOR BARD METALS
J.A.Sago et al. (University of Missouri, USA.) It was reported that powders for MIM, including 17-4PH stainless steel and NiTi shape memory alloy, had been mechanically alloyed prior to mixing the feedstock. Materials were processed to near net shape, near full density and with low levels of contamination. The characteristics of mechanically alloyed powders, which give successful MIM parts, were demonstrated. Process data, structures and properties were presented.
M.J.H.Ruscoe, D.Yuan. (Umex, Inc, Canada.) Processes for production of Co powders were outlined with reference to impurities, C and 0, and properties. Co particle sizes are related to application, examples being submicron sizes used for surgical drills and 8 pm for hot work rolls. Chemical, hydrometallurgical and thermal reduction processes were shown to produce particle sizes suitable for all applications.
NICKEL BASE SUPERALLOYS INJECTION MOULDED WITH AQUEOUS BINDER
GRAIN BOUNDARY PINNING OF PM COBALT BY OXIDES STUDIED BY IMAGE ANALYSIS
et al. (Allied Signal J.C.LaSalle Research and Technology, USA.) Use of Ni base superalloys for aerospace parts was discussed with respect to properties and use of injection moulding, with an aqueous base binder, for component production. A study of tensile and fatigue properties of MIM test bars, to optimize properties, was described. It was reported that 99% density could be attained, with mechanical properties
S.Lauper et al. (E.P.F.L., Switzerland.) It was noted that Co may oxidize during hot pressing of hard metals. A recent technique was shown to allow direct observation of oxides, on and off grain boundaries where the effects differ. Submicron Co powder was reported to have high stability. Hardness was discussed with respect to the Hall-Petch relationship and models such as the Zener model.
Metal injection modding FACTORS INFLUENCINGANY DECISION TO ENTER THE METAL INJECTION MOULDING MARKET G.C.Howard, M.Zedalis. (Columbia Powder Injection Moulding, Inc, USA.) Metal injection moulding (MIMI was discussed with regard to the factors that must be considered when deciding whether or not to enter the market for MIM stainless steel parts. DEFECTS IN INJECTION MOULDED PARTS AND REASONS FOR THEM U.Haupt, H.Walcher. (Arburg GmbH, Germany.) Defects, and the reasons for them, in injection moulded metal parts, were discussed. Some, such as residual stresses, jetting and voids, were identified. Causes were considered to include poor mould design and equipment selection or use of false parameters. It was noted that some defects may have multiple causes. Defects, their detection and some countermeasures were given. ADVANCES IN POWDERFLOm INJECTION MOULDING R. van Weeren, M.Zedalis. (Allied Signal, Inc, USA.) A PowderFloTMtechnique for production of parts was described. This uses a water-based fluidizing agent and a small amount of organic binder, which has plastic-like properties. After shaping the part only requires drying and can then be sintered. Lengthy debinding
40 MPR January 2000
is avoided. The technique can be used for thin and thick sections, operates at low pressures and temperatures and can be used with soft tooling. CORROSION RESISTANCE OF INJECTION MOULDED STAINLESS STEEL M.O.Speidel et al. (BASF AG, Germany.) Corrosion properties of a range of MIM stainless steels, some were Nifree austenitic grades, were investigated by a variety of tests. It was reported that the corrosion properties of MIM stainless steels were similar to those of cast/wrought alloys. Selection of materfor some applications, was id, d&cussed with reference to corrosion properties. STRUCTURE AND PROPERTIES OF STAINLESS STEEL INJECTION MOULDED WITH AQUEOUS BINDER et al. (Allied Signal J.C.LaSalle Research and Technology, USA.) Applications of 17-4PH stainless steel, in automotive uses, were discussed with reference to mechanical and corrosion properties and the use of MIM for part production. MIM with a water based binder was described. Tensile and fatigue properties were investigated. A sintering regime, to give 99% density and
INJECTION MOULDING OF MECHANICALLYALLOYED POWDERS
similar to those of cast/wrought HastelloyX and a 718 alloy. PERFORMANCE OF CARBONYL IRON POWDER WITB A NEW INJECTION MOULDING BINDER P.H.Booker et al. (Thermal Technology, Inc, USA.) It was reported that a feedstock with 59.5% carbonyl Fe and 2%Ni had been injection moulded with a novel binder. This allowed lower temperatures and pressures to be used in moulding and gave clean debinding. Moulding, debinding and sintering were evaluated with regard to satisfactory process steps and were discussed. EFFECTS OF PROCESS CONDITIONS ON STRUCTURE AND PROPERTIES OF INmTION MOULDED TOOL STEEL S.Komatsu et al. (Kinki University, Japan.) Conditions for debinding, sintering and heat treatment of injection moulded tool steel, made from water or gas atomized powders with a polyamide binder, were investigated. Process conditions were described. Structures and mechanical properties were determined and correlated with process parameters. It was shown that the properties of MIM tool steels could approach those of wrought materials by control of the process conditions.
Hard metal processing COMPARISON OF PROPERTIES OF
COBALTPOWDERSFOR BARD METALS
J.A.Sago et al. (University of Missouri, USA.) It was reported that powders for MIM, including 17-4PH stainless steel and NiTi shape memory alloy, had been mechanically alloyed prior to mixing the feedstock. Materials were processed to near net shape, near full density and with low levels of contamination. The characteristics of mechanically alloyed powders, which give successful MIM parts, were demonstrated. Process data, structures and properties were presented.
M.J.H.Ruscoe, D.Yuan. (Umex, Inc, Canada.) Processes for production of Co powders were outlined with reference to impurities, C and 0, and properties. Co particle sizes are related to application, examples being submicron sizes used for surgical drills and 8 pm for hot work rolls. Chemical, hydrometallurgical and thermal reduction processes were shown to produce particle sizes suitable for all applications.
NICKEL BASE SUPERALLOYS INJECTION MOULDED WITH AQUEOUS BINDER
GRAIN BOUNDARY PINNING OF PM COBALT BY OXIDES STUDIED BY IMAGE ANALYSIS
et al. (Allied Signal J.C.LaSalle Research and Technology, USA.) Use of Ni base superalloys for aerospace parts was discussed with respect to properties and use of injection moulding, with an aqueous base binder, for component production. A study of tensile and fatigue properties of MIM test bars, to optimize properties, was described. It was reported that 99% density could be attained, with mechanical properties
S.Lauper et al. (E.P.F.L., Switzerland.) It was noted that Co may oxidize during hot pressing of hard metals. A recent technique was shown to allow direct observation of oxides, on and off grain boundaries where the effects differ. Submicron Co powder was reported to have high stability. Hardness was discussed with respect to the Hall-Petch relationship and models such as the Zener model.