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Factors limiting vocal learning
e300
Abstracts / Neuroscience Research 68S (2010) e223–e334
shows that focusing attention on mental calculation results not only in Fm generation but also in the activation of neural networks involving parietal and prefrontal regions, possibly associated with the arithmetic processing in the gamma band activity. doi:10.1016/j.neures.2010.07.1330
P2-m18 Importance of resting states in emergence of agerelated differences in motor function representation Yutaka Fuchino 1,2 , Naoki Tanaka 2 , Takusige Katura 2 , Atsushi Maki 2 1
JST ERATO Okanoya Emotional Information Project Laboratory, Hitachi, Ltd., Hatoyama, Saitama
2
Advanced Research
We examined age-related differences in the motor function representation of 60 healthy right-handed adults during two simple finger extension/flexion tasks, alternating hand movement (AHM) and active vs. rest (AVR), by using functional near infrared spectroscopy. Our analysis focused on the age-related differences in spatial and temporal features of hemodynamic responses to these tasks. The hemodynamic responses were measured by the relative changes in the concentrations of oxygenated hemoglobin ([oxyHb]) and deoxygenated hemoglobin ([deoxy-Hb]).There was a significant increase in the size of the activation area for [oxy-Hb] and [deoxy-Hb] in the bilateral primary sensorimotor area (SM1) and prefrontal area (PFA) with age under both AVR conditions. We also found an increase in the size of the activation area for [deoxy-Hb] in the either or both left and right SM1 for both AHM conditions. The fluctuation in hemodynamic response for the [oxy-Hb] and [deoxy-Hb] in the bilateral SM1 and PFA decreased with age. These age dependencies can be accounted for by considering restingstate activity and compensatory neuronal recruitment. Our results supported the importance of resting states in the emergence of age-related differences in the motor function representation. doi:10.1016/j.neures.2010.07.1331
P2-m19 Factors limiting vocal learning Yasuko Funabiki Psychiatry, Kyoto University Hospital Learning of song by birds consists of two stages, a sensory phase in which a tutor song is memorized and a sensorimotor phase in which a copy of the model is produced. The stage of song development where song becomes stable and stereotyped is called crystallization and adult birds with a crystallized song usually do not learn new songs. However, because song crystallizes with age, whether song crystallization or age impedes adult learning has remained elusive. We have succeeded in obtaining adult birds without crystallized songs by exposing birds to continuous noise exposure during sensorimotor phase and tested whether these birds learn new songs. Adult birds without any previous tutoring and crystallized songs incorporated syllables only sporadically. Thus, neither the absence of a tutor song nor the lack of song crystallization retains the zebra finch’s ability or motivation to learn a new song into adulthood. doi:10.1016/j.neures.2010.07.1332
P2-m20 Perception of sound symbolism in 12 month-old infants: An ERP study Mamiko Arata 1 , Mutsumi Thierry 4 , Hiroyuki Okada 5
Imai 2 , Sotaro
Kita 3 , Guillaume
1 Graduate School of Media and Governance, Keio University, Kanagawa, Japan 2 Faculty of Environment and Information Studies, Keio University, Kanagawa, Japan 3 The School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, United Kingdom 4 The School of Psychology, University of Wales, Bangor, United Kingdom 5 College of Engineering, Tamagawa University, Tokyo, Japan
Contrary to formal linguistics which presupposes an arbitrary relation between the sounds of words and their referents, most languages of the world include vocabulary in which meaning and sound are clearly correlated (e.g., Japanese mimetics). Sensitivity to this sound-meaning correspondence, or sound symbolism, has been reported across speakers of many different languages. Some researchers (Ramachandran and Hubbart, 2001) speculated that the sensitivity to sound symbolism is a form of synesthesia and predicted that young children should be more sensitive to sound symbolism than adults due to their excessive cortical connections across different sensory modalities (Maurer et al., 2006). To date, however, it has been untested when the sensitivity to sound-symbol correspondence arises and in what
form during the processing in the brain.We tested how the association of a figure and a linguistic sound (made-up words) are processed in the brain by 12-month-old infants and adults, using electroencephalograph. Forty different round shapes and forty different spiky figures were associated by one of the two target words (“kipi” and “moma”). Both infants and adults were auditory presented either “kipi” or “moma” together with one of the shapes, where the sound and the shape sound-symbolically matched (match condition) or mismatched (mismatch condition), and their ERP response was recorded. The infants showed differentiated wave patterns across the match and mismatch condition after about 200 ms of the sound onset word, the time window supposedly representing the auditory processing. These results indicate that infants are able to sense the sound-symbol correlates, and that the correspondence is detected early stage in the processing before semantic integration takes place. The results support the claim that infants are like synethetes due to excessive neural connects accorss cortex and thus are able to detect sound symbolism, perhaps better than adults. doi:10.1016/j.neures.2010.07.1333
P2-m21 Age-related differences in brain activity during successful encoding of memory for person identity information Takashi Tsukiura , Yayoi Shigemune, Toshimune Kambara, Atsushi Sekiguchi, Yukihito Yomogida, Seishu Nakagawa, Yuko Akitsuki, Yasuyuki Taki, Ryuta Kawashima IDAC, Tohoku University Previous studies have demonstrated that interaction between the anterior temporal lobe (ATL) and medial temporal lobe (MTL) regions contributes to memory for person identity information, such as face, name and personrelated semantic (e.g., job titles) information. However, little evidence of functional neuroimaging is available regarding the effect of aging on this memory. This fMRI study investigated age-related differences in brain activity during successful encoding of faces associated with names and/or job titles. Twenty healthy young (mean age: 21.4) and 20 healthy older adults (mean age: 68.6) participated in this study. During encoding, participants viewed unfamiliar faces, each paired with a job title and name. During retrieval, each learned face was presented with two names or two job titles, and participants were asked to choose the correct name or job title. Encoding conditions were categorized by subsequent retrieval conditions: successful encoding of both names and job titles (HNJ), names only (HN), job titles only (HJ), and missed encoding (M). To identity greater activity during HNJ than other conditions, the parametric modulation analysis, in which a function of HNJ: 3, HN and HJ: 2, and M: 1 was applied to encoding trials, was employed in individual participants. At the group-level analysis, using contrast images identified in the subject-level analysis, activities reflecting this function were compared between young and older adults. The study yielded two main findings. First, greater activity during HNJ for young than older adults was identified in the left ATL and right hippocampus. Second, correlation between the left ATL and hippocampus during HNJ was significant in young adults but not in older adults. The findings suggest that interaction between the left ATL and hippocampus could contribute to the successful encoding of face associated with both name and person-related semantic information, and the interaction could be affected by aging. doi:10.1016/j.neures.2010.07.1334
P2-m22 Age-dependency in brain activation involved with imitation of unfamiliar foreign language sound: an fMRI study Hiroshi Hashizume 1 , Yasuyuki Taki 1 , Yuko Sassa 1 , Michiko Asano 1 , Kohei Asano 1 , Hikaru Takeuchi 1 , Hyeonjeong Jeong 2 , Motoaki Sugiura 2 , Ryuta Kawashima 1,2,3 1 Division of Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience, IDAC, Tohoku university 2 Department of Functional Brain Imaging, IDAC, Tohoku University 3 Smart Ageing International Research Centre, IDAC, Tohoku University
Foreign language sound (L2S) is typically acquired through imitation. Our previous fMRI study in adults revealed the neural substrate of the imitation of L2S separating it into two processes: perception-oriented process (PER) in L2S and production-oriented process (PRO) in L2S. Given known agedependence of the L2S learning efficacy, both or either of those L2S imitation processes may be age-dependent. We tested this possibility in children using fMRI. Fifty-eight right-handed healthy Japanese children (age 6–18) participated in this study. We conducted a block-design fMRI experiment based on our previous study. Sublexical consonant-vowel type syllables in L2S and
Abstracts / Neuroscience Research 68S (2010) e223–e334
shows that focusing attention on mental calculation results not only in Fm generation but also in the activation of neural networks involving parietal and prefrontal regions, possibly associated with the arithmetic processing in the gamma band activity. doi:10.1016/j.neures.2010.07.1330
P2-m18 Importance of resting states in emergence of agerelated differences in motor function representation Yutaka Fuchino 1,2 , Naoki Tanaka 2 , Takusige Katura 2 , Atsushi Maki 2 1
JST ERATO Okanoya Emotional Information Project Laboratory, Hitachi, Ltd., Hatoyama, Saitama
2
Advanced Research
We examined age-related differences in the motor function representation of 60 healthy right-handed adults during two simple finger extension/flexion tasks, alternating hand movement (AHM) and active vs. rest (AVR), by using functional near infrared spectroscopy. Our analysis focused on the age-related differences in spatial and temporal features of hemodynamic responses to these tasks. The hemodynamic responses were measured by the relative changes in the concentrations of oxygenated hemoglobin ([oxyHb]) and deoxygenated hemoglobin ([deoxy-Hb]).There was a significant increase in the size of the activation area for [oxy-Hb] and [deoxy-Hb] in the bilateral primary sensorimotor area (SM1) and prefrontal area (PFA) with age under both AVR conditions. We also found an increase in the size of the activation area for [deoxy-Hb] in the either or both left and right SM1 for both AHM conditions. The fluctuation in hemodynamic response for the [oxy-Hb] and [deoxy-Hb] in the bilateral SM1 and PFA decreased with age. These age dependencies can be accounted for by considering restingstate activity and compensatory neuronal recruitment. Our results supported the importance of resting states in the emergence of age-related differences in the motor function representation. doi:10.1016/j.neures.2010.07.1331
P2-m19 Factors limiting vocal learning Yasuko Funabiki Psychiatry, Kyoto University Hospital Learning of song by birds consists of two stages, a sensory phase in which a tutor song is memorized and a sensorimotor phase in which a copy of the model is produced. The stage of song development where song becomes stable and stereotyped is called crystallization and adult birds with a crystallized song usually do not learn new songs. However, because song crystallizes with age, whether song crystallization or age impedes adult learning has remained elusive. We have succeeded in obtaining adult birds without crystallized songs by exposing birds to continuous noise exposure during sensorimotor phase and tested whether these birds learn new songs. Adult birds without any previous tutoring and crystallized songs incorporated syllables only sporadically. Thus, neither the absence of a tutor song nor the lack of song crystallization retains the zebra finch’s ability or motivation to learn a new song into adulthood. doi:10.1016/j.neures.2010.07.1332
P2-m20 Perception of sound symbolism in 12 month-old infants: An ERP study Mamiko Arata 1 , Mutsumi Thierry 4 , Hiroyuki Okada 5
Imai 2 , Sotaro
Kita 3 , Guillaume
1 Graduate School of Media and Governance, Keio University, Kanagawa, Japan 2 Faculty of Environment and Information Studies, Keio University, Kanagawa, Japan 3 The School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, United Kingdom 4 The School of Psychology, University of Wales, Bangor, United Kingdom 5 College of Engineering, Tamagawa University, Tokyo, Japan
Contrary to formal linguistics which presupposes an arbitrary relation between the sounds of words and their referents, most languages of the world include vocabulary in which meaning and sound are clearly correlated (e.g., Japanese mimetics). Sensitivity to this sound-meaning correspondence, or sound symbolism, has been reported across speakers of many different languages. Some researchers (Ramachandran and Hubbart, 2001) speculated that the sensitivity to sound symbolism is a form of synesthesia and predicted that young children should be more sensitive to sound symbolism than adults due to their excessive cortical connections across different sensory modalities (Maurer et al., 2006). To date, however, it has been untested when the sensitivity to sound-symbol correspondence arises and in what
form during the processing in the brain.We tested how the association of a figure and a linguistic sound (made-up words) are processed in the brain by 12-month-old infants and adults, using electroencephalograph. Forty different round shapes and forty different spiky figures were associated by one of the two target words (“kipi” and “moma”). Both infants and adults were auditory presented either “kipi” or “moma” together with one of the shapes, where the sound and the shape sound-symbolically matched (match condition) or mismatched (mismatch condition), and their ERP response was recorded. The infants showed differentiated wave patterns across the match and mismatch condition after about 200 ms of the sound onset word, the time window supposedly representing the auditory processing. These results indicate that infants are able to sense the sound-symbol correlates, and that the correspondence is detected early stage in the processing before semantic integration takes place. The results support the claim that infants are like synethetes due to excessive neural connects accorss cortex and thus are able to detect sound symbolism, perhaps better than adults. doi:10.1016/j.neures.2010.07.1333
P2-m21 Age-related differences in brain activity during successful encoding of memory for person identity information Takashi Tsukiura , Yayoi Shigemune, Toshimune Kambara, Atsushi Sekiguchi, Yukihito Yomogida, Seishu Nakagawa, Yuko Akitsuki, Yasuyuki Taki, Ryuta Kawashima IDAC, Tohoku University Previous studies have demonstrated that interaction between the anterior temporal lobe (ATL) and medial temporal lobe (MTL) regions contributes to memory for person identity information, such as face, name and personrelated semantic (e.g., job titles) information. However, little evidence of functional neuroimaging is available regarding the effect of aging on this memory. This fMRI study investigated age-related differences in brain activity during successful encoding of faces associated with names and/or job titles. Twenty healthy young (mean age: 21.4) and 20 healthy older adults (mean age: 68.6) participated in this study. During encoding, participants viewed unfamiliar faces, each paired with a job title and name. During retrieval, each learned face was presented with two names or two job titles, and participants were asked to choose the correct name or job title. Encoding conditions were categorized by subsequent retrieval conditions: successful encoding of both names and job titles (HNJ), names only (HN), job titles only (HJ), and missed encoding (M). To identity greater activity during HNJ than other conditions, the parametric modulation analysis, in which a function of HNJ: 3, HN and HJ: 2, and M: 1 was applied to encoding trials, was employed in individual participants. At the group-level analysis, using contrast images identified in the subject-level analysis, activities reflecting this function were compared between young and older adults. The study yielded two main findings. First, greater activity during HNJ for young than older adults was identified in the left ATL and right hippocampus. Second, correlation between the left ATL and hippocampus during HNJ was significant in young adults but not in older adults. The findings suggest that interaction between the left ATL and hippocampus could contribute to the successful encoding of face associated with both name and person-related semantic information, and the interaction could be affected by aging. doi:10.1016/j.neures.2010.07.1334
P2-m22 Age-dependency in brain activation involved with imitation of unfamiliar foreign language sound: an fMRI study Hiroshi Hashizume 1 , Yasuyuki Taki 1 , Yuko Sassa 1 , Michiko Asano 1 , Kohei Asano 1 , Hikaru Takeuchi 1 , Hyeonjeong Jeong 2 , Motoaki Sugiura 2 , Ryuta Kawashima 1,2,3 1 Division of Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience, IDAC, Tohoku university 2 Department of Functional Brain Imaging, IDAC, Tohoku University 3 Smart Ageing International Research Centre, IDAC, Tohoku University
Foreign language sound (L2S) is typically acquired through imitation. Our previous fMRI study in adults revealed the neural substrate of the imitation of L2S separating it into two processes: perception-oriented process (PER) in L2S and production-oriented process (PRO) in L2S. Given known agedependence of the L2S learning efficacy, both or either of those L2S imitation processes may be age-dependent. We tested this possibility in children using fMRI. Fifty-eight right-handed healthy Japanese children (age 6–18) participated in this study. We conducted a block-design fMRI experiment based on our previous study. Sublexical consonant-vowel type syllables in L2S and