- Email: [email protected]
FCE launches modular sub-MW power plant
NEWS
Editorial office: Elsevier Advanced Technology PO Box 150 Kidlington Oxford OX5 1AS United Kingdom Tel:+44 (0)1865 843239 Fax: +44 (0)1865 853160 E-mail: [email protected] Website: www.fuelcellsbulletin.com Editor: Steve Barrett Production/Design Controller: Esther Ibbotson Permissions may be sought directly from Elsevier Global Rights Department, PO Box 800, Oxford OX5 1DX, UK; phone: (+44) 1865 843830, fax: (+44) 1865 853333, email: [email protected]. You may also contact Global Rights directly through Elsevier’s home page (http:// www.elsevier.com), by ‘Support and Contact’. In the USA, users may clear permissions and make payments through the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc., 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, USA; phone: (+1) (978) 7508400, fax: (+1) (978) 7504744, and in the UK through the Copyright Licensing Agency Rapid Clearance Service (CLARCS), 90 Tottenham Court Road, London W1P 0LP, UK; phone: (+44) (0) 20 7631 5555; fax: (+44) (0) 20 7631 5500. Other countries may have a local reprographic rights agency for payments. Derivative Works Subscribers may reproduce tables of contents or prepare lists of articles including abstracts for internal circulation within their institutions. Permission of the Publisher is required for resale or distribution outside the institution. Permission of the Publisher is required for all other derivative works, including compilations and translations. Electronic Storage or Usage Permission of the Publisher is required to store or use electronically any material contained in this journal, including any article or part of an article. Except as outlined above, no part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without prior written permission of the Publisher. Address permissions requests to: Elsevier Global Rights Department, at the mail, fax and e-mail addresses noted above. Notice No responsibility is assumed by the Publisher for any injury and/or damage to persons or property as a matter of products liability, negligence or otherwise, or from any use or operation of any methods, products, instructions or ideas contained in the material herein. Because of rapid advances in the medical sciences, in particular, independent verification of diagnoses and drug dosages should be made. Although all advertising material is expected to conform to ethical (medical) standards, inclusion in this publication does not constitute a guarantee or endorsement of the quality or value of such product or of the claims made of it by its manufacturer.
02233 Printed by Mayfield Press (Oxford) LImited
2
Fuel Cells Bulletin
UK fuel cell alliance formed, government announces funding
T
he Fuel Cells UK Industry Association has been established to drive the development and deployment of fuel cell technology in the UK. The new body intends to offer a collective industrial voice to represent members’ interests at the national and international level, and will communicate and champion the industry’s aspirations across the policy, research, industrial and financial communities. Shortly after the launch, the UK’s Department of Trade & Industry announced the commitment of £15 million (US$26m) for emerging hydrogen and fuel cell technologies. In the light of the commitment of the British government to support demonstrations of hydrogen and fuel cell technologies, the Industry Association aims to provide a much-needed means for orchestrating the efforts of the industry to maximize benefits and synergies. ‘Galvanizing a critical mass of players along the UK fuel cell supply chain is essential for our industry here and now,’ emphasizes Dennis Hayter of PEM fuel cell developer Intelligent Energy. ‘Through a strong, unified voice, the industry is now able to manifest a significant presence and engage with the policy-making and financial sectors and end-users.’ The Fuel Cells UK Industry Association will be managed by Synnogy, building on the successful completion of earlier industry-wide initiatives made possible by seed-corn funding from the DTI since 2003. The association will be led by an executive committee including representatives from leading UK fuel cell companies, with a work program to be agreed by its members in early July. The £15m DTI funding for hydrogen and fuel cell technologies is part of a £40m program mainly focused on carbon abatement. The Carbon Abatement Technology Strategy will advance all relevant technologies, including improving the efficiency and co-firing existing power plant with low-carbon alternatives such as biomass, but the demonstration of carbon capture and storage is the most radical option. The £15m Hydrogen Strategy will include demonstration programs for hydrogen and fuel cells and the establishment of a Hydrogen Coordination Unit, and represents a step change in the government’s commitment to hydrogen energy. Previously disparate efforts on hydrogen and fuel cells R&D will be brought together for
the first time within an overall strategy. It will help to ensure that the UK’s participation in international initiatives – such as the International Partnership for the Hydrogen Economy – is fully effective and benefits both the UK and its international partners. Last December consultants E4tech, Element Energy and Eoin Lees Energy prepared a report for the DTI, A Strategic Framework for Hydrogen Energy in the UK. The consultants made several recommendations not published at the time; these proposals, and the government’s response to the report, have now been published. Contact: Synnogy Ltd, Thorpe Waterville, Northamptonshire, UK. Tel: +44 1832 720007, www.synnogy.co.uk The report, A Strategic Framework for Hydrogen Energy in the UK, is available at: www.dti.gov.uk/ energy/sepn/hydrogen_framework_full.pdf The DTI’s new Hydrogen Strategy is available at: www.dti.gov.uk/energy/sepn/hydrogen.shtml
FCE launches modular sub-MW power plant
C
onnecticut-based FuelCell Energy has incorporated several design changes to its 250 kWe Direct FuelCell® power plant, resulting in a 25% cost reduction as previously announced. This is part of FCE’s rolling three-year ‘cost-out’ program, which targets a cost reduction of 20–25% each year. The DFC300MA molten carbonate power plant – the new name for the sub-MW unit – is also expected to reduce routine maintenance costs, as a result of its modular three-piece design. The modular architecture, with separate skids for the mechanical balance-of-plant, electronic balance-of-plant and the DFC module, is expected to enhance serviceability through greater accessibility for each component. ‘Experience with our fleet of DFC power plants at global customer sites, including feedback specific to existing customer applications, provided us with a rich source of data for driving top-to-bottom improvements,’ explains R. Daniel Brdar, FCE’s chief operating officer. ‘We’ve evaluated every step on an ongoing basis, from initial construction, testing, conditioning, delivery, installation and serviceability that has enabled us to improve the quality and lower costs of our ultra-clean DFC products.’ Additional improvements in the DFC300MA power plant include modifying certain subsystems so that parts and materials may be sourced from multiple vendors, and automating the fuel cell conditioning process, resulting in higher
August 2005
NEWS product quality. The design enhancements to the company’s sub-MW DFC power plant will also extend to the MW plant design. After final verification, the DFC300MA power plant will begin shipping in the fourth quarter. Meanwhile, a unit has been sold to the US Marine Corps Air Ground Combat Center (MCAGCC), at Twentynine Palms in California. The contract is the first DFC power plant sale by FCE’s distributor, LOGANEnergy, which will serve as prime contractor and manage the MCAGCC project. The DFC300MA power plant is being purchased for the base by the Construction Engineering Research Laboratory, part of the US Army Corps of Engineers. FCE expects to ship the unit by July 2006. The sub-MW DFC power plant is a collaborative effort using FCE’s Direct FuelCell technology and the Hot Module® balance-of-plant design of MTU CFC Solutions GmbH, a subsidiary of DaimlerChrysler. Contact: FuelCell Energy Inc, Danbury, Connecticut, USA. Tel: +1 203 825 6000, www.fuelcellenergy.com or www.fce.com Or contact: MTU CFC Solutions GmbH, Ottobrunn, Munich, Germany. Tel: +49 89 607 31534, www.mtu-cfc-solutions.com
QuestAir signs deals to market, supply hydrogen purification
C
anadian-based QuestAir Technologies has signed a three-year agreement with Japanese chemical plant manufacturer Mitsubishi Kakoki Kaisha Ltd (MKK) to market QuestAir’s hydrogen purification systems in Japan and other Asian countries. QuestAir has also signed an agreement to supply its H3200 hydrogen purification systems to Illinois-based HyRadix, a leading developer of hydrogen generators for industrial and hydrogen fueling applications. The Japanese agreement is the culmination of four years of cooperation between QuestAir and MKK, during which QuestAir supplied the company with four PSA systems for various projects in Japan, including a HyQuestor® pressure swing adsorption (PSA) system installed at the Senju hydrogen fueling station in Tokyo. Under the non-exclusive agreement, MKK has the right to market QuestAir’s HyQuestor® and QuestAir H-3200 PSA products in Japan, China and six other Asian countries. ‘QuestAir’s compact, high-efficiency hydrogen purification systems offer a clear advantage over
August 2005
competing products, and the performance and reliability of QuestAir’s PSA products have exceeded our expectations,’ comments Kunio Yabuki, managing director/general manager of MKK’s Sales Division. ‘We look forward to incorporating QuestAir’s line of products into MKK’s hydrogen generation plants for industrial and fuel cell applications.’ The supply agreement with HyRadix was accompanied by a US$263 000 purchase order for an initial delivery of H-3200 units, to be completed over the next year. Under the terms of the five-year preferred supplier agreement, QuestAir’s H-3200 PSA systems will be integrated into HyRadix’s current range of Aptus™ and Adéo™ branded hydrogen generators; the H3200 has been customized to replace HyRadix’s existing PSA design. The Aptus™ and Adéo™ hydrogen generators convert natural gas or propane to hydrogen using proprietary high-pressure autothermal reforming technology. QuestAir’s H-3200 will purify the hydrogen product to the demanding purity specifications required for the industrial and fuel cell markets. HyRadix’s Adéo™ is used in fueling stations serving FCVs and internal combustion engine vehicles running on hydrogen or natural gas/ hydrogen blends. The company’s first commercial Adéo™ system recently passed its first anniversary in service at the hydrogen refueling station at SunLine Transit Agency in Thousand Palms, California [FCB, June]. Contact: QuestAir Technologies Inc, Burnaby, BC, Canada. Tel: +1 604 454 1134, www.questairinc.com Or contact: Hiromasa Ariga, Mitsubishi Kakoki Kaisha Ltd, Kawasaki, Japan. Tel: +81 44 333 5428, Email: [email protected], www.kakoki.co.jp Or contact: HyRadix Inc, Des Plaines, Illinois, USA. Tel: +1 847 391 1200, www.hyradix.com
FCT ships SOFC system to Belgium
F
uel Cell Technologies has shipped a 5 kWe solid oxide fuel cell combined heat and power (CHP) system to the University of Liège in Belgium.The demonstration at the University of Liège is the first of several FCT installations planned for Europe this year. The Canadian company’s 5 kWe system, which uses tubular SOFC technology from Siemens Westinghouse, will be compared to conventional methods of power and heat generation at the university’s Montefiore Institute.
IN JAPAN Toyota, Honda aim to slash FCV cost Automotive giant Toyota is aiming to reduce the cost of hydrogen fuel cell cars from more than US$1m now to about $50 000 by 2015, according to a report in the Financial Times. The target is the first time Toyota has revealed its launch plans for hydrogen cars, and was revealed by Kazuo Okamoto, its new head of R&D. Board member Okamoto told the FT that the company was ‘developing everything to reach this [2015] target.’ However, the more ambitious General Motors is looking to have a production-ready vehicle by 2010 with a fuel cell costing only $5000 – comparable to a conventional engine and gearbox – although it would not necessarily begin volume production of the cars by then. Okamoto told the FT that the speed of adoption of fuel cells would depend on access to hydrogen, with only a handful of experimental fueling stations around the world at present. ‘It depends how quickly the government can put in place the infrastructure for buying hydrogen,’ he says, adding that accelerating Toyota’s plan to match GM would be ‘very, very hard’ and require government financial support for buyers. The report also said that Toyota and GM are in talks – described by Toyota executives as ‘serious, but not advanced’ – about setting up a joint factory to manufacture fuel cells. Part of the logic behind the talks is to show the fuel industry that hydrogen is a serious prospect, and encourage investment in its production and distribution. A separate Reuters report said that Honda is aiming for a similar level of cost reduction. Yozo Kami, chief engineer in Honda’s R&D operation, admits that its fuel cell cars cost about 100 times more than conventional models to manufacture. Walking robot powered by fuel cells In Tokyo, the robot developer Speecys Corporation (www.speecys.com) has developed a small bipedal walking robot, intended for use in research and at special events. The Speecys FC is powered by five fuel cell stacks located in its arms, with a 16 liter canister of compressed hydrogen inserted near the robot’s neck to provide sufficient fuel for around 1 h of operation. The humanoid robot is 50 cm tall and weighs 4.2 kg, and is operated by a personal computer linked via a wireless local area network. The company – headed by former Sony robot engineer Tomoaki Kasuga – will now begin manufacturing the device on a buildto-order basis for universities, research institutions and companies, priced at ¥2.5 million (US$22 000), according to a report in the Nikkei Business Daily.
Fuel Cells Bulletin
3
Editorial office: Elsevier Advanced Technology PO Box 150 Kidlington Oxford OX5 1AS United Kingdom Tel:+44 (0)1865 843239 Fax: +44 (0)1865 853160 E-mail: [email protected] Website: www.fuelcellsbulletin.com Editor: Steve Barrett Production/Design Controller: Esther Ibbotson Permissions may be sought directly from Elsevier Global Rights Department, PO Box 800, Oxford OX5 1DX, UK; phone: (+44) 1865 843830, fax: (+44) 1865 853333, email: [email protected]. You may also contact Global Rights directly through Elsevier’s home page (http:// www.elsevier.com), by ‘Support and Contact’. In the USA, users may clear permissions and make payments through the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc., 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, USA; phone: (+1) (978) 7508400, fax: (+1) (978) 7504744, and in the UK through the Copyright Licensing Agency Rapid Clearance Service (CLARCS), 90 Tottenham Court Road, London W1P 0LP, UK; phone: (+44) (0) 20 7631 5555; fax: (+44) (0) 20 7631 5500. Other countries may have a local reprographic rights agency for payments. Derivative Works Subscribers may reproduce tables of contents or prepare lists of articles including abstracts for internal circulation within their institutions. Permission of the Publisher is required for resale or distribution outside the institution. Permission of the Publisher is required for all other derivative works, including compilations and translations. Electronic Storage or Usage Permission of the Publisher is required to store or use electronically any material contained in this journal, including any article or part of an article. Except as outlined above, no part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without prior written permission of the Publisher. Address permissions requests to: Elsevier Global Rights Department, at the mail, fax and e-mail addresses noted above. Notice No responsibility is assumed by the Publisher for any injury and/or damage to persons or property as a matter of products liability, negligence or otherwise, or from any use or operation of any methods, products, instructions or ideas contained in the material herein. Because of rapid advances in the medical sciences, in particular, independent verification of diagnoses and drug dosages should be made. Although all advertising material is expected to conform to ethical (medical) standards, inclusion in this publication does not constitute a guarantee or endorsement of the quality or value of such product or of the claims made of it by its manufacturer.
02233 Printed by Mayfield Press (Oxford) LImited
2
Fuel Cells Bulletin
UK fuel cell alliance formed, government announces funding
T
he Fuel Cells UK Industry Association has been established to drive the development and deployment of fuel cell technology in the UK. The new body intends to offer a collective industrial voice to represent members’ interests at the national and international level, and will communicate and champion the industry’s aspirations across the policy, research, industrial and financial communities. Shortly after the launch, the UK’s Department of Trade & Industry announced the commitment of £15 million (US$26m) for emerging hydrogen and fuel cell technologies. In the light of the commitment of the British government to support demonstrations of hydrogen and fuel cell technologies, the Industry Association aims to provide a much-needed means for orchestrating the efforts of the industry to maximize benefits and synergies. ‘Galvanizing a critical mass of players along the UK fuel cell supply chain is essential for our industry here and now,’ emphasizes Dennis Hayter of PEM fuel cell developer Intelligent Energy. ‘Through a strong, unified voice, the industry is now able to manifest a significant presence and engage with the policy-making and financial sectors and end-users.’ The Fuel Cells UK Industry Association will be managed by Synnogy, building on the successful completion of earlier industry-wide initiatives made possible by seed-corn funding from the DTI since 2003. The association will be led by an executive committee including representatives from leading UK fuel cell companies, with a work program to be agreed by its members in early July. The £15m DTI funding for hydrogen and fuel cell technologies is part of a £40m program mainly focused on carbon abatement. The Carbon Abatement Technology Strategy will advance all relevant technologies, including improving the efficiency and co-firing existing power plant with low-carbon alternatives such as biomass, but the demonstration of carbon capture and storage is the most radical option. The £15m Hydrogen Strategy will include demonstration programs for hydrogen and fuel cells and the establishment of a Hydrogen Coordination Unit, and represents a step change in the government’s commitment to hydrogen energy. Previously disparate efforts on hydrogen and fuel cells R&D will be brought together for
the first time within an overall strategy. It will help to ensure that the UK’s participation in international initiatives – such as the International Partnership for the Hydrogen Economy – is fully effective and benefits both the UK and its international partners. Last December consultants E4tech, Element Energy and Eoin Lees Energy prepared a report for the DTI, A Strategic Framework for Hydrogen Energy in the UK. The consultants made several recommendations not published at the time; these proposals, and the government’s response to the report, have now been published. Contact: Synnogy Ltd, Thorpe Waterville, Northamptonshire, UK. Tel: +44 1832 720007, www.synnogy.co.uk The report, A Strategic Framework for Hydrogen Energy in the UK, is available at: www.dti.gov.uk/ energy/sepn/hydrogen_framework_full.pdf The DTI’s new Hydrogen Strategy is available at: www.dti.gov.uk/energy/sepn/hydrogen.shtml
FCE launches modular sub-MW power plant
C
onnecticut-based FuelCell Energy has incorporated several design changes to its 250 kWe Direct FuelCell® power plant, resulting in a 25% cost reduction as previously announced. This is part of FCE’s rolling three-year ‘cost-out’ program, which targets a cost reduction of 20–25% each year. The DFC300MA molten carbonate power plant – the new name for the sub-MW unit – is also expected to reduce routine maintenance costs, as a result of its modular three-piece design. The modular architecture, with separate skids for the mechanical balance-of-plant, electronic balance-of-plant and the DFC module, is expected to enhance serviceability through greater accessibility for each component. ‘Experience with our fleet of DFC power plants at global customer sites, including feedback specific to existing customer applications, provided us with a rich source of data for driving top-to-bottom improvements,’ explains R. Daniel Brdar, FCE’s chief operating officer. ‘We’ve evaluated every step on an ongoing basis, from initial construction, testing, conditioning, delivery, installation and serviceability that has enabled us to improve the quality and lower costs of our ultra-clean DFC products.’ Additional improvements in the DFC300MA power plant include modifying certain subsystems so that parts and materials may be sourced from multiple vendors, and automating the fuel cell conditioning process, resulting in higher
August 2005
NEWS product quality. The design enhancements to the company’s sub-MW DFC power plant will also extend to the MW plant design. After final verification, the DFC300MA power plant will begin shipping in the fourth quarter. Meanwhile, a unit has been sold to the US Marine Corps Air Ground Combat Center (MCAGCC), at Twentynine Palms in California. The contract is the first DFC power plant sale by FCE’s distributor, LOGANEnergy, which will serve as prime contractor and manage the MCAGCC project. The DFC300MA power plant is being purchased for the base by the Construction Engineering Research Laboratory, part of the US Army Corps of Engineers. FCE expects to ship the unit by July 2006. The sub-MW DFC power plant is a collaborative effort using FCE’s Direct FuelCell technology and the Hot Module® balance-of-plant design of MTU CFC Solutions GmbH, a subsidiary of DaimlerChrysler. Contact: FuelCell Energy Inc, Danbury, Connecticut, USA. Tel: +1 203 825 6000, www.fuelcellenergy.com or www.fce.com Or contact: MTU CFC Solutions GmbH, Ottobrunn, Munich, Germany. Tel: +49 89 607 31534, www.mtu-cfc-solutions.com
QuestAir signs deals to market, supply hydrogen purification
C
anadian-based QuestAir Technologies has signed a three-year agreement with Japanese chemical plant manufacturer Mitsubishi Kakoki Kaisha Ltd (MKK) to market QuestAir’s hydrogen purification systems in Japan and other Asian countries. QuestAir has also signed an agreement to supply its H3200 hydrogen purification systems to Illinois-based HyRadix, a leading developer of hydrogen generators for industrial and hydrogen fueling applications. The Japanese agreement is the culmination of four years of cooperation between QuestAir and MKK, during which QuestAir supplied the company with four PSA systems for various projects in Japan, including a HyQuestor® pressure swing adsorption (PSA) system installed at the Senju hydrogen fueling station in Tokyo. Under the non-exclusive agreement, MKK has the right to market QuestAir’s HyQuestor® and QuestAir H-3200 PSA products in Japan, China and six other Asian countries. ‘QuestAir’s compact, high-efficiency hydrogen purification systems offer a clear advantage over
August 2005
competing products, and the performance and reliability of QuestAir’s PSA products have exceeded our expectations,’ comments Kunio Yabuki, managing director/general manager of MKK’s Sales Division. ‘We look forward to incorporating QuestAir’s line of products into MKK’s hydrogen generation plants for industrial and fuel cell applications.’ The supply agreement with HyRadix was accompanied by a US$263 000 purchase order for an initial delivery of H-3200 units, to be completed over the next year. Under the terms of the five-year preferred supplier agreement, QuestAir’s H-3200 PSA systems will be integrated into HyRadix’s current range of Aptus™ and Adéo™ branded hydrogen generators; the H3200 has been customized to replace HyRadix’s existing PSA design. The Aptus™ and Adéo™ hydrogen generators convert natural gas or propane to hydrogen using proprietary high-pressure autothermal reforming technology. QuestAir’s H-3200 will purify the hydrogen product to the demanding purity specifications required for the industrial and fuel cell markets. HyRadix’s Adéo™ is used in fueling stations serving FCVs and internal combustion engine vehicles running on hydrogen or natural gas/ hydrogen blends. The company’s first commercial Adéo™ system recently passed its first anniversary in service at the hydrogen refueling station at SunLine Transit Agency in Thousand Palms, California [FCB, June]. Contact: QuestAir Technologies Inc, Burnaby, BC, Canada. Tel: +1 604 454 1134, www.questairinc.com Or contact: Hiromasa Ariga, Mitsubishi Kakoki Kaisha Ltd, Kawasaki, Japan. Tel: +81 44 333 5428, Email: [email protected], www.kakoki.co.jp Or contact: HyRadix Inc, Des Plaines, Illinois, USA. Tel: +1 847 391 1200, www.hyradix.com
FCT ships SOFC system to Belgium
F
uel Cell Technologies has shipped a 5 kWe solid oxide fuel cell combined heat and power (CHP) system to the University of Liège in Belgium.The demonstration at the University of Liège is the first of several FCT installations planned for Europe this year. The Canadian company’s 5 kWe system, which uses tubular SOFC technology from Siemens Westinghouse, will be compared to conventional methods of power and heat generation at the university’s Montefiore Institute.
IN JAPAN Toyota, Honda aim to slash FCV cost Automotive giant Toyota is aiming to reduce the cost of hydrogen fuel cell cars from more than US$1m now to about $50 000 by 2015, according to a report in the Financial Times. The target is the first time Toyota has revealed its launch plans for hydrogen cars, and was revealed by Kazuo Okamoto, its new head of R&D. Board member Okamoto told the FT that the company was ‘developing everything to reach this [2015] target.’ However, the more ambitious General Motors is looking to have a production-ready vehicle by 2010 with a fuel cell costing only $5000 – comparable to a conventional engine and gearbox – although it would not necessarily begin volume production of the cars by then. Okamoto told the FT that the speed of adoption of fuel cells would depend on access to hydrogen, with only a handful of experimental fueling stations around the world at present. ‘It depends how quickly the government can put in place the infrastructure for buying hydrogen,’ he says, adding that accelerating Toyota’s plan to match GM would be ‘very, very hard’ and require government financial support for buyers. The report also said that Toyota and GM are in talks – described by Toyota executives as ‘serious, but not advanced’ – about setting up a joint factory to manufacture fuel cells. Part of the logic behind the talks is to show the fuel industry that hydrogen is a serious prospect, and encourage investment in its production and distribution. A separate Reuters report said that Honda is aiming for a similar level of cost reduction. Yozo Kami, chief engineer in Honda’s R&D operation, admits that its fuel cell cars cost about 100 times more than conventional models to manufacture. Walking robot powered by fuel cells In Tokyo, the robot developer Speecys Corporation (www.speecys.com) has developed a small bipedal walking robot, intended for use in research and at special events. The Speecys FC is powered by five fuel cell stacks located in its arms, with a 16 liter canister of compressed hydrogen inserted near the robot’s neck to provide sufficient fuel for around 1 h of operation. The humanoid robot is 50 cm tall and weighs 4.2 kg, and is operated by a personal computer linked via a wireless local area network. The company – headed by former Sony robot engineer Tomoaki Kasuga – will now begin manufacturing the device on a buildto-order basis for universities, research institutions and companies, priced at ¥2.5 million (US$22 000), according to a report in the Nikkei Business Daily.
Fuel Cells Bulletin
3