- Email: [email protected]
Features of mixed gas in central gas field of Ordos basin
03 Gaseous fuels (sources, properties, recovery, freafmenf) well in the vicinity of the bitumen deposits, is converted into synthesis gas with a subsequent Fischer-Tropsch synthesis to produce highcetane diesel fuel and hot steam, which is then used for steam-injection bitumen recovery of additional bitumen. The recovered bitumen is upgraded (e.g. by hydrotreating, coking, and hydroisomerization) to manufacture low-cetane-number diesel fuel, which is then blended with the high-cetane diesel fuel from the Fischer-Tropsch reactor.
06/01101 Progress of cosi liquefaction in preheater of 1 t/d process suppoMng unit for the NEDOL process Ikeda, K. et al. Nippon Enerugi Gakkaishi, 2002, 81, (5). 337-344. (In Japanese) Progress of coal liquefaction was observed and analysed for Tanito Harum coal heated in the preheater of 1 t/d process supporting unit (PSU) for the NEDOL Process. Direct measurement of the slurry temperature and sampling of the preheater effluents were conducted to obtain data necessary for the analysis Interest was focused on preparation of basic design data on initial-stage coal liquefaction as well as product distributions at the preheater outlet which could be utilized as the inlet boundary condition for the first-stage liquefaction reactor. The results showed that decomposition of THF insolvent component rapidly proceeds within the preheater. The actual residence time of coal slurry in the preheater was detected from the time required for complete replacement of the recycling solvent with the coal slurry, which was detected as variation of the pressure drop through the preheater along with the replacement. The residence time was utilized to estimate the slurry temperature distribution along the preheater and the progress of liquefaction. As a result, the rapid decrease in IOM (insolvent organic matter: THFI) is reasonably explained by assuming coal to consist of reactive and less-reactive components. OS/O1102 Recovery of chemical products from oil shale pyrolysis fractions Zaretskii, M. I. et al. Khimicheskaya Tekhnologiya (Moscow, Russian Federation), 2002, (2), 38-43. (In Russian) A new technology is proposed for high-sulfur oil shale pyrolysis. This technology is suitable for recovery of a series of industrial hydrocarbon solvents, chemical reagents and sulfur-organic products (e.g. thiophene, methyl- and dimethyl-thiophene) that are used in organic synthesis, pharmaceutical production, etc. 03IO1103
Role of soivation for coal swelling in slurry
Masaharu, N. Energy & Fuels, 2002, 16, (5), 1109-l 115. The structure of coal is not a covalently cross-linked network, but rather, is represented by the physical associated model. Furthermore, the solvent swelling of coal is dependent on coal concentration. The swelling kinetics of coal in slurry is, therefore, different from swelling kinetics during the sorption process of cross-linked macromolecules. By applying theoretical and experimental analyses, this paper explores the reevaluation of swelling kinetics of coal in slurry. Conventional analysis may lead to erroneous parameters when based solely on the premise of using the empirical equation derived from the sorption process. For this reason, normalized swelling curves of the first-order process, in addition to Fickian and Case II diffusion, were introduced to analyse swelling kinetics. Analysis consisted of tests under various conditions, where each swelling process adhered to the steps dictated by the first-order process. Interpretation of the results concludes that solvation of intra- and intermolecular complexes is the essential ratedetecting step for coal swelling in slurry. This finding counters the concept that solvent diffusion in a coal network is considered the ratedetecting step.
03
GASEOUS
FUELS
Sources, properties, recovery, treatment 06/01104 Effect investigation of ZnO addltive on Mn-Fe/Ai203 sorbents for hot gas desuifurixation Zhang, J. et al. Energ)] Conversion and Management, 2003, 44, (3). 357-367. The effect of the molar ratio of Mn:Fe on Mn-Fe/y-AlaOs sorbent performance for hot gas desulfurization was studied in detail in this paper. The results showed that the ideal composition for preparation of Mn-Fe/y-AlaOs was a molar ratio of two, i.e. AMF2.0 sorbent, for the temperature range of SOO-650°C. The regenerated AMF2.0 sorbent
desulfurization results showed that its reactivity was decreased when the reaction-regeneration cycles were more than seven at 7OO”C, using 3.0 vol.% oxygen diluted with nitrogen as regeneration conditions. When a small amount of ZnO was added to the AMF2.0 sorbent, its performance in removal of HaS was improved at the experimental conditions. The optimum composition for preparation of Mn-Fe-Z& Al203 was a 2:1:0.2 molar ratio of Mn:Fe:Zn, i.e. AMFZ0.2 sorbent. At the same regeneration conditions used for Mn-Fe/ r-AlzOs sorbents, it was shown that the regenerated AMFZ0.2 sorbent had better desulfurization stability, which implied the AMFZO.2 sorbent could be an ideal sorbent for removal of HzS at high temperature for hot gas desulfurization.
03/01105
Effect of S in natural gas on carburizing process
Zhang, Y. Jinshu Rechuli. 2002, 27, (l), 48-50. (In Chinese) The effect of S in natural gas on carburizing process was studied. The results showed that excess S in the natural gas makes the Ni-catalyser for preparing endogas poisoned and fails, influences the interfacial reaction of the carburizing process, decreases the surface hardness of the carburized parts, and also decreases the carburization efficiency.
OS/O1106 Effects of fracture fluid de radation on underground fracture dimensions an 8 production increase Rahim, Z. and Holditch, S. A. Journal of’ Petroleum Science and Engineering, 2003, 37, (l-2), 97-l 11. A detailed computer study has been conducted to determine the effects of fracture fluid rheological characteristics upon fracture growth, proppant transport and placement and ultimate gas recovery. Several examples presented in this paper illustrate that an effective fracture fluid quality control needs to be implemented in order to achieve the desired fracture dimensions and production performance as computed during design procedure. Several actual cases show how the fracture fluid can degrade in quality due to variations in fluid additive concentrations, inefficient mixing procedures, and many other factors. This fluid degradation can lead to inadequate fracture dimensions, poor proppant transport, and loss in ultimate well recovery. The quality of fracture fluid can be effectively maintained by continuously measuring fluid characteristics in the field and controlling its viscous properties by modifying fluid additives, injection rate. etc., during the actual execution of a stimulation treatment. A three-dimensional hydraulic fracture model has been used to compute fracture and proppant characteristics for a wide range of field measured fluid properties in order to illustrate the impact of fracture fluid upon fracture dimensions and proppant transport. Using data computed by the fracturing model, a single-phase analytical model has then been used to predict gas production and ultimate recovery.
06/01107 Features of mixed gas in central gas field of Ordos basin Chen, A. Shiyou Kantan Yu Kaifa. 2002. 29, (2), 33-38. (In Chinese) There are two different opinions on origin of gases in Ordovician reservoir of the central gas field of Ordos basin. (1) Gases are mainly originated from Ordovician carbonate source rock, and it is a mixed gas in which sapropelic gas dominates. (2) Gases are mainly originated from Carboniferous coal-bearing source rock, and it is a mixed gas in which humid gas dominates. Recently sapropelic gas in mixed gas is still originated from Carboniferous. The opinion on origin of gases is associated with estimating of ‘low abundant’ carbonate source rocks. In this paper the nature of two source rock and two types of gas distinguished mainly by ethane carbon-isotope were introduced. Based on argon isotope and the relation of isoheptane value with 61”C2, the sapropelic gas in mixed gas of the central gas field can but come from Ordovician, not Carboniferous. The method is to divide oil-gas into C,_ 5r Ch_i2. and Ciz+ fraction, the phenomenon of ‘characteristic transfer’ and principle of relation of concentration and feature-contribution should be used for discovering and researching mixed gas. It is pointed out that a gas reservoir in the central gas field was formed by mixing both dry gas from Carboniferous and more dry gas from Ordovician, 80% of gross is originated from Ordovician carbonates. It is explained why carbon isotopes of Cc-12 Light hydrocarbon cannot be used to prove gas origin. tJ;J;
106
Generation of hydrogen by fuel reforming for fuel
Ahmed, S. and Krumpelt, M. PCT Int. Appl. WO 02 76,882 (Cl. COlB3/02), 3 Ott 2002, Appl. 816,694. A Hz-rich gas is generated-by reforming a fuel mixture consisting of molecular oxygen (air), fuel, and water in the presence of an autothermally reforming catalyst at 400-700°C. The fuel can be methane, natural gas, propane. ethanol, liquefied petroleum gas, gasoline, kerosene, and diesel. The catalyst contains a transition metal, such as Pt, Pd, Ru, Rh, Ir, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Ag, or Au and an oxide ionconducting ceramic material crystallized in a fluorite structure of LaGaOa. The obtained Hz-rich gas is brought into contact with a second catalyst to convert CO and Hz0 into CO? and Hz. The second
Fuel and Energy Abstracts
July 2003
215
06/01101 Progress of cosi liquefaction in preheater of 1 t/d process suppoMng unit for the NEDOL process Ikeda, K. et al. Nippon Enerugi Gakkaishi, 2002, 81, (5). 337-344. (In Japanese) Progress of coal liquefaction was observed and analysed for Tanito Harum coal heated in the preheater of 1 t/d process supporting unit (PSU) for the NEDOL Process. Direct measurement of the slurry temperature and sampling of the preheater effluents were conducted to obtain data necessary for the analysis Interest was focused on preparation of basic design data on initial-stage coal liquefaction as well as product distributions at the preheater outlet which could be utilized as the inlet boundary condition for the first-stage liquefaction reactor. The results showed that decomposition of THF insolvent component rapidly proceeds within the preheater. The actual residence time of coal slurry in the preheater was detected from the time required for complete replacement of the recycling solvent with the coal slurry, which was detected as variation of the pressure drop through the preheater along with the replacement. The residence time was utilized to estimate the slurry temperature distribution along the preheater and the progress of liquefaction. As a result, the rapid decrease in IOM (insolvent organic matter: THFI) is reasonably explained by assuming coal to consist of reactive and less-reactive components. OS/O1102 Recovery of chemical products from oil shale pyrolysis fractions Zaretskii, M. I. et al. Khimicheskaya Tekhnologiya (Moscow, Russian Federation), 2002, (2), 38-43. (In Russian) A new technology is proposed for high-sulfur oil shale pyrolysis. This technology is suitable for recovery of a series of industrial hydrocarbon solvents, chemical reagents and sulfur-organic products (e.g. thiophene, methyl- and dimethyl-thiophene) that are used in organic synthesis, pharmaceutical production, etc. 03IO1103
Role of soivation for coal swelling in slurry
Masaharu, N. Energy & Fuels, 2002, 16, (5), 1109-l 115. The structure of coal is not a covalently cross-linked network, but rather, is represented by the physical associated model. Furthermore, the solvent swelling of coal is dependent on coal concentration. The swelling kinetics of coal in slurry is, therefore, different from swelling kinetics during the sorption process of cross-linked macromolecules. By applying theoretical and experimental analyses, this paper explores the reevaluation of swelling kinetics of coal in slurry. Conventional analysis may lead to erroneous parameters when based solely on the premise of using the empirical equation derived from the sorption process. For this reason, normalized swelling curves of the first-order process, in addition to Fickian and Case II diffusion, were introduced to analyse swelling kinetics. Analysis consisted of tests under various conditions, where each swelling process adhered to the steps dictated by the first-order process. Interpretation of the results concludes that solvation of intra- and intermolecular complexes is the essential ratedetecting step for coal swelling in slurry. This finding counters the concept that solvent diffusion in a coal network is considered the ratedetecting step.
03
GASEOUS
FUELS
Sources, properties, recovery, treatment 06/01104 Effect investigation of ZnO addltive on Mn-Fe/Ai203 sorbents for hot gas desuifurixation Zhang, J. et al. Energ)] Conversion and Management, 2003, 44, (3). 357-367. The effect of the molar ratio of Mn:Fe on Mn-Fe/y-AlaOs sorbent performance for hot gas desulfurization was studied in detail in this paper. The results showed that the ideal composition for preparation of Mn-Fe/y-AlaOs was a molar ratio of two, i.e. AMF2.0 sorbent, for the temperature range of SOO-650°C. The regenerated AMF2.0 sorbent
desulfurization results showed that its reactivity was decreased when the reaction-regeneration cycles were more than seven at 7OO”C, using 3.0 vol.% oxygen diluted with nitrogen as regeneration conditions. When a small amount of ZnO was added to the AMF2.0 sorbent, its performance in removal of HaS was improved at the experimental conditions. The optimum composition for preparation of Mn-Fe-Z& Al203 was a 2:1:0.2 molar ratio of Mn:Fe:Zn, i.e. AMFZ0.2 sorbent. At the same regeneration conditions used for Mn-Fe/ r-AlzOs sorbents, it was shown that the regenerated AMFZ0.2 sorbent had better desulfurization stability, which implied the AMFZO.2 sorbent could be an ideal sorbent for removal of HzS at high temperature for hot gas desulfurization.
03/01105
Effect of S in natural gas on carburizing process
Zhang, Y. Jinshu Rechuli. 2002, 27, (l), 48-50. (In Chinese) The effect of S in natural gas on carburizing process was studied. The results showed that excess S in the natural gas makes the Ni-catalyser for preparing endogas poisoned and fails, influences the interfacial reaction of the carburizing process, decreases the surface hardness of the carburized parts, and also decreases the carburization efficiency.
OS/O1106 Effects of fracture fluid de radation on underground fracture dimensions an 8 production increase Rahim, Z. and Holditch, S. A. Journal of’ Petroleum Science and Engineering, 2003, 37, (l-2), 97-l 11. A detailed computer study has been conducted to determine the effects of fracture fluid rheological characteristics upon fracture growth, proppant transport and placement and ultimate gas recovery. Several examples presented in this paper illustrate that an effective fracture fluid quality control needs to be implemented in order to achieve the desired fracture dimensions and production performance as computed during design procedure. Several actual cases show how the fracture fluid can degrade in quality due to variations in fluid additive concentrations, inefficient mixing procedures, and many other factors. This fluid degradation can lead to inadequate fracture dimensions, poor proppant transport, and loss in ultimate well recovery. The quality of fracture fluid can be effectively maintained by continuously measuring fluid characteristics in the field and controlling its viscous properties by modifying fluid additives, injection rate. etc., during the actual execution of a stimulation treatment. A three-dimensional hydraulic fracture model has been used to compute fracture and proppant characteristics for a wide range of field measured fluid properties in order to illustrate the impact of fracture fluid upon fracture dimensions and proppant transport. Using data computed by the fracturing model, a single-phase analytical model has then been used to predict gas production and ultimate recovery.
06/01107 Features of mixed gas in central gas field of Ordos basin Chen, A. Shiyou Kantan Yu Kaifa. 2002. 29, (2), 33-38. (In Chinese) There are two different opinions on origin of gases in Ordovician reservoir of the central gas field of Ordos basin. (1) Gases are mainly originated from Ordovician carbonate source rock, and it is a mixed gas in which sapropelic gas dominates. (2) Gases are mainly originated from Carboniferous coal-bearing source rock, and it is a mixed gas in which humid gas dominates. Recently sapropelic gas in mixed gas is still originated from Carboniferous. The opinion on origin of gases is associated with estimating of ‘low abundant’ carbonate source rocks. In this paper the nature of two source rock and two types of gas distinguished mainly by ethane carbon-isotope were introduced. Based on argon isotope and the relation of isoheptane value with 61”C2, the sapropelic gas in mixed gas of the central gas field can but come from Ordovician, not Carboniferous. The method is to divide oil-gas into C,_ 5r Ch_i2. and Ciz+ fraction, the phenomenon of ‘characteristic transfer’ and principle of relation of concentration and feature-contribution should be used for discovering and researching mixed gas. It is pointed out that a gas reservoir in the central gas field was formed by mixing both dry gas from Carboniferous and more dry gas from Ordovician, 80% of gross is originated from Ordovician carbonates. It is explained why carbon isotopes of Cc-12 Light hydrocarbon cannot be used to prove gas origin. tJ;J;
106
Generation of hydrogen by fuel reforming for fuel
Ahmed, S. and Krumpelt, M. PCT Int. Appl. WO 02 76,882 (Cl. COlB3/02), 3 Ott 2002, Appl. 816,694. A Hz-rich gas is generated-by reforming a fuel mixture consisting of molecular oxygen (air), fuel, and water in the presence of an autothermally reforming catalyst at 400-700°C. The fuel can be methane, natural gas, propane. ethanol, liquefied petroleum gas, gasoline, kerosene, and diesel. The catalyst contains a transition metal, such as Pt, Pd, Ru, Rh, Ir, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Ag, or Au and an oxide ionconducting ceramic material crystallized in a fluorite structure of LaGaOa. The obtained Hz-rich gas is brought into contact with a second catalyst to convert CO and Hz0 into CO? and Hz. The second
Fuel and Energy Abstracts
July 2003
215