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Features of ventrolateral abdominal wall muscles in non-pregnant mares and pregnant mares with and without abdominal wall disease
Journal of Equine Veterinary Science 34 (2014) 229
Contents lists available at ScienceDirect
Journal of Equine Veterinary Science journal homepage: www.j-evs.com
Features of ventrolateral abdominal wall muscles in non-pregnant mares and pregnant mares with and without abdominal wall disease C. Card*, I. Dedden, E. Ripley, L.D. Nairn Dept LACS, Univ. Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N5B4, Canada
Abdominal Wall Disease an uncommon poorly understood, condition of late pregnant mares. The study objective was to establish reference measurements for abdominal wall muscle thicknesses and echotexture by breed, age, pregnancy and disease status as there were no published guidelines. Bilateral transabdominal muscle thickness measurements and observations of muscle echotexture were obtained using a 5MHz linear array probe in 4 anatomic locations: i).10 cm caudal to the sternum, ii). lateral to the umbilicus, iii). 10 cm cranial to the udder, iv). >10 cm lateral to the udder where 1 or more of the following muscles were present: rectus abdominis, pectoralis, and cutaneous trunci. Means of 3 ultrasound measurements of each muscle per location were obtained and an overall mean generated for each muscle. Twenty – six healthy mares were examined including 13 (9 light, 4
between light and heavy mares, and no effect of pregnancy status or age on muscle measurements. Slight intramuscular edema was noted in some healthy pregnant mares. Six mares (3 QH, 3 Arabian) mean age 17.4 (range 14 – 23 yrs) with abdominal wall disease were evaluated; 2/6 mares were examined before rupture at 305 and 307 days of pregnancy, respectively. Their muscle measurements were [mean (mm) + SD (range)] rectus abdominis [18.6+1.3 (3.7-50.7)], pectoralis [9.7+0.7 (4.2-16.0)], and cutaneous trunci [9.6 +0.4 (2.8-19.3)], which were similar to the values listed for these muscles in Table 1, however echotextural changes of the diseased abdominal muscles were evident: including increased linear areas of intramuscular edema and increased echogenicity (i.e. hemorrhage), particularly involving the cutaneous trunci and internal abdominal oblique muscles. Serum CK but not serum AST was elevated
Table 1 Abdominal wall muscle thickness [mean (mm) SD] (range) in healthy non-pregnant and late pregnant mares Rectus abdominus Pectoralis Cutaneous trunci
Light non-preg 19.2 3.5 (14.3–24.3) 9.3 0.7 (8.8-9.8) 10.1 0.5 (9.7–11.0)
Light preg 15.6 0.7 (14.1–16.2) 13.0 3.7 (9.3-16.6) 9.2 0.3 (7.2–9.0)
heavy) non-pregnant (mean age 14.2, range 6-26 years) and 13 late-pregnant (.>300 days) mares (7 light, 6 heavy) (mean age 13.2, range 9-18 years). Table 1 shows the data for these mares by muscle, breed type and pregnancy status. Effect of breed, pregnancy status, and mare age were analyzed using ANOVA or Kruskal-Wallis at p<0.05 in healthy mares. There were no significant differences
* Presenting author
Heavy non-preg 14.8 1.4 (13.3–17.3) 9.1 1.0 (10.0-8.1) 9.8 0.4 (9.2-9.8)
Heavy preg 18.0 1.4 (15.6-21.0) 11.2 0.7 (10.5-11.8) 9.8 0.4 (9.1 – 10.0)
in one mare prior to rupture. In conclusion abdominal wall muscle thicknesses were similar in mares of different breeds, ages, pregnancy and disease status, and evaluation of abdominal wall muscle by ultrasound indicates muscle echotextural changes were more indicative of disease than muscle thickness measurements or serum muscle enzyme measurements.
Contents lists available at ScienceDirect
Journal of Equine Veterinary Science journal homepage: www.j-evs.com
Features of ventrolateral abdominal wall muscles in non-pregnant mares and pregnant mares with and without abdominal wall disease C. Card*, I. Dedden, E. Ripley, L.D. Nairn Dept LACS, Univ. Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N5B4, Canada
Abdominal Wall Disease an uncommon poorly understood, condition of late pregnant mares. The study objective was to establish reference measurements for abdominal wall muscle thicknesses and echotexture by breed, age, pregnancy and disease status as there were no published guidelines. Bilateral transabdominal muscle thickness measurements and observations of muscle echotexture were obtained using a 5MHz linear array probe in 4 anatomic locations: i).10 cm caudal to the sternum, ii). lateral to the umbilicus, iii). 10 cm cranial to the udder, iv). >10 cm lateral to the udder where 1 or more of the following muscles were present: rectus abdominis, pectoralis, and cutaneous trunci. Means of 3 ultrasound measurements of each muscle per location were obtained and an overall mean generated for each muscle. Twenty – six healthy mares were examined including 13 (9 light, 4
between light and heavy mares, and no effect of pregnancy status or age on muscle measurements. Slight intramuscular edema was noted in some healthy pregnant mares. Six mares (3 QH, 3 Arabian) mean age 17.4 (range 14 – 23 yrs) with abdominal wall disease were evaluated; 2/6 mares were examined before rupture at 305 and 307 days of pregnancy, respectively. Their muscle measurements were [mean (mm) + SD (range)] rectus abdominis [18.6+1.3 (3.7-50.7)], pectoralis [9.7+0.7 (4.2-16.0)], and cutaneous trunci [9.6 +0.4 (2.8-19.3)], which were similar to the values listed for these muscles in Table 1, however echotextural changes of the diseased abdominal muscles were evident: including increased linear areas of intramuscular edema and increased echogenicity (i.e. hemorrhage), particularly involving the cutaneous trunci and internal abdominal oblique muscles. Serum CK but not serum AST was elevated
Table 1 Abdominal wall muscle thickness [mean (mm) SD] (range) in healthy non-pregnant and late pregnant mares Rectus abdominus Pectoralis Cutaneous trunci
Light non-preg 19.2 3.5 (14.3–24.3) 9.3 0.7 (8.8-9.8) 10.1 0.5 (9.7–11.0)
Light preg 15.6 0.7 (14.1–16.2) 13.0 3.7 (9.3-16.6) 9.2 0.3 (7.2–9.0)
heavy) non-pregnant (mean age 14.2, range 6-26 years) and 13 late-pregnant (.>300 days) mares (7 light, 6 heavy) (mean age 13.2, range 9-18 years). Table 1 shows the data for these mares by muscle, breed type and pregnancy status. Effect of breed, pregnancy status, and mare age were analyzed using ANOVA or Kruskal-Wallis at p<0.05 in healthy mares. There were no significant differences
* Presenting author
Heavy non-preg 14.8 1.4 (13.3–17.3) 9.1 1.0 (10.0-8.1) 9.8 0.4 (9.2-9.8)
Heavy preg 18.0 1.4 (15.6-21.0) 11.2 0.7 (10.5-11.8) 9.8 0.4 (9.1 – 10.0)
in one mare prior to rupture. In conclusion abdominal wall muscle thicknesses were similar in mares of different breeds, ages, pregnancy and disease status, and evaluation of abdominal wall muscle by ultrasound indicates muscle echotextural changes were more indicative of disease than muscle thickness measurements or serum muscle enzyme measurements.