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Fecundities of different members of the Simulium damnosum species complex in Togo
TI~ANSACTIONS OF THE ROYALSOCIETY OF TROPICALMEDICINEAND HYGIENE
489
(1986) 80
Correspondence To the Editor Chloroquine-resistant falciparum malaria in Punjab (Northern India) Since its first description in 1961 (MOORE & LANIER), reports of chloroquine-resistant falciparum
malaria .cor&nue to pour in from other parts -of the world (WHO. 1984). Subseauent to a renort from Assam (SEHG~L et ai., 1973), it has been documented from some other states in India (Symposium, India Journal of Medical Research, 1979). However, there were no reports of chloroquine-resistant strains from the state of Punjab. We used the micro in vitro sensitivity test (RIECKMANN et al., 1978) to investigate if any of the isolates of Plasmodium falciparum in this area showed resistance. A history of travel and place of residence was taken from every patient. Of 21 patients, isolates from three showed mature schizonts in the presenceof O-03 rig/ml concentrations of chloroquine and were designated as resistant. All these patients came from Punjab-one each from Ludhiana, Amritsar and Ropar districts. None of them had visited any area in India already known to have chloroquine-resistant malaria. Thus we have shown chloroquine resistance in vitro in this region for the first time. There is a need for further field studies to monitor the response to chloroquine. S. C. VERMA’ R. C. MAHATAN’
R. N.
PRASAD’
SAVITA KUMARI’ N. K. GANGULY~ B. K. SHARMA’ ‘Dept. of Internal Medicine, 2Dept. of Parasitology, 3Dept. of Experimental Medicine, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh 160012, India References
Moore, D. V. & Lanier, J. E. (1961). Observation on two Plasmodium fakiparum infections with abnormal response to chloroquine. American 3ournal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 10, 5-9.
Rieckmann, K. H., Sax, L. J., Campbell, G. H. & Mrema, J. E. (1978). Drug sensitivity of Plasmodium falciparum. An in vitro microtechnique. Lancet, i, 22-23. Sehgal, P. N., Sharma, M. I. D., Shanna, S. L. & Gogai, S. (1973). Resistance to chloroquine in falciparnm malaria in Assam State. Journal of Communicable Diseases, 5, 175-178. Symposium (1979). Hundred years of malaria research. Indian Journal of Medical Research, 70, (Supplement). WHO (1984). Advances in malaria chemotherapy. WHO Technical Report Series No. 711. Geneva.
Accepted
for publication 20th September, 198.5.
Fecundities of different members of the Simulium damnosum species complex in Togo
In a previous paper we showed that the fecundity (number of maturing oocytes) of young Simulium damnosum s.1. was greater than that of older flies, that
it was positively correlated with fly size and was reduced bv infections with Onchocerca volvulus (see CHEKE et a’l., 1982). The samples studied, which were
gravid flies caught on sticky traps at M6 Bridge (09” OS’N, 01” 03”E), Togo, included a mixture of S. squamosum, S. damnosum s. str., S. sirbanum and a few specimens of the S. soubrenselS. sanctipauli subcomplex. The last-named were excluded from the samplesinvestigated. During the study the lengths of the thorax and the antenna of each fly were measured. It is now known that the ratio between these two measurementsis useful for separating different members of the species complex into the three groups S. damnosum s.str./S. sirbanum, S. squamosum and S. soubrenselS. sanctipauli (see GAILMS et al., 1982). S. yahense is also separable but the setae on the last tergites of the abdomen are used for its identification (GARMS & ZILLMANN,
1984).
In the light of the progress in identification methods, the data presented in our earlier paper were re-analysed to see if there were any interspecific differences in fecundity or in the effects on it of flv
size, fly age or 0. vokntlus infections. The lack of sufficient numbers of S. soubrenselS. sanctipauli only allowed us to compare S. squamosum with S. damnosumIS. sirbanum. When the fecundities were nlotted according to the thorax: antenna ratio of each dy, flies parasitized with first-stage 0. volvulus were associated with low fecundities throughout the thorax: antenna range. If the parasites had no effect then first-stage larvae would be expected to occur at random amongst different fecundity values. Thus fllarial infections in both S . squamosum and S . damnosum1.S.sirbanum were associated with low fly fecundities. A causal relationship between 0. lienalis parasitism and reductions in the fecundity of S. ornatum and S. lineatum has been demonstrated by the laboratory experiments of HAM & BANYA (1984).
In order to examine the effect of size the flies were sorted into two groups which were analysed separately. Flies with thorax: antenna ratios of more than 2.25 were classed as S. damnosumlS. sirbanum whereas those in the range 2.05 to 2.15 were grouped as S. squamosum. The numbers of maturing oocytes in unparasitized flies were positively correlated with fly size in both groups (for S. damnosum1.S. sirbanum P
When all the fecundity data were plotted against fly size two distinct clouds were apparent, as illustrated in our previous paper. The upper clouds were considered as nulliparous and the lower ones asflies in their second or later gonotrophic cycles for reasons discussed (CHEKE et al., 1982). Similar clouds were seen when the data for the two species groups were plotted separately. Linear regressions were calculated for each of the four clouds, all of which were significant (lVO.001). For ‘nulliparous’ S. damnosumi S. sirbanum: no. of oocytes (Y) = 1370.79 thorax length in mm (x) -939.06; for ‘parous’ S. dumnosumi S. sirbanum: y = 1063.95 x -922.06; for ‘nulliparous’
490 s.
TRANSACTIONS OF THE ROYALSOCIETY OF TROPICALMEDICINE squmosum: y = 1230*65x -738.69; and for S. sauumosum: v = 1081.33~ -866.77
‘~arous
?here were no significant differences between the slopes for any of the four lines (P>O*25). The S. squamosum lines were above those for S. damnosum1.S. sirbanum of the corresponding age class in both cases thus, using the regressions, a nulliparous S. squamosum with a thorax length of l*Omm would be expected to lay 492 eggsand a similar S. damnosum/S. sirbanum would lay 432 eggs. We thank C. Addison for assistance with data processing. R. A. CHEKE Tropical Development and Research Institute, College House, Wrights Lane, London W8 SST R. GARMS Bernhard-Nocht-Institut fiir Schiffs- wad Tropenkrankheiten, Bernhard-Nocht-Str. 74 D-2000 Hamburg 4, West Germany References
Bellec,C. & Hebrard,G. (1983,published1984).Feconchtt desfemellesdu complexeStmuliumdamnosum en Afrique de 1’Ouest.Cahiers O.R.S. T.O.M., Serie Entomologie Medicale et Parasitologie, 21, 251-260. Cheke, R. A., Garms, R. & Kemer, M. (1982). The
fecundity of Simulium damnosum s.1.in northern Togo and infections with Onchocerca spp. Annals of Tropical
Medicine and Parasitolow.
76. 561-568.
Garms,R. & Zilhnann, U. (~~84).~MorphologicaI identification of Simulium sanctipauli and S. yahense in Liberia and comparison of results with those of enzyme electronhoresis. Trotwnmedizin und Parasitologic, - _ 35, 217226. Garms, R., Cheke, R. A., Vajime, C. G. & Sowah, S. (1982). The occurrence and movements of different members of the Simulium damnosum complex in Togo and Benin. Zeitschrift fur Angewandte Zoologie, 69, 219-236. Ham, P. J. & Banya, A. J. (1984). The effect of experimental Onchocerca infections on the fecundity and oviposition of laboratory reared Simulium sp. (Diptera, Simuliidae). Tropenmedizin und Parasitologic, 35, 61-66. Mokry, J. E. (1980). A method for estimating the age of field-collected female Simuliumdamnosum s.1. (Diptera: Simuliidae) Tropenmedizin und Parasitologic, 31, 12l127.
AND
HYGIENE(1986)80, CORRESPONDENCE
showed efficiency in experimental cutaneous infection of mice (NEAL, 1964) and was tried with satisfactory results in Old World cutaneous leishmaniasis (SWEET, 1962), including L. aethiopica diffuse cutaneous leishmaniasis (BRYCESON.1970). and in New World muco-cutaneous leishm&asis” (PUELLO GARCIA, 1949; HOMEZ, quoted by STECK, 1974). Between November’ 1983 and April 1985 we diagnosed 76 casesof cutaneous leishmaniasis at the Institut Pasteur de Guyane fran9aise. 74 had acquired their infection in French Guiana and two in Surinam. According to previous observations (DEDET et al.,, 1985) most of these cases are due to L. braziliensts 14 isolates from these patients were also guya&&. characterized by isoenzyme electrophoresis by Dr. P. Desjeux (IBBA, La Pax, Bolivia) asL. b. guyanensis in 12 casesand L. mexicana amazonensis in two cases. Out of these 76 cases,42 (55.3%) had been taking oral antimalarial chemoprophylaxis with chloroquine (10 cases)or amodiaquine (32 cases)since their arrival in French Guiana. 27 oeoole were infected with Leishmania while taking iegular antimalarial chemoprophylaxis with amodiaquine (600 mg once a week) for from one to 22 months. Seven people became infected with Leishmania while takine chloroauine regularly (100 mg daily) for from two to 18 months. These field observations show that both chloroquine and amodiaquine taken at the usual dosage for
antimalarial chemoprophylaxis are unable to prevent a Leishmania cutaneous infection or to cure it when
established. J. P. DEDET P. ESTERRE Institut Pasteur de Guyane franGaise, 97306 Cayenne Cedex
French Guia.na.
References
Bryceson, A. D. M. (1970). Diffuse cutaneous leishmaniasis in Ethiopia. II. Treatment. Transactions of the Royal Sociely of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 64, 369-379. Dedet, J. P., Pradinaud, R., Desjeux, P., Jacquet-Viallet, P., Girardeau, I., Esterre, I’. & Gotz, W. (1985). Deux premiers cas de leishmaniose cutanee & Leishmania mexicana amaaonensisen Guyane francaise. Bulletin de la SociU
de Pathologic exotique, 78, 64-70.
Mattock, N. & Peters, W. (1975). The experimental chemotherapy of leishmaniasis. II. The activity in tissue culture of some antiparasitic and antimicrobial compounds in clinical use. Annals of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology, Parasitology,
Accepted for publication
I1 th October,
1985.
Lack of effect of antimalarial prophylaxis chloroquine or amodiaquine in cutaneous maniasis in French Guiana
with leish-
The lack of a safe, non-toxic and regularly efficient drug for treatment of leishmaniasis recently led to an increase in the search for new compounds. Amongst a number of anti-parasitic compounds tested in various in vitro or in vivo models for drug evaluation, two antimalarial 4-aminoquinolines, chloroquine and amodiaquine, were found to show in vitro activity against cutaneous Leishmania species (MATTOCK & PETERS,1975; PETERSet al., 1980). Chloroquine also
69, 359-371.
Neal, R. (1964). Chemotherapy of leishmaniasis: L. tropica infection in mice. Annals of Tropical Medicine and 58, 420-430.
Peters, W., Trotter, E. R. & Robinson, B. L. (1980). The experimental chemotherapy of leishmaniasis. VII. Drug response of L. major and L. mexicana amazonensis,with an analysis of promising chemical leads to new antileishmania1 agents. Annals of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology, 74, 321-335. Puello Garcia, M. J. (1949). Leishmaniasis. History of leishmaniasis in Colombia. Revista de la Facultad de Medicina (Bogota). 17, 338-359. Steck, E. A. (1974). The leishmaniases.In: Progressin Drug Research. Proeress Research, Tucker (Editor). Birkhluser Verlag, B&e1 & Stuttgari, Vol. 18, 289-368. Sweet, R. D. (1962). Cutaneous leisbmaniases. A case of a late recurrence of oriental sore. British Journal of Dermatology, 74, 102-103. Accepted for publication 22nd October, 1985.
489
(1986) 80
Correspondence To the Editor Chloroquine-resistant falciparum malaria in Punjab (Northern India) Since its first description in 1961 (MOORE & LANIER), reports of chloroquine-resistant falciparum
malaria .cor&nue to pour in from other parts -of the world (WHO. 1984). Subseauent to a renort from Assam (SEHG~L et ai., 1973), it has been documented from some other states in India (Symposium, India Journal of Medical Research, 1979). However, there were no reports of chloroquine-resistant strains from the state of Punjab. We used the micro in vitro sensitivity test (RIECKMANN et al., 1978) to investigate if any of the isolates of Plasmodium falciparum in this area showed resistance. A history of travel and place of residence was taken from every patient. Of 21 patients, isolates from three showed mature schizonts in the presenceof O-03 rig/ml concentrations of chloroquine and were designated as resistant. All these patients came from Punjab-one each from Ludhiana, Amritsar and Ropar districts. None of them had visited any area in India already known to have chloroquine-resistant malaria. Thus we have shown chloroquine resistance in vitro in this region for the first time. There is a need for further field studies to monitor the response to chloroquine. S. C. VERMA’ R. C. MAHATAN’
R. N.
PRASAD’
SAVITA KUMARI’ N. K. GANGULY~ B. K. SHARMA’ ‘Dept. of Internal Medicine, 2Dept. of Parasitology, 3Dept. of Experimental Medicine, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh 160012, India References
Moore, D. V. & Lanier, J. E. (1961). Observation on two Plasmodium fakiparum infections with abnormal response to chloroquine. American 3ournal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 10, 5-9.
Rieckmann, K. H., Sax, L. J., Campbell, G. H. & Mrema, J. E. (1978). Drug sensitivity of Plasmodium falciparum. An in vitro microtechnique. Lancet, i, 22-23. Sehgal, P. N., Sharma, M. I. D., Shanna, S. L. & Gogai, S. (1973). Resistance to chloroquine in falciparnm malaria in Assam State. Journal of Communicable Diseases, 5, 175-178. Symposium (1979). Hundred years of malaria research. Indian Journal of Medical Research, 70, (Supplement). WHO (1984). Advances in malaria chemotherapy. WHO Technical Report Series No. 711. Geneva.
Accepted
for publication 20th September, 198.5.
Fecundities of different members of the Simulium damnosum species complex in Togo
In a previous paper we showed that the fecundity (number of maturing oocytes) of young Simulium damnosum s.1. was greater than that of older flies, that
it was positively correlated with fly size and was reduced bv infections with Onchocerca volvulus (see CHEKE et a’l., 1982). The samples studied, which were
gravid flies caught on sticky traps at M6 Bridge (09” OS’N, 01” 03”E), Togo, included a mixture of S. squamosum, S. damnosum s. str., S. sirbanum and a few specimens of the S. soubrenselS. sanctipauli subcomplex. The last-named were excluded from the samplesinvestigated. During the study the lengths of the thorax and the antenna of each fly were measured. It is now known that the ratio between these two measurementsis useful for separating different members of the species complex into the three groups S. damnosum s.str./S. sirbanum, S. squamosum and S. soubrenselS. sanctipauli (see GAILMS et al., 1982). S. yahense is also separable but the setae on the last tergites of the abdomen are used for its identification (GARMS & ZILLMANN,
1984).
In the light of the progress in identification methods, the data presented in our earlier paper were re-analysed to see if there were any interspecific differences in fecundity or in the effects on it of flv
size, fly age or 0. vokntlus infections. The lack of sufficient numbers of S. soubrenselS. sanctipauli only allowed us to compare S. squamosum with S. damnosumIS. sirbanum. When the fecundities were nlotted according to the thorax: antenna ratio of each dy, flies parasitized with first-stage 0. volvulus were associated with low fecundities throughout the thorax: antenna range. If the parasites had no effect then first-stage larvae would be expected to occur at random amongst different fecundity values. Thus fllarial infections in both S . squamosum and S . damnosum1.S.sirbanum were associated with low fly fecundities. A causal relationship between 0. lienalis parasitism and reductions in the fecundity of S. ornatum and S. lineatum has been demonstrated by the laboratory experiments of HAM & BANYA (1984).
In order to examine the effect of size the flies were sorted into two groups which were analysed separately. Flies with thorax: antenna ratios of more than 2.25 were classed as S. damnosumlS. sirbanum whereas those in the range 2.05 to 2.15 were grouped as S. squamosum. The numbers of maturing oocytes in unparasitized flies were positively correlated with fly size in both groups (for S. damnosum1.S. sirbanum P
When all the fecundity data were plotted against fly size two distinct clouds were apparent, as illustrated in our previous paper. The upper clouds were considered as nulliparous and the lower ones asflies in their second or later gonotrophic cycles for reasons discussed (CHEKE et al., 1982). Similar clouds were seen when the data for the two species groups were plotted separately. Linear regressions were calculated for each of the four clouds, all of which were significant (lVO.001). For ‘nulliparous’ S. damnosumi S. sirbanum: no. of oocytes (Y) = 1370.79 thorax length in mm (x) -939.06; for ‘parous’ S. dumnosumi S. sirbanum: y = 1063.95 x -922.06; for ‘nulliparous’
490 s.
TRANSACTIONS OF THE ROYALSOCIETY OF TROPICALMEDICINE squmosum: y = 1230*65x -738.69; and for S. sauumosum: v = 1081.33~ -866.77
‘~arous
?here were no significant differences between the slopes for any of the four lines (P>O*25). The S. squamosum lines were above those for S. damnosum1.S. sirbanum of the corresponding age class in both cases thus, using the regressions, a nulliparous S. squamosum with a thorax length of l*Omm would be expected to lay 492 eggsand a similar S. damnosum/S. sirbanum would lay 432 eggs. We thank C. Addison for assistance with data processing. R. A. CHEKE Tropical Development and Research Institute, College House, Wrights Lane, London W8 SST R. GARMS Bernhard-Nocht-Institut fiir Schiffs- wad Tropenkrankheiten, Bernhard-Nocht-Str. 74 D-2000 Hamburg 4, West Germany References
Bellec,C. & Hebrard,G. (1983,published1984).Feconchtt desfemellesdu complexeStmuliumdamnosum en Afrique de 1’Ouest.Cahiers O.R.S. T.O.M., Serie Entomologie Medicale et Parasitologie, 21, 251-260. Cheke, R. A., Garms, R. & Kemer, M. (1982). The
fecundity of Simulium damnosum s.1.in northern Togo and infections with Onchocerca spp. Annals of Tropical
Medicine and Parasitolow.
76. 561-568.
Garms,R. & Zilhnann, U. (~~84).~MorphologicaI identification of Simulium sanctipauli and S. yahense in Liberia and comparison of results with those of enzyme electronhoresis. Trotwnmedizin und Parasitologic, - _ 35, 217226. Garms, R., Cheke, R. A., Vajime, C. G. & Sowah, S. (1982). The occurrence and movements of different members of the Simulium damnosum complex in Togo and Benin. Zeitschrift fur Angewandte Zoologie, 69, 219-236. Ham, P. J. & Banya, A. J. (1984). The effect of experimental Onchocerca infections on the fecundity and oviposition of laboratory reared Simulium sp. (Diptera, Simuliidae). Tropenmedizin und Parasitologic, 35, 61-66. Mokry, J. E. (1980). A method for estimating the age of field-collected female Simuliumdamnosum s.1. (Diptera: Simuliidae) Tropenmedizin und Parasitologic, 31, 12l127.
AND
HYGIENE(1986)80, CORRESPONDENCE
showed efficiency in experimental cutaneous infection of mice (NEAL, 1964) and was tried with satisfactory results in Old World cutaneous leishmaniasis (SWEET, 1962), including L. aethiopica diffuse cutaneous leishmaniasis (BRYCESON.1970). and in New World muco-cutaneous leishm&asis” (PUELLO GARCIA, 1949; HOMEZ, quoted by STECK, 1974). Between November’ 1983 and April 1985 we diagnosed 76 casesof cutaneous leishmaniasis at the Institut Pasteur de Guyane fran9aise. 74 had acquired their infection in French Guiana and two in Surinam. According to previous observations (DEDET et al.,, 1985) most of these cases are due to L. braziliensts 14 isolates from these patients were also guya&&. characterized by isoenzyme electrophoresis by Dr. P. Desjeux (IBBA, La Pax, Bolivia) asL. b. guyanensis in 12 casesand L. mexicana amazonensis in two cases. Out of these 76 cases,42 (55.3%) had been taking oral antimalarial chemoprophylaxis with chloroquine (10 cases)or amodiaquine (32 cases)since their arrival in French Guiana. 27 oeoole were infected with Leishmania while taking iegular antimalarial chemoprophylaxis with amodiaquine (600 mg once a week) for from one to 22 months. Seven people became infected with Leishmania while takine chloroauine regularly (100 mg daily) for from two to 18 months. These field observations show that both chloroquine and amodiaquine taken at the usual dosage for
antimalarial chemoprophylaxis are unable to prevent a Leishmania cutaneous infection or to cure it when
established. J. P. DEDET P. ESTERRE Institut Pasteur de Guyane franGaise, 97306 Cayenne Cedex
French Guia.na.
References
Bryceson, A. D. M. (1970). Diffuse cutaneous leishmaniasis in Ethiopia. II. Treatment. Transactions of the Royal Sociely of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 64, 369-379. Dedet, J. P., Pradinaud, R., Desjeux, P., Jacquet-Viallet, P., Girardeau, I., Esterre, I’. & Gotz, W. (1985). Deux premiers cas de leishmaniose cutanee & Leishmania mexicana amaaonensisen Guyane francaise. Bulletin de la SociU
de Pathologic exotique, 78, 64-70.
Mattock, N. & Peters, W. (1975). The experimental chemotherapy of leishmaniasis. II. The activity in tissue culture of some antiparasitic and antimicrobial compounds in clinical use. Annals of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology, Parasitology,
Accepted for publication
I1 th October,
1985.
Lack of effect of antimalarial prophylaxis chloroquine or amodiaquine in cutaneous maniasis in French Guiana
with leish-
The lack of a safe, non-toxic and regularly efficient drug for treatment of leishmaniasis recently led to an increase in the search for new compounds. Amongst a number of anti-parasitic compounds tested in various in vitro or in vivo models for drug evaluation, two antimalarial 4-aminoquinolines, chloroquine and amodiaquine, were found to show in vitro activity against cutaneous Leishmania species (MATTOCK & PETERS,1975; PETERSet al., 1980). Chloroquine also
69, 359-371.
Neal, R. (1964). Chemotherapy of leishmaniasis: L. tropica infection in mice. Annals of Tropical Medicine and 58, 420-430.
Peters, W., Trotter, E. R. & Robinson, B. L. (1980). The experimental chemotherapy of leishmaniasis. VII. Drug response of L. major and L. mexicana amazonensis,with an analysis of promising chemical leads to new antileishmania1 agents. Annals of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology, 74, 321-335. Puello Garcia, M. J. (1949). Leishmaniasis. History of leishmaniasis in Colombia. Revista de la Facultad de Medicina (Bogota). 17, 338-359. Steck, E. A. (1974). The leishmaniases.In: Progressin Drug Research. Proeress Research, Tucker (Editor). Birkhluser Verlag, B&e1 & Stuttgari, Vol. 18, 289-368. Sweet, R. D. (1962). Cutaneous leisbmaniases. A case of a late recurrence of oriental sore. British Journal of Dermatology, 74, 102-103. Accepted for publication 22nd October, 1985.