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Feeding Mastitic Milk to Calves: Review1,2
RESEARCH PAPERS Feeding Mastitic Milk to Calves:Review 1,2 E. M. KESLER Department of Dairy and Animal Science The Pennsylvania State University University Park 16802 ABSTRACT
Mastitic milk could be defined as that produced by cows with an active mammary infection. Usually one or more quarters will have been treated with an antibiotic. For purposes of this discussion the term will be broadened to include milk from animals that have received antibiotic treatment for metritis and other health problems; in some studies such milk was included with the strictly mastitic milk. I prefer the term "waste milk" first used by Chik et al. (2). Such milk must be withheld from market until it contains no drug residue. It represents an economic loss (4) and causes problems of disposal on the farm. Use of colostrum as a calf feed has become accepted generally; waste milk possibly could be utilized similarly. Colostrum is fed in fresh form, after frozen storage, following treatment
with preservatives, or as fermented colostrum. Preservation, storage, and form of feeding waste milks will be considered herein. Use of waste milk would supplement colostrum. It would permit liquid milk feeding to all calves born on the farm or the feeding of greater quantities of milk to individual heifer calves if only the latter are reared. The practice of feeding mastitic milk has been discouraged in the past because of possible transfer of pathogens to the young, although experimental evidence was not always convincing. For example, in two studies (5, 13) in which calves were fed mastitic milk for 6 to 10 too, incidence of mastitis was high at subsequent calving. Unfortunately, control data were inadequate. Roy (11) found no differences in performance of calves fed milk from a cow suffering from coliform mastitis and those given normal whole milk. Khakimova and Abzolova (9) fed colostrum from healthy and infected cows to newborn calves. A number of those fed mastitic colostrum developed dyspepsia and several died. Pathogenic organisms isolated from the feces were identical to those isolated from mastitic colostrum. Volovenko (14) reported 50 to 71% morbidity rates in calves fed colostrum from udders infected with streptococcal and staphylococcal mastiffs. The gut of newborn calves may be more permeable to organisms at birth than after a day or so of age. As pointed out by Keys (6) newborn calves should not be fed mastitic milk. In spite of recommendations to the contrary, field observations long have indicated that dairymen did feed mastitic milk. Observation by Schaffer and McGuffey (12) was similar.
Received September 12, 1980. 1Authorized for publication on 9 - 4 - 8 0 as Paper No. 6064 in the Journal Series of the Pennsylvania Agricultural Experiment Station. 2Invited review paper presented at the 75th Annual Meeting, American Dairy Science Association, Blacksburg, VA, June 18, 1980.
Waste milk may be fed fresh as in Louisiana (2) and Pennsylvania (1) trials. Practical experience indicates that if containers are kept clean, waste milk can be held satisfactorily under refrigeration for up to 3 days. Some problems of lack of constant supply may be
Milk from cows treated with antibiotics for mastitis and other disorders has been fed to young calves in fresh or fermented form. Growth o f calves so fed bas been similar to that of control animals offered fermented colostrum or other liquid feeds. Incidence of health disorders in mastitic milk-fed calves has been no greater than in those fed control milks. Mastitic milk preserved by addition of propionic acid or formaldehyde was relatively unpalatable to the calves. Limited data indicate that first-lactation cows fed mastitic milk as calves suffered no more udder trouble than did their mates formerly given other liquid feeds. INTRODUCTION
MEANS OF PRESERVING WASTE MILK
1981 J Dairy Sci 64:719-723
719
720
KESLER
encountered, but in larger herds there usually are at least a few lactating cows undergoing treatment at all times. This would permit feeding a portion of the calves on waste milk, the remainder on fermented colostrum. The advisability of mixing waste milk and colostrum has not been investigated. Waste milk may be fermented and stored for subsequent use. Studies by Keys et al. (6, 7, 8) showed that milk produced during milkings three to six after antibiotic treatment fermented as easily as did normal milk and sometimes more rapidly than colostrum. That produced during the first two milkings fermented slowly, because of antibiotic content. Use of a starter culture was recommended to speed fermentation. In all studies on feeding fermented waste milk to calves, production from all six post antibiotic treatment milkings has been pooled and allowed to ferment (6, 10, 12). Only limited information is available on use of preservatives with waste milk. Otterby et al. (10) acidified waste milk (or colostrum) with propionic acid at .7% vol/wt and stored it in plastic-lined garbage cans. One group of calves in the Pennsylvania study (1) was fed waste milk treated by addition of .05%, by weight, of formaldehyde and stored in plastic containers. In both studies, calves were reluctant to accept the preserved milks. CALF PERFORMANCE
As shown in Table 1, weight gains of calves fed waste milks have been similar to those of controls during the milk feeding period. Intakes of milk were similar, usually by experimental design, and consumption of dry feed did not differ greatly. Because of differing experimental conditions, comparisons between experiments or between fresh and preserved waste milks probably are not in order. Reported gains in body weight for the post milk-feeding period generally were similar. Schaffer and McGuffey (12) monitored gains to age 12 mo, and they were almost identical between calves formerly fed fermented waste milk or herd milk. EFFECT ON ANIMAL HEALTH Antibiotic Content of Waste Milk.
Chardavoyne et al. (1) found appreciable Journal of Dairy Science Voi. 64, No. 5, 1981
antibiotic residues in weekly samples of the waste milks being fed. Fermented colostrum also occasionally exhibited antibiotic activity. This may have been from residues remaining from dry period treatment for mastitis, from Lactenin 1 in the colostrum (6), or from antibiotic-like substances produced by lactic acid bacteria during the fermentation process (1). Keys et al. (8) found high concentrations of penicillin and novobiocin in the first milking after treatment of one gland of mastitic cows. Significantly lower amounts were in subsequent milkings, with no novobiocin after the second post treatment milking. Their incubation studies indicated that bacteria involved in the incubation process degraded or destroyed the antibiotics. Penicillin was less resistant to destruction than was novobiocin. Schaffer and McGuffey (12) noted a mean antibiotic concentration of 1.2 IU/ml in fresh mastitic milk and .01 IU/ml in that which had been fermented, again indicating that fermentation destroys the antibiotic. Types of Microorganisms
Presumably the numbers and types of microorganisms in waste milk will depend on the type of mammary infection suffered by the cow. Schaffer and McGuffey (12) isolated five major species from fermented antibioticcontaining mastitic milk. However, 12 of 19 samples of fresh mastitic milk did not support bacterial growth, probably because of antibiotics. Additional research is needed on types and numbers of organisms in waste milks. EFFECT ON HEALTH
Schaffer and McGuffey (12) and Chik et al. (2) experienced a higher incidence of scouring among calves fed waste milk compared with controls (Table 1). Others (1, 3, 6, 10) reported either low incidences of health problems, no differences between treatments, or actually fewer scour days per calf on waste milk compared with control. Reported death losses were relatively low in all studies. The question arises as to whether heifer calves fed waste milk will suffer an increased incidence of mastitis or blind quarters during their first lactation. Reports, (5, 13)indicated that such might occur. Keys (6) recently reported that only one case of blind quarter
T A B L E 1. Weight gains and health of calves fed mastitic milk c o m p a r e d with that o f calves on control diets during milk feeding period. Waste milk
Control milk
Deaths
Scour days
No. of calves/ treatment
Type
Avg. gain/ day, kg
Type
Avg. gain/ day, kg
Waste
Control
Waste
13
Fresh
.38
Fermented
.40
20
12
. . . . . . . .
8 15
Fresh Fresh
.43 a .40
.36 .34
.... ....
4
. . . . . . . .
2
. . . . . . . .
13
Fresh
.44 a
.35
9
29 exp, 57 controls
Fermented
.38
Herd milk Fermented colostrum Fermented colostrum Herd milk
.43
12 b
Keys (6) Trial 1
15
Fermented
.13
Trial 2
20
Fermented
.09
Reference Chik (2) Chardavoyne (1) Trial 1 Trial 2 Trial 3 Schaffer (11)
O t t e r h y (10) Trial 1
Trial 2 Gonzalez (3)
12 8b
Control
>
........ 1
4 t"
Fermented colostrum Fermented colostrum
.13
26
34
1
1
.18
10
25
2
4
O > <
15
.46
Fermented colostrum
.41
22-20
F e r m e n t e d colostrum followed by f e r m e n t e d waste Acidified waste
.16
.15
12
Mastitic milk
c
Acidified colostrum Normal milk
O~
" F e w health p r o b l e m s "
c
"No difference"
aHigher than control (P<.05). <
g
b N u m b e r of t r e a t m e n t s for scours. CGains reported as n o t significantly different.
Z o m b~
722
KESLER
TABLE 2. Incidence of udder trouble during first lactation in cows fed mastitic milk, colostrum, or normal fresh milk. Original milk treatment groups a Item
TM
UM
C
N
Number remaining in 1st lactation Number of cows with mastitis within 10 days of freshening Total number of cows with mastitis in 1st lactation Number of mastitis cases during 1st lactation b
24
28
27
26
5
4
4
6
12
10
6
14
18
16
12
31
Pennsylvania study c Number calving Agalactia Calved with mastitis Mastitis, 1st 3 mo post calving 4 - 6 mo post calving 7 - 1 0 mo post calving
20 1 2(2) d 5(9) 1(2) 2(2)
17 1(2) 5(8) 3(7)
aFermented mastitic milk from antibiotic-treated cows (TM), cows not treated with antibiotics (UM), colostrum (C), and normal fresh milk (N). bA mastitis case was defined as that diagnosed by strip cup test in the milking parlor, treated with antibiotics, and separated by at least 6 days from the last day of treatment in previous case. Clncidence of first lactation udder trouble, females in (1). dTotal number quarters involved.
resulted in 64 first-lactation heifers originally fed f e r m e n t e d mastitic milk. The n u m b e r of cows which suffered mastitis was similar a m o n g groups which bad been fed f e r m e n t e d mastitic milk or f e r m e n t e d colostrum (Table 2). Cases o f mastitis among heifers that had been fed herd milk were 72% higher than in groups previously given mastitic milks (TM, UM). S u m m a r y of the incidence of first-lactation u d d e r trouble among the female calves in the Pennsylvania study is in Table 2. Incidences of mastitis, particularly coliform infections, were n u m e r o u s in the herd at the time. However, little difference existed b e t w e e n groups previously fed mastitic or control milks.
be less, or no greater, than in feeding control milks. Limited data indicate that incidence of udder trouble will n o t increase above normal when heifer calves fed waste milk eventually reach their initial lactations. I believe three precautions should be taken in feeding waste milk. Delay feeding o f mastitic milk until after the 1st day o f life of the calf because of possible permeability o f the gut to microorganisms (6, 9). House calves so that it is impossible for t h e m to suckle each o t h e r during milk feeding. Exercise caution in feeding waste milk to calves intended for meat. A n t i b i o t i c residues m a y remain in the tissues; there have been no definitive studies on w h e t h e r such is true or on clearance rates.
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS
Milk f r o m cows treated with antibiotics for mastitis and o t h e r disorders can be fed safely to calves. It can be fed in fresh or f e r m e n t e d form. Calf growth will be at least equal to that obtained by feeding f e r m e n t e d c o l o s t r u m or o t h e r liquid feeds. Health problems, including scours, will Journal of Dairy Science Vol. 64, No. 5, 1981
REFERENCES
1 Chardavoyne, J. R., J. A. lbeawuchi, E. M. Kesler, and K. M. Borland. 1979. Waste milk from antibiotic treated cows as feed for young calves. J. Dairy Sci. 62:1285. 2 Chik, A. B., A. S. Achacoso, D. L. Evans, and L. L. Rusoff. 1975. Growth and feed efficiency of
MASTITIC MILK FOR CALVES
3
4 5
6
7
8
y o u n g calves fed a milk replacer, "waste milk", or fermented colostrum. J. Dairy Sci. 58:742. (Abstr.) Gonzalez, F., and 1. Denis. 1978. Effecto de la leche de vacas con mastitis tratadas con antibioticos sobre de c o m p o r t a m i n e n t o de los teneros. Memoria, Association Latinoamericana de Produccion Animal 13:48. (cited in Dairy Sci. Abstr. 41:771. 1979). Janzen, J. J. 1970. Economic losses resulting from mastitis. A review. J. Dairy Sci. 53:1151. Johnson, S. D. 1947. Raising heifer calves on mastiitis milk. J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. 110: 179. Keys, J. E., Jr. 1980. The effect of feeding fermented mastltic milk to calves. 1. Fermentation patterns of mastitic milk and long term effect on health o f calves. Proc. 19th Annu. Mtg, Nat. Mastitis Counc., Louisville, KY. Keys, J. E., R. E. Pearson, and L. A. Fulton. 1976. Fermentation of mastitic milk from antibiotic treated cows. J. Dairy Sci. 59:1746. Keys, J. E., R. E. Pearson, and B. T. Weinland. 1979. Starter culture, temperature, and antibiotic residue in fermentation of mastitic milk to feed
723
dairy calves. J. Dairy Sci. 62:1408. 9 Khakimova, K. M., and A. G. Abzolova. 1976. Determination of the pathogenic properties o f microflora of bovine colostrum. Kazanskii Vepurinaryi lnstitut. Uch. Zap. 122:156 (Cited in ,Keys, Ref. 6.) 10 Otterby, D. E., D. G. Johnson, J. A. Foley, D. S. Tomsche, R. G. Lundquist, and P. J. Hanson. 1980. Fermented or chemically-treated colostrum and nonsalable milk in feeding programs for calves. J. Dairy Sci. 63:951. 11 Roy, J.H.B. 1964. The nutrition o f intensively teared calves. Vet. Record 76:511. 12 Schaffer, L. V., and R. K. McGuffcy. 1980. Effects of feeding f e r m e n t e d mastitic milk to calves. Proc. 19th Annu. Mtg, Nat. Mastitis Counc., Louisville, KY. 13 Schalm, O. W. 1942. Streptococcus agalactiae in the udders of heifers at parturition traced to suckling a m o n g calves. Cornell Vet. 32:49. 14 Volovenko, M. A. 1972. Effects on calves of colostrum from mastitic cows. Vet. Moskow 3:77. (cited in Dairy Sci. Abstr. 34:834. 1972.)
Journal o f Dairy Sc/ence VoL 64, No. 5, 1981
Mastitic milk could be defined as that produced by cows with an active mammary infection. Usually one or more quarters will have been treated with an antibiotic. For purposes of this discussion the term will be broadened to include milk from animals that have received antibiotic treatment for metritis and other health problems; in some studies such milk was included with the strictly mastitic milk. I prefer the term "waste milk" first used by Chik et al. (2). Such milk must be withheld from market until it contains no drug residue. It represents an economic loss (4) and causes problems of disposal on the farm. Use of colostrum as a calf feed has become accepted generally; waste milk possibly could be utilized similarly. Colostrum is fed in fresh form, after frozen storage, following treatment
with preservatives, or as fermented colostrum. Preservation, storage, and form of feeding waste milks will be considered herein. Use of waste milk would supplement colostrum. It would permit liquid milk feeding to all calves born on the farm or the feeding of greater quantities of milk to individual heifer calves if only the latter are reared. The practice of feeding mastitic milk has been discouraged in the past because of possible transfer of pathogens to the young, although experimental evidence was not always convincing. For example, in two studies (5, 13) in which calves were fed mastitic milk for 6 to 10 too, incidence of mastitis was high at subsequent calving. Unfortunately, control data were inadequate. Roy (11) found no differences in performance of calves fed milk from a cow suffering from coliform mastitis and those given normal whole milk. Khakimova and Abzolova (9) fed colostrum from healthy and infected cows to newborn calves. A number of those fed mastitic colostrum developed dyspepsia and several died. Pathogenic organisms isolated from the feces were identical to those isolated from mastitic colostrum. Volovenko (14) reported 50 to 71% morbidity rates in calves fed colostrum from udders infected with streptococcal and staphylococcal mastiffs. The gut of newborn calves may be more permeable to organisms at birth than after a day or so of age. As pointed out by Keys (6) newborn calves should not be fed mastitic milk. In spite of recommendations to the contrary, field observations long have indicated that dairymen did feed mastitic milk. Observation by Schaffer and McGuffey (12) was similar.
Received September 12, 1980. 1Authorized for publication on 9 - 4 - 8 0 as Paper No. 6064 in the Journal Series of the Pennsylvania Agricultural Experiment Station. 2Invited review paper presented at the 75th Annual Meeting, American Dairy Science Association, Blacksburg, VA, June 18, 1980.
Waste milk may be fed fresh as in Louisiana (2) and Pennsylvania (1) trials. Practical experience indicates that if containers are kept clean, waste milk can be held satisfactorily under refrigeration for up to 3 days. Some problems of lack of constant supply may be
Milk from cows treated with antibiotics for mastitis and other disorders has been fed to young calves in fresh or fermented form. Growth o f calves so fed bas been similar to that of control animals offered fermented colostrum or other liquid feeds. Incidence of health disorders in mastitic milk-fed calves has been no greater than in those fed control milks. Mastitic milk preserved by addition of propionic acid or formaldehyde was relatively unpalatable to the calves. Limited data indicate that first-lactation cows fed mastitic milk as calves suffered no more udder trouble than did their mates formerly given other liquid feeds. INTRODUCTION
MEANS OF PRESERVING WASTE MILK
1981 J Dairy Sci 64:719-723
719
720
KESLER
encountered, but in larger herds there usually are at least a few lactating cows undergoing treatment at all times. This would permit feeding a portion of the calves on waste milk, the remainder on fermented colostrum. The advisability of mixing waste milk and colostrum has not been investigated. Waste milk may be fermented and stored for subsequent use. Studies by Keys et al. (6, 7, 8) showed that milk produced during milkings three to six after antibiotic treatment fermented as easily as did normal milk and sometimes more rapidly than colostrum. That produced during the first two milkings fermented slowly, because of antibiotic content. Use of a starter culture was recommended to speed fermentation. In all studies on feeding fermented waste milk to calves, production from all six post antibiotic treatment milkings has been pooled and allowed to ferment (6, 10, 12). Only limited information is available on use of preservatives with waste milk. Otterby et al. (10) acidified waste milk (or colostrum) with propionic acid at .7% vol/wt and stored it in plastic-lined garbage cans. One group of calves in the Pennsylvania study (1) was fed waste milk treated by addition of .05%, by weight, of formaldehyde and stored in plastic containers. In both studies, calves were reluctant to accept the preserved milks. CALF PERFORMANCE
As shown in Table 1, weight gains of calves fed waste milks have been similar to those of controls during the milk feeding period. Intakes of milk were similar, usually by experimental design, and consumption of dry feed did not differ greatly. Because of differing experimental conditions, comparisons between experiments or between fresh and preserved waste milks probably are not in order. Reported gains in body weight for the post milk-feeding period generally were similar. Schaffer and McGuffey (12) monitored gains to age 12 mo, and they were almost identical between calves formerly fed fermented waste milk or herd milk. EFFECT ON ANIMAL HEALTH Antibiotic Content of Waste Milk.
Chardavoyne et al. (1) found appreciable Journal of Dairy Science Voi. 64, No. 5, 1981
antibiotic residues in weekly samples of the waste milks being fed. Fermented colostrum also occasionally exhibited antibiotic activity. This may have been from residues remaining from dry period treatment for mastitis, from Lactenin 1 in the colostrum (6), or from antibiotic-like substances produced by lactic acid bacteria during the fermentation process (1). Keys et al. (8) found high concentrations of penicillin and novobiocin in the first milking after treatment of one gland of mastitic cows. Significantly lower amounts were in subsequent milkings, with no novobiocin after the second post treatment milking. Their incubation studies indicated that bacteria involved in the incubation process degraded or destroyed the antibiotics. Penicillin was less resistant to destruction than was novobiocin. Schaffer and McGuffey (12) noted a mean antibiotic concentration of 1.2 IU/ml in fresh mastitic milk and .01 IU/ml in that which had been fermented, again indicating that fermentation destroys the antibiotic. Types of Microorganisms
Presumably the numbers and types of microorganisms in waste milk will depend on the type of mammary infection suffered by the cow. Schaffer and McGuffey (12) isolated five major species from fermented antibioticcontaining mastitic milk. However, 12 of 19 samples of fresh mastitic milk did not support bacterial growth, probably because of antibiotics. Additional research is needed on types and numbers of organisms in waste milks. EFFECT ON HEALTH
Schaffer and McGuffey (12) and Chik et al. (2) experienced a higher incidence of scouring among calves fed waste milk compared with controls (Table 1). Others (1, 3, 6, 10) reported either low incidences of health problems, no differences between treatments, or actually fewer scour days per calf on waste milk compared with control. Reported death losses were relatively low in all studies. The question arises as to whether heifer calves fed waste milk will suffer an increased incidence of mastitis or blind quarters during their first lactation. Reports, (5, 13)indicated that such might occur. Keys (6) recently reported that only one case of blind quarter
T A B L E 1. Weight gains and health of calves fed mastitic milk c o m p a r e d with that o f calves on control diets during milk feeding period. Waste milk
Control milk
Deaths
Scour days
No. of calves/ treatment
Type
Avg. gain/ day, kg
Type
Avg. gain/ day, kg
Waste
Control
Waste
13
Fresh
.38
Fermented
.40
20
12
. . . . . . . .
8 15
Fresh Fresh
.43 a .40
.36 .34
.... ....
4
. . . . . . . .
2
. . . . . . . .
13
Fresh
.44 a
.35
9
29 exp, 57 controls
Fermented
.38
Herd milk Fermented colostrum Fermented colostrum Herd milk
.43
12 b
Keys (6) Trial 1
15
Fermented
.13
Trial 2
20
Fermented
.09
Reference Chik (2) Chardavoyne (1) Trial 1 Trial 2 Trial 3 Schaffer (11)
O t t e r h y (10) Trial 1
Trial 2 Gonzalez (3)
12 8b
Control
>
........ 1
4 t"
Fermented colostrum Fermented colostrum
.13
26
34
1
1
.18
10
25
2
4
O > <
15
.46
Fermented colostrum
.41
22-20
F e r m e n t e d colostrum followed by f e r m e n t e d waste Acidified waste
.16
.15
12
Mastitic milk
c
Acidified colostrum Normal milk
O~
" F e w health p r o b l e m s "
c
"No difference"
aHigher than control (P<.05). <
g
b N u m b e r of t r e a t m e n t s for scours. CGains reported as n o t significantly different.
Z o m b~
722
KESLER
TABLE 2. Incidence of udder trouble during first lactation in cows fed mastitic milk, colostrum, or normal fresh milk. Original milk treatment groups a Item
TM
UM
C
N
Number remaining in 1st lactation Number of cows with mastitis within 10 days of freshening Total number of cows with mastitis in 1st lactation Number of mastitis cases during 1st lactation b
24
28
27
26
5
4
4
6
12
10
6
14
18
16
12
31
Pennsylvania study c Number calving Agalactia Calved with mastitis Mastitis, 1st 3 mo post calving 4 - 6 mo post calving 7 - 1 0 mo post calving
20 1 2(2) d 5(9) 1(2) 2(2)
17 1(2) 5(8) 3(7)
aFermented mastitic milk from antibiotic-treated cows (TM), cows not treated with antibiotics (UM), colostrum (C), and normal fresh milk (N). bA mastitis case was defined as that diagnosed by strip cup test in the milking parlor, treated with antibiotics, and separated by at least 6 days from the last day of treatment in previous case. Clncidence of first lactation udder trouble, females in (1). dTotal number quarters involved.
resulted in 64 first-lactation heifers originally fed f e r m e n t e d mastitic milk. The n u m b e r of cows which suffered mastitis was similar a m o n g groups which bad been fed f e r m e n t e d mastitic milk or f e r m e n t e d colostrum (Table 2). Cases o f mastitis among heifers that had been fed herd milk were 72% higher than in groups previously given mastitic milks (TM, UM). S u m m a r y of the incidence of first-lactation u d d e r trouble among the female calves in the Pennsylvania study is in Table 2. Incidences of mastitis, particularly coliform infections, were n u m e r o u s in the herd at the time. However, little difference existed b e t w e e n groups previously fed mastitic or control milks.
be less, or no greater, than in feeding control milks. Limited data indicate that incidence of udder trouble will n o t increase above normal when heifer calves fed waste milk eventually reach their initial lactations. I believe three precautions should be taken in feeding waste milk. Delay feeding o f mastitic milk until after the 1st day o f life of the calf because of possible permeability o f the gut to microorganisms (6, 9). House calves so that it is impossible for t h e m to suckle each o t h e r during milk feeding. Exercise caution in feeding waste milk to calves intended for meat. A n t i b i o t i c residues m a y remain in the tissues; there have been no definitive studies on w h e t h e r such is true or on clearance rates.
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS
Milk f r o m cows treated with antibiotics for mastitis and o t h e r disorders can be fed safely to calves. It can be fed in fresh or f e r m e n t e d form. Calf growth will be at least equal to that obtained by feeding f e r m e n t e d c o l o s t r u m or o t h e r liquid feeds. Health problems, including scours, will Journal of Dairy Science Vol. 64, No. 5, 1981
REFERENCES
1 Chardavoyne, J. R., J. A. lbeawuchi, E. M. Kesler, and K. M. Borland. 1979. Waste milk from antibiotic treated cows as feed for young calves. J. Dairy Sci. 62:1285. 2 Chik, A. B., A. S. Achacoso, D. L. Evans, and L. L. Rusoff. 1975. Growth and feed efficiency of
MASTITIC MILK FOR CALVES
3
4 5
6
7
8
y o u n g calves fed a milk replacer, "waste milk", or fermented colostrum. J. Dairy Sci. 58:742. (Abstr.) Gonzalez, F., and 1. Denis. 1978. Effecto de la leche de vacas con mastitis tratadas con antibioticos sobre de c o m p o r t a m i n e n t o de los teneros. Memoria, Association Latinoamericana de Produccion Animal 13:48. (cited in Dairy Sci. Abstr. 41:771. 1979). Janzen, J. J. 1970. Economic losses resulting from mastitis. A review. J. Dairy Sci. 53:1151. Johnson, S. D. 1947. Raising heifer calves on mastiitis milk. J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. 110: 179. Keys, J. E., Jr. 1980. The effect of feeding fermented mastltic milk to calves. 1. Fermentation patterns of mastitic milk and long term effect on health o f calves. Proc. 19th Annu. Mtg, Nat. Mastitis Counc., Louisville, KY. Keys, J. E., R. E. Pearson, and L. A. Fulton. 1976. Fermentation of mastitic milk from antibiotic treated cows. J. Dairy Sci. 59:1746. Keys, J. E., R. E. Pearson, and B. T. Weinland. 1979. Starter culture, temperature, and antibiotic residue in fermentation of mastitic milk to feed
723
dairy calves. J. Dairy Sci. 62:1408. 9 Khakimova, K. M., and A. G. Abzolova. 1976. Determination of the pathogenic properties o f microflora of bovine colostrum. Kazanskii Vepurinaryi lnstitut. Uch. Zap. 122:156 (Cited in ,Keys, Ref. 6.) 10 Otterby, D. E., D. G. Johnson, J. A. Foley, D. S. Tomsche, R. G. Lundquist, and P. J. Hanson. 1980. Fermented or chemically-treated colostrum and nonsalable milk in feeding programs for calves. J. Dairy Sci. 63:951. 11 Roy, J.H.B. 1964. The nutrition o f intensively teared calves. Vet. Record 76:511. 12 Schaffer, L. V., and R. K. McGuffcy. 1980. Effects of feeding f e r m e n t e d mastitic milk to calves. Proc. 19th Annu. Mtg, Nat. Mastitis Counc., Louisville, KY. 13 Schalm, O. W. 1942. Streptococcus agalactiae in the udders of heifers at parturition traced to suckling a m o n g calves. Cornell Vet. 32:49. 14 Volovenko, M. A. 1972. Effects on calves of colostrum from mastitic cows. Vet. Moskow 3:77. (cited in Dairy Sci. Abstr. 34:834. 1972.)
Journal o f Dairy Sc/ence VoL 64, No. 5, 1981