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FEVERS IN EVERY TONGUE
59 castration than by oestrogen therapy. With either method it was not uncommon for symptoms to return after an interval of about 7 or 8 months ; and when this happened neither castration nor treatment with oestrogen brought any further improvement. However, such relapse was not invariable, and some- of the patients remained free from symptoms for two years or longer. Such an extended arrest of cancer was seen more often in patients treated with stilbcestrol than in those-who had been castrated, and the former method has therefore been now selected by the authors for routine use.
about
more
quickly by
FEVERS
IN
EVERY TONGUE
be considered glasses unnecessary, in fact harmful : ’* If the patient does not go on to cataract, glaucoma, or inflammation of the retina he may consider himself fortunate." Bates ignored, of course, much established clinical and experimental work. In denying the role of the lens in accommodation he harked back a hundred years or more, supporting his thesis by some rather crude demonstrations on the eye of a fish ; though it had already been shown that the mechanism of accommodation in fishes differs from that of mammals. He also denied the action of atropine on the unstriped ciliary muscle, and ascribed its action to an effect on the external muscles though these are striated. Since
atropine acts by paralysing parasympathetic
nerve-
find difficulty in interpreting the exact of endings, it is hard to see how he justified this opinion. of in foreign languages we know fairly writers meaning Nor is it easy to accept an experiment in which he well, when it comes to descriptions of communicable claimed to show that accommodation resulted from diseases like measles, typhoid, or anthrax. English words stimulating the external rectus with an electric current. identical with, or very similar to, the French, Spanish, or This effect was abolished when the muscle was cut, but German terms often connote quite different ideas. One immediately reappeared when the muscle was tied up has only to look at the word anthrax, which in the oriagain, without any interval for regeneration of the ginal Greek &ngr;&thgr;&rgr;&agr;&xgr; means charcoal, but in English-11 injured muscle and nerve. He regarded refractive disease due to B. anthracis, and in France and Spain a errors as an expression of mental restlessness, and his carbuncle or conglomeration of boils. Typhus in France remarkably rapid retinoscopies convinced him that the and England stands for exanthematic typhus, while in refraction of an eye may vary from emmetropia to Germany it means typhoid or enteric fever, sometimes 20 D myopia within a second. But if Bates’s physiology and clinical observations qualified by the adjective " abdominalis." Belgians and French-speaking Swiss also call enteric or typhoid are unsatisfactory, his work and that of his followers typhus." Even when Latin terminology is employed contains an important lesson. Ophthalmologists have the fog is no less dense, for Latin names of communicable not been sufficiently conscious of the truism that there diseases are subject to different interpretations in differare none so blind as those who won’t see : by confusing ent countries. Rubeola at times means measles (Latin, the process of seeing with the act of seeing they have morbilli), at others rubella, rotein or German measles. been apt to overlook a strong subjective element in their From this may arise serious complications-a telegram patients’ sight. Bates and his followers do not make to the Red Cross at Geneva for typhus vaccine, for this particular mistake. example, may result in the despatch, of typhoid vaccine. THE NEGLECTFUL PARENT Errors in death certification are almost unavoidable. are punished by imprisonment for WHEN parents of of Dr. Yves Biraud, head the League Nations service neglect of their children two problems are at once created of epidemiological intelligence, has compiled a volume to send the children while the parents are serving giving all known terms for communicable diseases in Latin -where their and how to prevent them from neglecting the term, and 23 modern European languages. Dr. Biraud is careful children again when they are released. Imprisonment to explain that Gaelic disease-names have not been of parents is no doubt an out-of-date method of treatment included because he considers, and justly, that English for this disorder, and any measure that would teach them is still " one of the national languages of Eire." He does to look after children properly would be more satisfacnot claim that it is a complete list, and with a wise eye to tory. In the Manchester Guardian of Jan. 1, Miss M. future editions, invites the collaboration of the reader Artemus-Jones suggests the establishment of small in supplying names which may have escaped the observacottage institutions, run on the simplest possible lines, he due But to whom credit. his tion of assistants, gives where mothers, taking their children with them, could be it is the work of an extraordinaxily patient and industritaught child care by matrons with practical experience. ous compiler, whose perspicacity and discernment are Neglect, as she points out, is often rooted in mere inefficievident in every page, and with its copious indices will be ency : but the mother who is incompetent to carry out a godsend to the serious student, however expert a her tasks of cleaning and cooking, and lets things drift, linguist he may be. could hardly fail to benefit by simple training in method. THE BATES METHOD The father would be required to contribute to the upkeep FEW of us would wear spectacles if we could find a, of the family while in the training home, and perhaps to clean up the house against their return. way to improve bad sight without them ; hence the The proposal is attractive, though the cost of the attraction of the method devised by the late t)r. W. H. scheme might be substantial. A more serious difficulty Bates is perfectly understandable. The assumptions on which he based his system were set out in a book would perhaps be to keep the mother in the trainingMANY
us
"
published in 1920 (Perfect Sight without Glasses),
and
edition containing fewer technicalities has now appeared under the less ambitious title Good Sight without Glasses Bates held that the lens plays no part in accommodation, which he thought was achieved by a shortening of the globe produced by the action of the extra-ocular muscles. Refraction, he held, is constantly changing and errors of refraction are induced by restlessness or strain." He considered, moreover, that cataract, glaucoma, and optic atrophy are also produced by strain, though of a different type. It followed that
a new
"
of Communicable Diseases: Contribution to the International Nomenclature of Diseases. By Yves Biraud. London: Allen and Unwin. Pp. 556. 4s. MD. 2. The Bates Method of Good Sight without Glasses. William H.
1.
Polyglot Glossary
Bates, MD.
(Faber.
Pp. 159.
10s. 6d.)
home without some prison-like restrictions, or the threat of prison; and this would mean associating the children with the penal aspect of their case. They could hardly fail to acquire some stigma with their contemporaries. Moreover, during the training period, those of -school age would presumably have to go to the school nearest the trainingshome, thus interrupting their attendance at their usual school. Finally the mother-might feel that the father was getting off too lightly. She is to be uprooted from her home and taught her business by a stranger, for which her neighbours will later laugh at her ; whereas he gets offwith cleaning the house-once.
A start might perhaps be made by giving courses in household management to mothers serving terms of
about
more
quickly by
FEVERS
IN
EVERY TONGUE
be considered glasses unnecessary, in fact harmful : ’* If the patient does not go on to cataract, glaucoma, or inflammation of the retina he may consider himself fortunate." Bates ignored, of course, much established clinical and experimental work. In denying the role of the lens in accommodation he harked back a hundred years or more, supporting his thesis by some rather crude demonstrations on the eye of a fish ; though it had already been shown that the mechanism of accommodation in fishes differs from that of mammals. He also denied the action of atropine on the unstriped ciliary muscle, and ascribed its action to an effect on the external muscles though these are striated. Since
atropine acts by paralysing parasympathetic
nerve-
find difficulty in interpreting the exact of endings, it is hard to see how he justified this opinion. of in foreign languages we know fairly writers meaning Nor is it easy to accept an experiment in which he well, when it comes to descriptions of communicable claimed to show that accommodation resulted from diseases like measles, typhoid, or anthrax. English words stimulating the external rectus with an electric current. identical with, or very similar to, the French, Spanish, or This effect was abolished when the muscle was cut, but German terms often connote quite different ideas. One immediately reappeared when the muscle was tied up has only to look at the word anthrax, which in the oriagain, without any interval for regeneration of the ginal Greek &ngr;&thgr;&rgr;&agr;&xgr; means charcoal, but in English-11 injured muscle and nerve. He regarded refractive disease due to B. anthracis, and in France and Spain a errors as an expression of mental restlessness, and his carbuncle or conglomeration of boils. Typhus in France remarkably rapid retinoscopies convinced him that the and England stands for exanthematic typhus, while in refraction of an eye may vary from emmetropia to Germany it means typhoid or enteric fever, sometimes 20 D myopia within a second. But if Bates’s physiology and clinical observations qualified by the adjective " abdominalis." Belgians and French-speaking Swiss also call enteric or typhoid are unsatisfactory, his work and that of his followers typhus." Even when Latin terminology is employed contains an important lesson. Ophthalmologists have the fog is no less dense, for Latin names of communicable not been sufficiently conscious of the truism that there diseases are subject to different interpretations in differare none so blind as those who won’t see : by confusing ent countries. Rubeola at times means measles (Latin, the process of seeing with the act of seeing they have morbilli), at others rubella, rotein or German measles. been apt to overlook a strong subjective element in their From this may arise serious complications-a telegram patients’ sight. Bates and his followers do not make to the Red Cross at Geneva for typhus vaccine, for this particular mistake. example, may result in the despatch, of typhoid vaccine. THE NEGLECTFUL PARENT Errors in death certification are almost unavoidable. are punished by imprisonment for WHEN parents of of Dr. Yves Biraud, head the League Nations service neglect of their children two problems are at once created of epidemiological intelligence, has compiled a volume to send the children while the parents are serving giving all known terms for communicable diseases in Latin -where their and how to prevent them from neglecting the term, and 23 modern European languages. Dr. Biraud is careful children again when they are released. Imprisonment to explain that Gaelic disease-names have not been of parents is no doubt an out-of-date method of treatment included because he considers, and justly, that English for this disorder, and any measure that would teach them is still " one of the national languages of Eire." He does to look after children properly would be more satisfacnot claim that it is a complete list, and with a wise eye to tory. In the Manchester Guardian of Jan. 1, Miss M. future editions, invites the collaboration of the reader Artemus-Jones suggests the establishment of small in supplying names which may have escaped the observacottage institutions, run on the simplest possible lines, he due But to whom credit. his tion of assistants, gives where mothers, taking their children with them, could be it is the work of an extraordinaxily patient and industritaught child care by matrons with practical experience. ous compiler, whose perspicacity and discernment are Neglect, as she points out, is often rooted in mere inefficievident in every page, and with its copious indices will be ency : but the mother who is incompetent to carry out a godsend to the serious student, however expert a her tasks of cleaning and cooking, and lets things drift, linguist he may be. could hardly fail to benefit by simple training in method. THE BATES METHOD The father would be required to contribute to the upkeep FEW of us would wear spectacles if we could find a, of the family while in the training home, and perhaps to clean up the house against their return. way to improve bad sight without them ; hence the The proposal is attractive, though the cost of the attraction of the method devised by the late t)r. W. H. scheme might be substantial. A more serious difficulty Bates is perfectly understandable. The assumptions on which he based his system were set out in a book would perhaps be to keep the mother in the trainingMANY
us
"
published in 1920 (Perfect Sight without Glasses),
and
edition containing fewer technicalities has now appeared under the less ambitious title Good Sight without Glasses Bates held that the lens plays no part in accommodation, which he thought was achieved by a shortening of the globe produced by the action of the extra-ocular muscles. Refraction, he held, is constantly changing and errors of refraction are induced by restlessness or strain." He considered, moreover, that cataract, glaucoma, and optic atrophy are also produced by strain, though of a different type. It followed that
a new
"
of Communicable Diseases: Contribution to the International Nomenclature of Diseases. By Yves Biraud. London: Allen and Unwin. Pp. 556. 4s. MD. 2. The Bates Method of Good Sight without Glasses. William H.
1.
Polyglot Glossary
Bates, MD.
(Faber.
Pp. 159.
10s. 6d.)
home without some prison-like restrictions, or the threat of prison; and this would mean associating the children with the penal aspect of their case. They could hardly fail to acquire some stigma with their contemporaries. Moreover, during the training period, those of -school age would presumably have to go to the school nearest the trainingshome, thus interrupting their attendance at their usual school. Finally the mother-might feel that the father was getting off too lightly. She is to be uprooted from her home and taught her business by a stranger, for which her neighbours will later laugh at her ; whereas he gets offwith cleaning the house-once.
A start might perhaps be made by giving courses in household management to mothers serving terms of