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Fiber Bragg grating and its application in external cavity semiconductor laser
G Model IJLEO-52817; No. of Pages 3
ARTICLE IN PRESS Optik xxx (2013) xxx–xxx
Contents lists available at SciVerse ScienceDirect
Optik journal homepage: www.elsevier.de/ijleo
Fiber Bragg grating and its application in external cavity semiconductor laser Lili Wang a,∗ , Jianhua Ren b , Hongguang Li a , Tonggang Zhao b , Qingfeng Xu c , Xinhua Chang a , Lingling Zhao a a b c
School of Information and Electrical Engineering, Ludong University, Hong Qi Middle Street 186, Yantai, 264025, Shandong, PR China School of Electronic & Engineering, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing 100876, PR China School of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Ludong University, Hong Qi Middle Street 186, Yantai, 264025, Shandong, PR China
a r t i c l e
i n f o
Article history: Received 29 June 2012 Accepted 15 November 2012 Keywords: Fiber Bragg grating FBG-ECL Equivalent reflectance
a b s t r a c t The FBG-ECL fabricated using the interactions of laser diodes with fiber Bragg gratings has important role in optical communications. In this paper the comparison analysis of fiber Bragg grating and it’s application in FBG-ECL are described in detail. The important parameters such as the bandwidth, SMSR and optimal output power of the FBG-ECL were analyzed deeply in the paper. The influence of the two important parameters (the residual reflectivity and external cavity length) on the FBG-ECL characteristic was given.
1. Introduction The practical research and application of fiber Bragg gratings (FBG’s) have resulted in a variety of important technological advances in fiber-based devices such as optical fiber lasers [1,2], fiber amplifiers [3]. Despite the FBG’s significant advantages, such as low insertion loss, high return loss and simplicity in fabrication, the most distinguishing feature of fiber-based devices was the flexibile spectral characteristics which mainly depends on the fiber grating. The external cavity semiconductor lasers have long been considered an attractive way to achieve tunable laser output because of its strong frequency-selectivity. Some researches [4–7] have shown that the performance of FBG-ECL such as threshold current were significantly affected by the existence of the residual feedback from passive external fiber Bragg grating reflector and the SMSR was closely relate to the external cavity length. However, many optimal operating conditions for achieving high power, narrow linewidth output still remain unclear. In this paper, a detailed analysis of a Bragg grating reflector based FBG-ECL laser was presented, the important parameters such as the length of fiber grating, refractive index, grating period, external cavity length and so on which strongly affects the characteristics of FBG-ECL were analyzed, and the theoretical analysis was confirmed by the following numerical simulation.
© 2013 Elsevier GmbH. All rights reserved.
2. Uniform Bragg grating and FBG-ECL simulation The coupled-mode equations of optical fiber grating was [8]:
⎧ dR ⎪ = iR + iKS ⎨ dz
dz
Using the T-matrix formalism the reflectivity of a uniform Bragg grating was given by the following expression:
Rg =
K 2 sinh2 ( K 2 cosh2
K 2 − 2 L)
(2)
K 2 − 2L − 2
The fiber Bragg grating may be coupled to a semiconductor laser chip to obtain a FBG-ECL [9–11] whose configuration was shown in Fig. 1.The 1548 nm laser diode has its anti-reflection coated (AR) facet facing the fiber, and the fiber end was coupled directly to the diode, the other end of the fiber act as the end reflector of the external cavity. With anti-reflection coating on the semiconductor chip, the lasing wavelength may be selected by choosing the appropriate fiber Bragg grating. With the equivalent external cavity approximation, the equivalent reflectance [12] reff of the left end B becomes: reff =
∗ Corresponding author. E-mail address: [email protected] (L. Wang).
(1)
⎪ ⎩ dS = −i S − iKR
L r2 + rg exp −i 4 ex
1 + r2 rg exp −i 4 L ex
(3)
r2 was the reflectance of the left end B in Fig. 5, was the coupling coefficient between the laser diode and the grating, rg was the grating reflectance, Lex was the length of the external cavity.
0030-4026/$ – see front matter © 2013 Elsevier GmbH. All rights reserved. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijleo.2012.12.017
Please cite this article in press as: L. Wang, et al., Fiber Bragg grating and its application in external cavity semiconductor laser, Optik Int. J. Light Electron Opt. (2013), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijleo.2012.12.017
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Fig. 1. Schematic of FBG-ECL configuration.
Fig. 2(a) showed the spectral profile of three uniform Bragg gratings with different length. The plots clearly demonstrated that the bandwidth of the gratings decreased with increasing length. The 1-cm long uniform grating has a bandwidth of approximately 0.08 nm, the 2-cm long grating was 0.05 nm and the 5-cm long grating Exhibits 0.032 nm bandwidth. In practice, the FBG was often used as a filter or a high reflector in FBG-ECL. The FBG-ECL consisted of a certain long fiber with Bragg gratings at the end providing feedback to the laser cavity, at the same time the FBG served as a coupler to output laser with approximately 0.5–0.9 reflectivity in consideration of the requirement of output power and SMSR (side-mode suppression ratio). Fig. 2(b) was the equivalent reflectivity spectrum profile versus wavelength when r2 was different. Compared with the reflection spectral in the uniform grating as shown in Fig. 2, it was clear that the reflectivity decreased from 58.1% to 20.3% when r2 = 0 at = 1541 nm, so the quality of the AR-coating was critical to the performance of this device, as even weak residual reflections can result in variation in the reflectivity spectrum. Reducing the facet reflectivity r2 to be less than 10−4 has been proposed [13] to eliminate this problem. In addition, it was clear that the reflectivity decreased from 28.6% to 21.8% whereas the maximum SMSR (sidemode suppression ratio) decreased from 33 dB to 4.1 dB when r2 was increased from 0 to 0.2. The increasing of the SMSR was caused by change of the laser threshold value which was affected by the residual reflectivity r2 . Fig. 3(a) showed the grating peak reflectivity decreased when the grating period ranging from tens of micrometers to tens
Fig. 2. The reflection spectral for uniform FBG (a) and the equivalent reflection spectral for FBG-ECL (b) versus wavelength. (a) The solid, dashed, and dotted lines correspond to L = 1 cm, 2 cm, 5 cm, eff = 1.45, ıeff = 1 × 10−5 . (b) The various spectral profile correspond to different r2 , L = 3 cm, Lex = 0.01 m, the other parameter was the same as those in (a).
Fig. 3. The reflectivity versus grating period for uniform FBG (a) and the equivalent reflectivity for FBG-ECL (b) when r2 = 0.1, = 0.8, Lex = 0.5 m. The other parameter was the same as those in Fig. 2.
of millimeters, but the grating peak reflectivity increased when increasing the grating length L. The grating peak reflectivity increased from 0.18 to 0.66 when the grating period = 0.48 m, so the grating period and length determined whether the grating has a high or low reflectivity over a wide or narrow range of wavelengths. Therefore, these parameters determined whether the Bragg grating acts as a narrow-band high-reflectance mirror in FBG-ECL, or a wavelength-selective filter removing unwanted laser
Fig. 4. The output power of FBG-ECL versus (a) the grating reflectance (b) the external cavity length.
Please cite this article in press as: L. Wang, et al., Fiber Bragg grating and its application in external cavity semiconductor laser, Optik Int. J. Light Electron Opt. (2013), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijleo.2012.12.017
G Model IJLEO-52817; No. of Pages 3
ARTICLE IN PRESS L. Wang et al. / Optik xxx (2013) xxx–xxx
3
grating and a Bragg grating reflector based FBG-ECL laser was presented, the important parameters such as the length of fiber grating L, grating period , external cavity length Lex and residual reflectivity r2 which strongly affects the characteristics of FBG-ECL were analyzed, and the theoretical analysis was confirmed by the following numerical simulation. The simulation results showed the bandwidth and the SMSR of FBG-ECL were determined mainly by the residual reflectivity and the optimal output power were determined by the external length when fiber grating reflectivity certain. Acknowledgements
Fig. 5. The bandwidth versus grating length for FBG-ECL.
frequencies in WDM. As well as we know B = 2eff , where B was the designed wavelength. So if this property was full used, many physical parameters can be measured such as tension, pressure, temperature and so on through grating sensor whose small shifts in the Bragg wavelength B indicated the changes of the sensing parameters. Fig. 3(b) showed the equivalent reflectivity of FBG-ECL versus the grating period . Compared with the grating reflectivity as shown in Fig. 3(a) when L = 5 cm, the equivalent reflectivity decreased with given grating period because of the existence of the residual reflectivity r2 and coupling efficiency , the reflectivity decreased from 0.55 to 0.41 compared with the peak reflectivity in the uniform grating as shown in Fig. 4 when = 0.56 m. Fig. 4(a) showed the normalized output power of FBG-ECL versus the grating reflectance rg for different external cavity length Lex . The optimal reflectance of fiber grating was 0.37 and 0.32 when Lex = 1 m and 0.9 m, respectively. The other parameter was = 0.8, rg = 0.6, B = 1.55 m, r2 = 0.1. Fig. 4(b) was the maximum output power versus the external cavity length Lex when given fiber grating reflectance rg , the optimal Lex = 0.3 m when rg = 0.6. This would mainly be due to the power reallocation which come from modecompetition caused by the change of cavity length. Fig. 5 showed the theoretical FBG-ECL’s bandwidth versus the grating length for uniform grating, the bandwidth decreased and stabilized (0.03 nm) along with the increasing of grating length. But in practical, any strain or temperature fluctuations in manufacturing the grating will cause the broadening the spectral responses of the Bragg grating. 3. Conclusion Fiber Bragg gratings have clearly enhanced the performance of the FBG-ECL. In this paper, a detailed analysis of the fiber Bragg
This work was supported by Science & Technology Development Program of Shandong Province no. 2011YD01078, the Promotive Research Fund for Young and Middle-aged Scientisits of Shandong Province no. BS2011DX005, High School Science & Technology Program of Shandong Province no. J11LA11, Shandong province Natural Science Foundation no. Zr2011aq023. References [1] P. Peterka, J. Maria, B. Dussardier, R. Slavík, P. Honzátko, V. Kubeˇcek, Longperiod fiber grating as wavelength selective element in double-clad Yb-doped fiber-ring lasers, Laser Phys. Lett. 6 (10) (2009) 732–736. [2] N. Lizárraga, N.P. Puente, E.I. Chaikina, T.A. Leskova, E.R. Méndez, Single-mode Er-doped fiber random laser with distributed Bragg grating feedback, Opt. Express 17 (2) (2009) 395–404. [3] Y. Zaouter, J. Boullet, E. Mottay, E. Cormier, Transform-limited 100 J, 340 MW pulses from a nonlinear-fiber chirped-pulse amplifier using a mismatched grating stretcher–compressor, Opt. Lett. 33 (13) (2008) 1527–1529. [4] D. Syvridis, A. Argyris, A. Bogris, M. Hamacher, I. Giles, Integrated devices for optical chaos generation and communication applications, IEEE J. Quantum Electron. 45 (11) (2009) http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpl/ tocresult.jsp?isnumber=52843231421-1428 [5] R.A. Cendejas, M.C. Phillips, T.L. Myers, M.S. Taubman, Single-mode, narrowlinewidth external cavity quantum cascade laser through optical feedback from a partial-reflector, Opt. Express 18 (25) (2010) 26037–26045. [6] J.M. El-Azab, A.M. El-Nadi, A global study of the influence of optical feedback on a semiconductor laser diode, EUROCON Warsaw, 2007, pp. 1208–1213. [7] L.A. Coldren, S.W. Corzine, Diode Lasers and Photonic Integrated Circuits, Wiley, New York, 1995. [8] H. Kogelnik, Optical Communications, Wiley, New York, 2007. [9] O. Balogun, S. Krishnaswamy, A fiber Bragg grating based tunable laser source for quasi-static and dynamic strain monitoring, Proc. of SPIE 7295 (2009), 72950I-72950I-9. [10] S.K. Liaw, K.L. Hung, Y.T. Lin, C.C. Chiang, C.S. Shin, C-band continuously tunable lasers using tunable fiber Bragg gratings, Opt. Laser Technol. 39 (2007) 1214–1217. [11] L.L. Wang, P. Wang, X.Y. Qiu, Performance analysis of wavelength conversion using a light-injected laser diode based on improved rate equations, Opt. Commun. 281 (8) (2008) 2279–2284. [12] H. Kakiuchida, J. Ohtsubo, Characteristics of a semiconductor laser with external feedback, IEEE J. Quantam Electron. 30 (9) (1994) 2087–2097. [13] R.J. Campbell, J.R. Armitage, G. Sherlock, D.L. Williams, R. Payne, M. Robertson, R. Wyatt, Wavelength stable uncooled fiber grating semiconductor laser for use in an all optical WDM access network, Electron. Lett. 32 (1996) 119–120.
Please cite this article in press as: L. Wang, et al., Fiber Bragg grating and its application in external cavity semiconductor laser, Optik Int. J. Light Electron Opt. (2013), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijleo.2012.12.017
ARTICLE IN PRESS Optik xxx (2013) xxx–xxx
Contents lists available at SciVerse ScienceDirect
Optik journal homepage: www.elsevier.de/ijleo
Fiber Bragg grating and its application in external cavity semiconductor laser Lili Wang a,∗ , Jianhua Ren b , Hongguang Li a , Tonggang Zhao b , Qingfeng Xu c , Xinhua Chang a , Lingling Zhao a a b c
School of Information and Electrical Engineering, Ludong University, Hong Qi Middle Street 186, Yantai, 264025, Shandong, PR China School of Electronic & Engineering, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing 100876, PR China School of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Ludong University, Hong Qi Middle Street 186, Yantai, 264025, Shandong, PR China
a r t i c l e
i n f o
Article history: Received 29 June 2012 Accepted 15 November 2012 Keywords: Fiber Bragg grating FBG-ECL Equivalent reflectance
a b s t r a c t The FBG-ECL fabricated using the interactions of laser diodes with fiber Bragg gratings has important role in optical communications. In this paper the comparison analysis of fiber Bragg grating and it’s application in FBG-ECL are described in detail. The important parameters such as the bandwidth, SMSR and optimal output power of the FBG-ECL were analyzed deeply in the paper. The influence of the two important parameters (the residual reflectivity and external cavity length) on the FBG-ECL characteristic was given.
1. Introduction The practical research and application of fiber Bragg gratings (FBG’s) have resulted in a variety of important technological advances in fiber-based devices such as optical fiber lasers [1,2], fiber amplifiers [3]. Despite the FBG’s significant advantages, such as low insertion loss, high return loss and simplicity in fabrication, the most distinguishing feature of fiber-based devices was the flexibile spectral characteristics which mainly depends on the fiber grating. The external cavity semiconductor lasers have long been considered an attractive way to achieve tunable laser output because of its strong frequency-selectivity. Some researches [4–7] have shown that the performance of FBG-ECL such as threshold current were significantly affected by the existence of the residual feedback from passive external fiber Bragg grating reflector and the SMSR was closely relate to the external cavity length. However, many optimal operating conditions for achieving high power, narrow linewidth output still remain unclear. In this paper, a detailed analysis of a Bragg grating reflector based FBG-ECL laser was presented, the important parameters such as the length of fiber grating, refractive index, grating period, external cavity length and so on which strongly affects the characteristics of FBG-ECL were analyzed, and the theoretical analysis was confirmed by the following numerical simulation.
© 2013 Elsevier GmbH. All rights reserved.
2. Uniform Bragg grating and FBG-ECL simulation The coupled-mode equations of optical fiber grating was [8]:
⎧ dR ⎪ = iR + iKS ⎨ dz
dz
Using the T-matrix formalism the reflectivity of a uniform Bragg grating was given by the following expression:
Rg =
K 2 sinh2 ( K 2 cosh2
K 2 − 2 L)
(2)
K 2 − 2L − 2
The fiber Bragg grating may be coupled to a semiconductor laser chip to obtain a FBG-ECL [9–11] whose configuration was shown in Fig. 1.The 1548 nm laser diode has its anti-reflection coated (AR) facet facing the fiber, and the fiber end was coupled directly to the diode, the other end of the fiber act as the end reflector of the external cavity. With anti-reflection coating on the semiconductor chip, the lasing wavelength may be selected by choosing the appropriate fiber Bragg grating. With the equivalent external cavity approximation, the equivalent reflectance [12] reff of the left end B becomes: reff =
∗ Corresponding author. E-mail address: [email protected] (L. Wang).
(1)
⎪ ⎩ dS = −i S − iKR
L r2 + rg exp −i 4 ex
1 + r2 rg exp −i 4 L ex
(3)
r2 was the reflectance of the left end B in Fig. 5, was the coupling coefficient between the laser diode and the grating, rg was the grating reflectance, Lex was the length of the external cavity.
0030-4026/$ – see front matter © 2013 Elsevier GmbH. All rights reserved. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijleo.2012.12.017
Please cite this article in press as: L. Wang, et al., Fiber Bragg grating and its application in external cavity semiconductor laser, Optik Int. J. Light Electron Opt. (2013), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijleo.2012.12.017
G Model IJLEO-52817; No. of Pages 3
ARTICLE IN PRESS L. Wang et al. / Optik xxx (2013) xxx–xxx
2
Fig. 1. Schematic of FBG-ECL configuration.
Fig. 2(a) showed the spectral profile of three uniform Bragg gratings with different length. The plots clearly demonstrated that the bandwidth of the gratings decreased with increasing length. The 1-cm long uniform grating has a bandwidth of approximately 0.08 nm, the 2-cm long grating was 0.05 nm and the 5-cm long grating Exhibits 0.032 nm bandwidth. In practice, the FBG was often used as a filter or a high reflector in FBG-ECL. The FBG-ECL consisted of a certain long fiber with Bragg gratings at the end providing feedback to the laser cavity, at the same time the FBG served as a coupler to output laser with approximately 0.5–0.9 reflectivity in consideration of the requirement of output power and SMSR (side-mode suppression ratio). Fig. 2(b) was the equivalent reflectivity spectrum profile versus wavelength when r2 was different. Compared with the reflection spectral in the uniform grating as shown in Fig. 2, it was clear that the reflectivity decreased from 58.1% to 20.3% when r2 = 0 at = 1541 nm, so the quality of the AR-coating was critical to the performance of this device, as even weak residual reflections can result in variation in the reflectivity spectrum. Reducing the facet reflectivity r2 to be less than 10−4 has been proposed [13] to eliminate this problem. In addition, it was clear that the reflectivity decreased from 28.6% to 21.8% whereas the maximum SMSR (sidemode suppression ratio) decreased from 33 dB to 4.1 dB when r2 was increased from 0 to 0.2. The increasing of the SMSR was caused by change of the laser threshold value which was affected by the residual reflectivity r2 . Fig. 3(a) showed the grating peak reflectivity decreased when the grating period ranging from tens of micrometers to tens
Fig. 2. The reflection spectral for uniform FBG (a) and the equivalent reflection spectral for FBG-ECL (b) versus wavelength. (a) The solid, dashed, and dotted lines correspond to L = 1 cm, 2 cm, 5 cm, eff = 1.45, ıeff = 1 × 10−5 . (b) The various spectral profile correspond to different r2 , L = 3 cm, Lex = 0.01 m, the other parameter was the same as those in (a).
Fig. 3. The reflectivity versus grating period for uniform FBG (a) and the equivalent reflectivity for FBG-ECL (b) when r2 = 0.1, = 0.8, Lex = 0.5 m. The other parameter was the same as those in Fig. 2.
of millimeters, but the grating peak reflectivity increased when increasing the grating length L. The grating peak reflectivity increased from 0.18 to 0.66 when the grating period = 0.48 m, so the grating period and length determined whether the grating has a high or low reflectivity over a wide or narrow range of wavelengths. Therefore, these parameters determined whether the Bragg grating acts as a narrow-band high-reflectance mirror in FBG-ECL, or a wavelength-selective filter removing unwanted laser
Fig. 4. The output power of FBG-ECL versus (a) the grating reflectance (b) the external cavity length.
Please cite this article in press as: L. Wang, et al., Fiber Bragg grating and its application in external cavity semiconductor laser, Optik Int. J. Light Electron Opt. (2013), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijleo.2012.12.017
G Model IJLEO-52817; No. of Pages 3
ARTICLE IN PRESS L. Wang et al. / Optik xxx (2013) xxx–xxx
3
grating and a Bragg grating reflector based FBG-ECL laser was presented, the important parameters such as the length of fiber grating L, grating period , external cavity length Lex and residual reflectivity r2 which strongly affects the characteristics of FBG-ECL were analyzed, and the theoretical analysis was confirmed by the following numerical simulation. The simulation results showed the bandwidth and the SMSR of FBG-ECL were determined mainly by the residual reflectivity and the optimal output power were determined by the external length when fiber grating reflectivity certain. Acknowledgements
Fig. 5. The bandwidth versus grating length for FBG-ECL.
frequencies in WDM. As well as we know B = 2eff , where B was the designed wavelength. So if this property was full used, many physical parameters can be measured such as tension, pressure, temperature and so on through grating sensor whose small shifts in the Bragg wavelength B indicated the changes of the sensing parameters. Fig. 3(b) showed the equivalent reflectivity of FBG-ECL versus the grating period . Compared with the grating reflectivity as shown in Fig. 3(a) when L = 5 cm, the equivalent reflectivity decreased with given grating period because of the existence of the residual reflectivity r2 and coupling efficiency , the reflectivity decreased from 0.55 to 0.41 compared with the peak reflectivity in the uniform grating as shown in Fig. 4 when = 0.56 m. Fig. 4(a) showed the normalized output power of FBG-ECL versus the grating reflectance rg for different external cavity length Lex . The optimal reflectance of fiber grating was 0.37 and 0.32 when Lex = 1 m and 0.9 m, respectively. The other parameter was = 0.8, rg = 0.6, B = 1.55 m, r2 = 0.1. Fig. 4(b) was the maximum output power versus the external cavity length Lex when given fiber grating reflectance rg , the optimal Lex = 0.3 m when rg = 0.6. This would mainly be due to the power reallocation which come from modecompetition caused by the change of cavity length. Fig. 5 showed the theoretical FBG-ECL’s bandwidth versus the grating length for uniform grating, the bandwidth decreased and stabilized (0.03 nm) along with the increasing of grating length. But in practical, any strain or temperature fluctuations in manufacturing the grating will cause the broadening the spectral responses of the Bragg grating. 3. Conclusion Fiber Bragg gratings have clearly enhanced the performance of the FBG-ECL. In this paper, a detailed analysis of the fiber Bragg
This work was supported by Science & Technology Development Program of Shandong Province no. 2011YD01078, the Promotive Research Fund for Young and Middle-aged Scientisits of Shandong Province no. BS2011DX005, High School Science & Technology Program of Shandong Province no. J11LA11, Shandong province Natural Science Foundation no. Zr2011aq023. References [1] P. Peterka, J. Maria, B. Dussardier, R. Slavík, P. Honzátko, V. Kubeˇcek, Longperiod fiber grating as wavelength selective element in double-clad Yb-doped fiber-ring lasers, Laser Phys. Lett. 6 (10) (2009) 732–736. [2] N. Lizárraga, N.P. Puente, E.I. Chaikina, T.A. Leskova, E.R. Méndez, Single-mode Er-doped fiber random laser with distributed Bragg grating feedback, Opt. Express 17 (2) (2009) 395–404. [3] Y. Zaouter, J. Boullet, E. Mottay, E. Cormier, Transform-limited 100 J, 340 MW pulses from a nonlinear-fiber chirped-pulse amplifier using a mismatched grating stretcher–compressor, Opt. Lett. 33 (13) (2008) 1527–1529. [4] D. Syvridis, A. Argyris, A. Bogris, M. Hamacher, I. Giles, Integrated devices for optical chaos generation and communication applications, IEEE J. Quantum Electron. 45 (11) (2009) http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpl/ tocresult.jsp?isnumber=52843231421-1428 [5] R.A. Cendejas, M.C. Phillips, T.L. Myers, M.S. Taubman, Single-mode, narrowlinewidth external cavity quantum cascade laser through optical feedback from a partial-reflector, Opt. Express 18 (25) (2010) 26037–26045. [6] J.M. El-Azab, A.M. El-Nadi, A global study of the influence of optical feedback on a semiconductor laser diode, EUROCON Warsaw, 2007, pp. 1208–1213. [7] L.A. Coldren, S.W. Corzine, Diode Lasers and Photonic Integrated Circuits, Wiley, New York, 1995. [8] H. Kogelnik, Optical Communications, Wiley, New York, 2007. [9] O. Balogun, S. Krishnaswamy, A fiber Bragg grating based tunable laser source for quasi-static and dynamic strain monitoring, Proc. of SPIE 7295 (2009), 72950I-72950I-9. [10] S.K. Liaw, K.L. Hung, Y.T. Lin, C.C. Chiang, C.S. Shin, C-band continuously tunable lasers using tunable fiber Bragg gratings, Opt. Laser Technol. 39 (2007) 1214–1217. [11] L.L. Wang, P. Wang, X.Y. Qiu, Performance analysis of wavelength conversion using a light-injected laser diode based on improved rate equations, Opt. Commun. 281 (8) (2008) 2279–2284. [12] H. Kakiuchida, J. Ohtsubo, Characteristics of a semiconductor laser with external feedback, IEEE J. Quantam Electron. 30 (9) (1994) 2087–2097. [13] R.J. Campbell, J.R. Armitage, G. Sherlock, D.L. Williams, R. Payne, M. Robertson, R. Wyatt, Wavelength stable uncooled fiber grating semiconductor laser for use in an all optical WDM access network, Electron. Lett. 32 (1996) 119–120.
Please cite this article in press as: L. Wang, et al., Fiber Bragg grating and its application in external cavity semiconductor laser, Optik Int. J. Light Electron Opt. (2013), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijleo.2012.12.017