Fifty Years of the American Dairy Science Association

Fifty Years of the American Dairy Science Association G. ~[ALCOL),f TROUT Historian of the Association Dairy Department, Michigan State University, East La~sing

The story of the American Dairy Science Organization and Early Development Association is intimately interwoven with the The original name of the Association was history of agricultural education in America and with the spectacular development of the "National Association of Dairy Instructors and dairy industry. Although the Morrill Act of Investigators." Illinois Agricultural Experi1862, signed by Abraham Lincoln, created Land- ment Station Circular 111 gives the following Grant colleges, the agri- concise information relative to the establishcultural student enroll- ment of the organization: "A meeting of the heads of Dairy Dement at the turn of the partments and Dairy Investigators was 20th century was comparatively small. called by Professor W. J. Fraser, of the University of Illinois, J u l y 17, 1906, while The development of the Graduate School of Agriculture was in d a i r y training was hamsession at that institution, and the National pered by a lack of sciAssociation of Dairy Instructors and Inentific knowledge, suitvestigators was organized with eighteen able textbooks, and [sic] members enrolled. Professor F r a s e r qualified instructors. The was made Chairman of the meeting, and early agricultural and C. B. Lane of the Department of Agriculdairy training was centure, Secretary and Treasurer." tered around botany, chemistry, physics, and A constitution was adopted embodying only G. lYl. Trout nmthenmtics, for it was 98 words and providing for membership of in those fields that texts dairy instructors and investigators (of college for instruction were available. Both books and rank) from the agricultural colleges, experihigher education in agriculture were sought in ment stations, and dairy divisions of the United Europe. States and Canada upon payment of fifty cents The Hatch Act of 1887 authorized federal to the secretary-treasurer. grants for the establishment of agricultural exBefore the 3-day session ended, 17 papers periment stations. Soon, in research centers were read; visits to the dairy barn and univerlocated generally at the state Land-Grant col- sity farm were made; the nmjor dairy problege, studies were being nmde on what seemed lems of the day were discussed; seven new to be the most pressing problems. By 1900, committees, in addition to the executive commany fundamental discoveries in dairying had mittee composed of the officers of the associabeen introduced. The principles of pasteuriza- tion, were appointed "to nmke a careful study tion, condensing, separating, acidity and fat of various subjects, looking to more uniform testing, refrigeration, and homogenization had and efficient work"; the report of the Commitbeen laid down. tee on Permanent Organization was adopted; F i f t y years ago the dairy industry was under- and a noncharter, nonattending member from going tremendous change. The introduction of Corne]l University was elected as the first presithe Babcock test and the farm cream separator dent of the newly formed organization. The discussion at the meeting was brief. I t gave an impetus to farm cream production and the establishment of centralizers and creameries. included recognition by Professor Eckles of the Milk depots were distributing milk, and cheese organization's responsibility in forming associations to test cows, something the farmer factories were increasing in numbers. would not do for himself, and arrangements As a result of the increase in number of for a second meeting, "about J u l y l s t " the next dairy plants, trained men were needed. The year. Appreciation was expressed to Professor denmnd grew for special dairy departments and Fraser, who had taken the initiative to call the separate dairy curricula in state universities. group together and who served as chairman of The need for specific training in dairy produc- the first meeting. tion and dairy manufactures was recognized. Considerable thought had been given previSeveral schools, Cornell, Iowa, Wisconsin, Purously to an organization of the dairy instructors due, Pennsylvania, Ohio, Missouri, Minnesota, of the several colleges. C. C. Hayden, Ohio, Ontario, and Illinois, gave instruction in dairy- charter member, writes: ing. The foregoing was the general status of dairy instruction and research facilities when "The 'Association' originated at a session the American Dairy Science Association was of the 'Graduate School of Agriculture' founded in July, 1906. held one year earlier (1905) at the Ohio 625

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CHARTER MEMBERS NATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF DAIRY INSTRUCTORS AND INVESTIGATORS JULY, 1906 F r o n t R o w : C. C. Hayden, Illinois; J. W. Decker, Ohio; C. F. Donne, U. S. Dairy Div.; W. J. Fraser, Illinois; H. A. Hopper, Illinois. Middle R o w : J. M. Trueman, Illinois; C.H. Eckles, Missouri; Ed. H. Webster, U. S. Dairy Div.; A. C. True, Div. Office Expt. Stats.; H. H. Dean, Canada; C. B. Lane, U. S. Dairy Div.; F. R. Rasnmssen, Iowa. Back R o w : C. E. Lee, Illinois; O. F. Hunziker, Ind.; E. S. Guthrie, Ohio; H. E. Van Norman, Penna.; Charles Thom, U. S. Dairy Div.; E. Davenport, Dean, Ill.; B. D. White, U. S. Dairy Dept.

State University. Professor Fraser of Illinois and a few other dairymen got the idea and discussed it. Professor Fraser was asked to call a meeting of those interested. The call went out to meet at Illinois with the Graduate School of Agriculture, and a program was prepared . . . . " The second annual meeting of the new Association was held in Chicago, October :11, 1907, in connection with the National Dairy Show. The attendance was meagre. Within 16 months of the first meeting, the underlying principles for successful successive meetings as laid down 0t Urbana, namely, that the meeting should be held during the summer and on a college campus, had been ignored. Consequently, the prevailing enthusiasm at Urbana was lacking in Chicago. Twenty-one attended the banquet, which was followed by the business meeting;

the president made his address; reports from six committees were received and discussed; and officers for the next year were elected. The first president, Raymond A. Pearson of Cornell University, and also vice-president E r f and secretary-treasurer Lane were reelected to succeed themselves for another year. Not until 1931 were the by-laws of the constitution changed to limit the presidency to one year. The third annual gathering of the members of the Association (meanwhile changed to "Official Dairy Instructors' Association") was on the campus of Cornell University, July 22, :1908. Membership had increased from the 17 charter members to 69 from 26 states, the District of Columbia, and Canada. This third conference had certain characteristics which destined it to become of historical significance. In the first place, membership was up, attendance was relatively high, and the interest was good.

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Second, the president serving his second year confined his address to a few remarks, emphasizing the need of interesting competent young men in the dairy industry. Third, the program consisted not of topic papers by individuals, v,Thich featured the first meeting, but of thorough, thought-provoking, action-stimulating' committee reports. Fourth, these committee reports were to become in large part the guide for the thinking of the members of the Association for years to come. With possibly one exception, complete reports were presented on the following subjects: "Dairy score card"; "National dairy register of merit"; "Our relations to the National Dairy Show"; "Courses of instruction"; "Experimental work: production"; "Experimental work: manufactures"; "Standards for dairy products"; "Extension work"; "Extension work in the United States"; "Official testing"' ; "Cooperative work" ; and "Cow test associations." Already the leadership of the Association was manifesting itself in the development of score cards, standards for products, rules for dairy cattle judging contests, testing and identification of dairy cows, instruction and research, and even in dairy extension, which was not to be recognized and provided for officially by the United States govermnent until the passage of the Smith-Lever Act of 1914. As a result of the Cornell conference and through the activity of a segment of the new organization, the first college dairy cattle judging contest was set for December 3, 1908. This contest has been held virtually every year since its establishment. Unfortunately, the Ithaca conference was the last of the official, summer, on-college-campus meetings to be held for 19 years. The name of the organization and its changes. During the past 50 years, the Association has lived under three names: (a) the "National Association of Dairy Instructors and Investigators"; (b) "Official Dairy Instructors' Association"; and (c) the "American Dairy Science Association." The first name chosen, "National Association of Dairy Instructors and Investigators," lacked brevity and specificity, indicated geographical scope of the United States, and implied membership for educators and research workers only. The chartered name was short-lived. I n the address of first-president Raymond A. Pearson at the second annual meeting he stated: "The name of our organization is not descriptive of its character. We call it 'The National Association of Dairy Instructors and Investigators.' Yet, some of our members represent the great dairy interests of Canada. It is then, strictly speaking, not a national organization. The name may be criticized, also, because it is cumbersome. I would like to suggest as a new name, 'Official Dairy Instructors' As-

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sociation.' This is conveniently short. It would not exclude investigators, as they give instruction indirectly. I f it is desired to define geographical limits, this can be done in the constitution." This suggestion for a name change was accepted and the revised constitution (148 words) of 1908 stated--"The name of this organization shall be the Official Dairy Instructors' Association." This name persisted for the next 9 years. At the 11th annual meeting of the Official Dairy Instructors' Association in Springfield, Mass., 1916, exception was taken to the name of the Association because the word "Official" suggested police activities and the word "Instructor" seemed to limit the membership unduly. After some discussion the following action was taken : It was moved and seconded that the change of the name of the Association be left to the President [Stocking], Secretary [Mortensen], and Professor Harding, but before a name could be adopted a vote of the membership be made. Suggestions for names were solicited and submitted to the entire membership for vote. More than 10 names were proposed: five of them employed the term "Instructors," and a sixth title used the word "Instruction." Nevertheless, the weighted value of the ballot showed that the "American Dairy Science Association" was by far the predominating first choice. Therefore, the committee, exercising the power given at the Springfield meeting, reported as follows :

"As the result of the action of the Society at its last meeting, and as the result of the vote which has just been taken, the 'Official Dairy Instructors' Association' has now become the 'American Dairy Science Association.' "

Eras in the Life of the Association The first 50 years of the American Dairy Science Association might well be divided into four distinct periods: (a) the foundation period; (b) the dark era; (c) the Journal-establishment years; and (d) the summer-meetingon-college-campus period. Each of these periods seemed to have a distinct beginning, which set the era off from its predecessor and often gave impetus to the Society. The foundation period. This period extended from 1906 to 1908, inclusive. Two of the first three annual meetings were held on college campuses. The other meeting was held in connection with the National Dairy Show. Enthusiasm prevailed when the meetings were held with a suitable college background but was lacking when the meeting had to compete with the diverging interests of the cattle show.

First reinstated summer-on-college-campus meeting, East Lansing, June, 1927.

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:Nevertheless, a basic organization was effected, a constitution was drawn up, committees were appointed, the most important dairy problems were spelled out, and a guiding prophetic presidential address was made. Fortunately, the interest engendered and problems tackled during the short span of life of the new organization were sufficient to carry it through the rather uneventful 7-year period which followed. The dark era. This period is so named because little published information or records have survived. Apparently, the annual meetings were held in conjunction with the National Dairy Shows at Milwaukee, Chicago (5 years in succession), San Francisco (Panama-Pacific International Exposition), and Springfield. I n addition, unofficial summer conferences were held at the Michigan Agricultural College, East Lansing, in 1912, and at the Massaehusetts Agricultural College, Amherst, in 1916, in connection with the biennial meetings of the Graduate Schools. Nevertheless, interest in the Official Dairy Instructors' Association seemed to be second to that accorded the livestock champions. Professor C. C. Hayden, charter member, writes in p a r t :

"My memory is that those early meetings held at the National Dairy Show were not very well attended (except the banquet) and the attendance was irregular. Often interest in some event at the show would almost break up the meeting. The early meetings were largely taken up by committee reports." Professor E. S. Guthrie, charter member, recalls :

" . . . Through those years you refer to as a 'dark era' we did not accomplish nmch at our conventions. W e did~ however, hold together." Apparently, this was a period of indecision. Despite the early judgment to hold the annual meeting "about July l s t " and despite the conflicting interests of the National Dairy Show, the October conference had a magnetic attraction hard to overcome. J. H. Frandsen, fourth president, in his presidential address October 28, 1914, expressed concern over the time and place of holding the annual meeting: "The Association might also with profit settle at this time whether it desires a meeting held in the midst of vacation during the summer with no disturbing influence except its effect on vacation, or whether it prefers its business done as at this time in connection with the Dairy Show." During this period, also, the society was becoming policy-conscious. Frandsen, in his presidential message, envisioned:

"In closing, I can but repeat that the dairy industry which we represent is des-

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tined to become, if, indeed, it is not already, one of the leading industries of the country. It should be our aim and purpose as representatives of this industry to exercise such an influence as will be of lasting value in framing the policies upon which its future development must depend. I n the past we have been criticized for our lack of agressiveness. It has been said that often we were content to let others fix our policies and standards, when as a matter of fact we are in every way equipped to shape most satisfactorily the standards and policies that will work for the ultimate good of the dairy industry." Journal-establish~ent years. This span of time extended from 1917 to 1926, inclusive. The founding of the Journal of Dairy Science was the high light and uniting force of this period. Although the annual meetings continued to be held at the time and place of the National Dairy Show, the eyes of' all the members of the American Dairy Science Association were focused on the new journal. The publication gave a sense of direction, a worthwhileness, and an incentive-to-being to the Association. Having survived its birth and beginning years, the Association needed a stimulus and uniting force beyond the prosaic, poorly attended, and more or less uninteresting annual meetings. The Journal of Dairy Science furnished that needed stinmlus. Summer meeting-on-college-campus period. This fourth period in the life of the American Dairy Science Association extends from 1927 to the present time. With only two exceptions in the last 29 years (Washington, D. C., 1929; Chicago, 1945) the annual meetings were held on college campuses. After more than a score of years, the dream of the charter members that the annual meetings be held during the summer and on a college campus came to realization. The renewal of the summer meetings on college campuses and the success of the first reinstated meeting must be credited in large part to President J. B. Fitch of Minnesota, host 0. E. Reed of Michigan State, and VicePresident J. M. Sherman of Cornell. At the twenty-first annual meeting of the Association held in the Book-Cadillac Hotel, Detroit, Oct. 7-9, 1926, a resolution was adopted asking the Executive Committee to consider the advisability of holding a summer meeting of the American Dairy Science Association in order to avoid the conflicting activities in connection with the National Dairy Show. Accordingly, the Executive Comnfittee voted to hold a summer meeting at the Agricultural College, East Lansing, Mich., June 22-24, 1927. Only six who attended the 1908 meeting at Cornell were present at the East Lansing meeting. During this 3-day meeting the subjects were presented enthusiastically to an interested audience. Before the first day had ended, the general feeling prevailed that the meeting was an

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outstanding success. After nmch discussion, the Executive Committee proclaimed this as the official annual meeting. Also, the officers were authorized to plan for a summer meeting in 1928 as the annual meeting. These actions were approved by the convention on June 23, 1927. At last the American Dairy Science Association had found itself. A n unplanned feature of the 1927 meeting, acclaimed at the time by some and viewed with alarm and misgivings by others, was the using of the annual meeting as a vacation for the family. A few members dared to bring their wives with them to the 1927 summer meeting. The camaraderie of the wives soon convinced the skeptics that the summer meetings offered family group vacation possibilities not heretofore considered. Inclusion of the families as a part of the annual summer meetings foretold the future success of the meetings.

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R. A. Pearson, who meanwhile had become president of Iowa State College. The occasion was the dedication of the University of Nebraska's new dairy building, the Dairy Department being headed by Professor Frandsen. Financial problems and emphasis on a scientific publication. President Eckles, in an informal address at the 17th annual meeting held at University Farm, St. Paul, Oct. 10, 1922, urged greater support of the Journal of Dairy Science, which was being carried by the publishing company at a loss. Also, Williams and Wilkins Company, the publishers, emphasized the need for stronger support for the Journal. At this time, the editorial board was confronted with the problem of competitive publications, which had not been a matter of concern previously. This made it necessary for the Journal to consider carefully its function and scope of coverage. The editorial board, in 1922, after five successful Journal years, took the position that: The Journal of Dairy Science "The Journal of Dairy Science can renPerhaps no single introduction has so influder the best service to the Dairy Industry enced the development and world status of the of America and is making no mistake by American Dairy Science Association as the continuing its present policy of being preestablishment of the Journal of Dairy Science eminently a scientific publication. Howin 1917. This was a pioneering step. Even Le ever, the Journal is yet in its childhood, Lair, the French scientific dairy journal, did and most of its development lies in the not make its appearance until 3 years later. future." The Journal had been in the planning state Accordingly, the editors adopted a policy of for 4 years and was the dream of Professor Julius H. Frandscn, then of Idaho, and the more rigid cutting, limiting the length of manufourth president of the Association. I n his scripts, keeping to dairy subject matter, and 1913 presidential address before the Official accepting only heretofore nonpublished manuDairy Instructors' Association, he extolled the scripts. By 1924, editor Frandsen was caught virtues of a publication devoted exclusively to up on material and appealed for more higharticles on dairying. A committee was ap- grade articles. Emphasis was being placed on pointed and by 1916, at the Amherst and quality of papers. Dahlberg elected editor. With the completion Springfield meetings, plans were effected whereby the Executive Committee was empowered to of the January, /928, issue of Volume XI, appoint an editor-in-chief and approve a publi- Professor Frandsen turned over the editorship cation contract with Williams and Wilkins Com- of the Journal, after having guided its first pany, Baltimore, for publishing a bimonthly 10 years, to A. C. Dahlberg of the New York Agricultural (Geneva) Experiment Station. journal. Professor Frandsen was elected editor. Under editor Dahlberg, the Journal was to have Through him the Journal was guided, nurtured, its adolescent growth. Within the next 10 years and made a vital force of the Association. The the Journal was to: (a) become the property first issue was delayed, pending the change in of the Association; (b) become a monthly pubthe name of the organization. When the name lication; (c) include abstracts of dairy literabecame the American Dairy Science Associa- ture; and (d) be recognized throughout the tion, Frandsen reported, " . . . It seems par- dairy world as the leading scientific dairy ticularly fitting that the official organ of this journal. The Executive Committee at the 1929 WashAssociation should be known as the Journal of Dairy Science." This name has remained. ington, D. C., meeting decided that some effort I n the light of nearly 40 successful years of should be made to extend the field of the JourJournal publication it is of interest to record nal and requested Dr. Dahlherg to plan for that at the time the Journal was established such extension. He did well, for at the 28th sour notes were to be heard; one of the mem- annual meeting at Urbana, 1933, the Journal bers expressed the opinion that a journal was Management Committee was authorized to put not needed because the trade journals would the Journal on a 12-issue basis for 1934 and, publish finportant papers without cost. if needed, to use up to $4.00 of the membership Volume I. The first issue of the Journal fee for the Journal. I n 1936 the abstracting was published under the date of May, 1917. The service was included. leading article was the dedicatory, 15-page Sutton becomes editor. After editor Dahladdress of the Association's first president, berg's resignation, T. S. Sutton, Ohio, was ap-

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pointed editor of the Journal, effective July 1, 1938. The previous editors, Frandsen and Dahlberg, had been elected by the members, but the 1934 revision of the by-laws of the Association provided that this position be appointive. Editor Sutton served faithfully and well from July 1, 1938, until Jan. 1, 1946, maintaining the high standards previously established for the Journal. During his regime the program for the review articles, started by Dr. Dahlbcrg, was carried out most effectively. Comprehensive review articles were sought and encouraged. The first review article was published in the October, 1938, issue. To J a n u a r y 1956, 38 such articles had been published, requiring 1,038 printed pages listing a total of 5,573 citations. The Journal was gradually increasing in size and by 1940 contained four times as ninny words as did the volumes published prior to 1932. Mounting teaching and research responsibilities forced editor Sutton, after 7 ~ years as editor, to tender his resignation effective Dec. 31, 1945. It was accepted by the Board with reluctance. Nelson becomes fourth editor. After editor Sutton's resignation, the Executive Board chose 1~. E. Nelson, Iowa State College, to take over the editorial post of the Journal as of Jan. 1, 1946. Dr. Nelson not only maintained the high scientific standard of the Journal articles but enlarged the abstracting service. More abstractors were added to give greater dairy literature coverage. By changing the format and type size of the Abstract Section in January, 1949, more abstracts were printed per page without appreciably added costs. Dr. Nelson served as the editor of the Journal from January, 1946, through December, 1952. The Executive Board accepted his resignation, effective December 31, 1952, "with regrets."

Many journalistic introductions under editor Traey. P. H. Tracy, of the University of Illinois, was appointed editor of the Journal, effective Jan. 1, 1953. Promptly, he began the introduction of a series of new features: "People and Events" with its pioneers in the dairy industry, news items, editorials, and pertinent happenings, appeared in the J a n u a r y issue, 1953; "Letters to the Editor" and "Our Industry Today," containing articles written in laymen's language on current problems, were added in November. At the annual meeting in 1953, the Executive Board had authorized expansion of the so-called "popular" section rather than attempt publication of a second journal. These additions were presented under separate headings at the end of each issue but were paged as part of the Journal proper. I n no way did the new features detract from the regular scientific articles, and the high standards of the Journal were maintained. By contrast, these additions have enhanced the technical section and have increased reader interest. I n 1955 a "Technical Notes" section was added to

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the scientific portion to provide a place for short articles and progress reports. I n J a n u ary, 1956, a "Student Chapter News" section was added as a regular feature. These introductions were the culmination of many years of consideration by the Executive Board on ways to make the Journal more acceptable to nonscientific people. The matter had been discussed at some of the general business meetings of the Association, and considerable interest was manifested on at least two different occasions. Recommendations were made either (a) to modify the Journal per se or (b) develop a publication of a nmre popular nature. As a result of this interest the "News Letters" came into existence. Editor F. E. Nelson had introduced a separate Newsletter, which was mailed to all the Association members and affiliates in April, 1947. This was followed by a second issue in June. During 1948 the Newsletter was discontinued. Despite its short life, the 4-page, trimonthly Newsletter did bring out the fact that members were interested in current, personal news notes. Although the venture failed, there was considerable feeling that something needed to be done to gain greater acceptance of the Journal. This was a matter of great concern to the Executive Board and, at the time of Dr. Tracy's appointment, the Board went definitely on record as favoring the development of a new "section" in the Journal and Dr. Tracy was instructed to proceed accordingly. Also--at that t i m e - - a n office of "Assistant Editor" was established for the purpose of making possible an expansion of the Journal. E. E. Ormiston of Illinois was selected by Dr. Tracy to be assistant editor for one year. I n the subsequent year, W. O. Nelson of Illinois was appointed as abstract editor, and the position of assistant editor was abolished. The development of the "News Letter" and of the "New Section" arose from the same desire--to increase the influence of the Journal and to make it more acceptable to those in the connnercial field. Surely today, one may say as did Eckles in 1922, "If our organization had never done anything else but establish this journal, our efforts would be well repaid."

Incorporation of the American Dairy Science Association Apparently, when the Society was founded in 1906, little thought was given to incorporation for the purpose of contracting and doing business. Even the introduction and publication of the Journal of Dairy Science in 1917 brought no immediate need of incorporation. Agreement was effected with Williams and Wilkins Company, Baltinmre, whereby they published and mailed the Journal to the members of the Association. By so doing they owned the Journal "lock, stock, and barrel." Even the mailing list was not available to the Association.

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When A. C. Dahlberg was elected editor in 1927, the Journal of Dairy Science was copyrighted by the Williams and Wilkins Company. The company solicited advertising, set the subscription price, kept the mailing list, handled all funds, and maintained the financial records. At the 26th annual meeting at Davis, Calif., in 1931, the Executive Committee was authorized to incorporate when and in such manner as might seem most desirable to the welfare of the Association and to the publication of the

Journal of Dairy Science. President Ellenberger then appointed the first Journal Managment Committee, consisting of 0. F. Hunziker, R. R. Graves, and A. A. Borland. With editor Dahlberg, they studied the Journal situation. They found it necessary to change the constitution in order to have the editor and secretary appointed and to permit the Association to operate its own Journal. This was done by mail ballot during the winter of 1931, approving Article 6, which provided for appointment of the secretary-treasurer and editor by the Executive Committee. The revised constitution was approved in 1934. The Journal Management Committee formulated a plan to handle the Journal, but the publishers were not interested and advised that to do as desired the Association would need to buy out their interest. Meanwhile, the committee proceeded to incorporate under the laws of the District of Columbia, letting the old American Dairy Science Association become extinct. The American Dairy Science Association, Inc., began to publish the Journal of Dairy Science under its ownership and management and the Science Press Printing Company, Lancaster, Pa., was selected to do the printing. Some journal-ownership problems. One of the Association's first objectives was to get out of debt and build up a financial reserve equal to one year's income. Debt and lack of financial reserve had plagued the Association for years. When Dahlberg became editor, J. M. Sherman was secretary. Because of the financial condition of the Association they agreed to use only $200 for each office per year for secretarial service and to donate their own services. As a result of this economy and increased sources of revenue, a financial reserve of approximately $1,200 was developed in two years. The Executive Committee strove to increase membership to 400. Then the Committee considered the suggestion that a business manager or secretary be hired and be placed in the office of the editor. However, the business was still too small to make this possible. I n 1936, R. B. Stoltz was appointed secretary. The Association now owns its Journal and has a fine financial reserve.

Some Journal of Dairy Science "Extras" Although the Journal of Dairy Science is primarily a scientific publication, it has furnished during its 39 years of existence many

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other features not always fully appreciated by the members of the American Dairy Science Association. The history of the Association would be incomplete without due recognition of them and their development. Abstracts of dairy literature. Dairy science abstracts have been a feature of the Journal of Dairy Science since 1936. Credit is due 0. F. Hunziker for his foresight and persistence in making this feature a major, useful part of the Journal. But others, H. F. Judkins, R. C. Hibben, R. B. Stoltz, R. E. Little, A. A. Borland, and editor Dahlberg, played most important roles also in the publication of "Abstracts of Literature on Milk and Milk Products," as a separate section of the Journal. The situations leading to this Journal innovation must be recounted more fully. The International Association of Ice Cream Manufacturers since 1927 and the International Association of Milk Dealers since 1931 had collected, published, and sold abstracts yearly. Dahlberg was the abstract editor for both of these Associations. Having been elected editor of the Journal also, he found the editorship load exceptionally heavy and conceived the idea that his load might be lightened, and at the same time the value of the Journal of Dairy Science might be enhanced, if the American Dairy Science Association published the abstracts in cooperation with the two International Associations. The idea appealed to 0. F. Hunziker, chairman of the Journal Management Committee, who promptly promoted such a consolidation. The final arrangements that made the consolidation possible were suggested largely by R. C. Hibben, secretary of the International Association of Ice Cream Manufacturers. Hibben proposed, and the milk dealers agreed, that the two Associations would guarantee a definite specified increase in the American Dairy Science Association membership. However, should this increase fail to materialize, they would make up any deficit incurred in the publication of the abstracts. This guarantee swung the Board in favor of the abstract service. I t should be borne in mind that the publication of these abstracts in the Journal was a joint responsibility of the three groups. The two International Associations solicited membership for the American Dairy Science Association from their own mailing lists. They designated members from their own associations to serve on the editorial board for the review of all abstracts prior to publication. The names of these editorial board members appeared on the page of the Journal of Dairy Science immediately preceding the abstracts until February, 1952. At the 1936 meeting, editor Dahlberg reported that the abstracting service included publications of all the state and federal experiment stations, several European experiment stations and 49 journals. By 1949, 57 abstractors were abstracting 99 journals.

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Indexes. The Executive Board in 1939 authorized the indexing of the first twenty volumes of the Journal of Dairy Science. This 20-year index, compiled by Harold Macy, Minnesota, was published in 1942. Later, steps were taken toward publication of the 10-year index of the Journal of Dairy Science for the years, 1937 to 1946, inclusive. Thanks again to Dr. Macy, the decennial index, covering ~olumes X X I - X X X , was ready for printing at the time of the 1952 meeting.

Structural Development of the Association The constitution. The constitution and bylaws of the American Dairy Science Association have undergone marked changes during the past 50 years. The size and specificity of later revisions of the constitution are in marked contrast to the earlier ones. The detail and length reflect the diversified interests of the members. The development and revision of the constitution and by-laws have required much study. To C. H. Eckles and M. Mortensen must go the credit for the first major changes. A t the 25th annual meeting in Ames, Iowa, the desirability of further revisions was discussed. Again, C. H. Eckles was asked to serve as chairman of a study committee and to name his own assistants. Unfortunately, death soon claimed Dr. Eekles, and the task was unfinished. However, Article 6 of the by-laws, specifying the term of office and the composition of the Executive Committee, was adopted in 1931. The chronological development of the constitution has been as follows: Year 1906 1908 1920

96 words 148 words 31/2 pages

Length

1922 1925 1931 1934 1938 1942 1955

31/2 pages 31/~ pages 1/~ page 41/2 pages 31/~ pages 41/2 pages 21/2 pages ~

tenure of office was 2 years. With few exceptions up to 1930, when the actual tenure of office became 1 year (credit to J. IV[. Sherman), the presidents served a 2-year period. W. A. Stocking served 3 years, from 1916 to 1918, inclusive. These 2-year terms prevailed despite specification in the 1929, 1922, and 1925 constitutions that the term of the president should be for 1 year. C. H. Eckles, who followed Pearson as president during 1908 and 1909, again served the Association as president in 1921 and 1922, a total of 4 years, which was the longest service as president given by one man. I n all, the Association has had 39 presidents (Table 1). Thirteen secretary-treasurers have served the Association. C. B. Lane was the first secretary-treasurer, serving 4 years, and R. B. Stoltz had the longest tenure of office--13 years. A Board of Directors consisting of three members serving 1, 2, and 3 years, respectively, was first elected in 1933. As each term expired, new directors were elected for a 3-year period. In 1936, the number of directors was increased to seven, six to be elected as such and the seventh to be the retiring president. The names of the directors are presented in Table 2. Section organization. Professor Mortensen, in his presidential address Oct. 11, 1920, strongly advised that the annual meetings of the Association be held in sections as follows: (1) breed associations, (2) dairy production, (3) dairy manufacturing, and (4) extension work. During the years that have followed, five sections have been recognized: Official Testing and Advanced Registry; Production;

Feature Organizational Name change Name change, organization and amplification Revision and amendments Revision Articles By-laws By-laws Revision Revision

Chairman

C . H . Eckles M. Mortensen R . R . Graves C.L. Roadhouse S.M. Salisbury G.M. Trout E.L. Jack

Double column

O~cers of the Association. The 1955 revised constitution and by-laws state that the officers of the American Dairy Science Association shall be "president, vice-president, secretarytreasurer, journal editor, and seven directors, one of whom shall be the immediate past president." These officers constitute the Executive Board, the governing body of the Association. The names and tenure of the oi~icers of the Association since its founding are of historical i n t e r e s t . W. J. F r a s e r was chairman of the organizational meeting in 1906 at which R. A. Pearson was elected the first president. His

Manufacturing ; Extension; and Economics. The Official Testing and Advanced Registry Section and the Economics Section no longer a p p e a r as separate sections on the program of the annual meetings. The officers of each section are presented in Table 3. Organization of sections was provided for by the constitution adopted in 1920. Three section meetings were thus authorized: (1) dairy production; (2) dairy manufactures; and (3) official testing. Eckles reported in 1921 that at the annual meeting of the Association of Extension Workers in Dairying (heretofore not affiliated

634

JOURNAL O~' DAIRY SCIENOE TABLE 1

The officers of the American Dairy Science Association, by years Location of annual meeting

Date

President

1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th 9th 10th

Urbana Chicago Ithaca Milwaukee Chicago Chicago Chicago Chicago Chicago San Francisco

1906 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915

R . A . Pearson ~ R . A . Pearson C . H . Eekles ~ C . H . Eckles* O . F . Hunziker O . F . Hunziker J.H. Frandsen J. tI. F r a n d s e n F. R a s m u s s e n~ F. R a s m u s s e n

Oscar Err* Oscar E r r H . E . Van Norman* H . E . Van Norman W . J . :Fraser ~ W . J . Fraser F. R a s m u s s e n~ F. R a s m u s s e n W . A . Stocking ~

C . B . Lane* C . B . Lane C . B . Lane C . B . Lane W . A . Stocking ~ W . A . Stocking W . A . Stocking C . W . Larson* C . W . Larson C . W . Larson

llth 12th ]3th 14th 15th ]6th 17th 18th 19th 20th

Springfield Columbus Columbus Chicago Chicago St. P a u l St. P a u l Syracuse Milwaukee Indianapolis

1916 1917 1918 1919 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925

W . A . Stocking* W . A . Stocking W . A . Stocking A.C. Anderson ~ M. Mortensen ~ C . H . Eckles* C . H . Eckles A . A . Borland A . A . Borland O . E . Reed

A . C . Anderson ~ A . C . Anderson M. Mortensen* M. Mortensen O . E . Reed 0. E. Reed A . A . Borland O . E . Reed O . E . Reed H . F . Judkins

M. Mortensen ~ 1Vf. Mortcnsen N . W . Hepburn ~ N . W . Hepburn N . W . Hepburn N . W . Hepburn J . B . Fitch J . B . Fitch J . B . Fitch J . B . Fitch

21st 22nd 23rd 24th 25th 26th 27th 28th 29th 30th

Detroit East Lansing Madison Washington Ames Berkeley-Davis Lexington Urbana Ithaca-Geneva St. P a u l

1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935

O . E . Reed J . B . Fitch G.C. White ~ G.C. White J . M . Sherman H . B . Ellenberger E.L. Anthony H . C . Jackson R . B . Stoltz* C . L . Roadhouse

H . F . Judkins J . M . Sherman A . C . Baer* H . A . Ruehe ~ H . C . Jackson C . E . Wylie R . B . Stoltz ~ R . B . Stoltz C . L . Roadhouse H . A . Ruehe*

G.C. G.C. J.M. J.M. R.R. R.R. R.R. R.R. R.R. R.R.

White* White Sherman Sherman Graves Graves Graves Graves Graves Graves

31st 32rid 33rd 34th 35th 36th 37th 38th 39th 40th

State Col., Pa. Lincoln Columbus Moscow-Pullman W. L a f a y e t t e Burlington East Lansing Columbia Columbus Chicago

1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945

H . A . Ruehe ~ R . R . Graves H . W . Gregory E. Weaver E . S . Guthrie H . W . Cave ~ H.F. Judkins H . P . Davis A . C . Dahlberg A.C. Ragsdale

R . R . Graves H . W . Gregory E. Weaver E . S . Guthrie H . W . Cave* H . F . Judkins H . P . Davis A . C . Dahlberg A . C . Ragsdale J . A . Nelson

R.B. R.B. R.B. R.B. R.B. R.B. R.B. R.B. R.B. R.B.

Stoltz ~ Stoltz Stoltz Stoltz Stoltz Stoltz Stoltz Stoltz Stoltz Stoltz

41st 42nd 43rd 44th 45th 46th 47th 48th 49th 50th 51st

Ames Guelph Athens St. P a u l Ithaca Knoxville Davis Madison State Col., Pa. East Lansing Storrs

1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956

J . A . Nelson F. Ely P . H . Tracy W . E . Petcrscn G.M. Trout R . B . Bccker H . A . Bendixen H . B . Henderson W . V . Price L . A . Moore I . A . Gould

F. Ely P . H . Tracy W . E . Petcrsen G . M . Trout R . B . Becker H . A . Bendixen H . B . Henderson W . V . Price L . A . Moore I . A . Gould C.F. Huffman

R . B . Stoltz R . B . Stoltz R . B . Stoltz P. 1~. Ellsworth P . R . Ellsworth P . R . Ellsworth P . R . Ellsworth P. I~. Ellsworth P . R . Ellsworth T.D. Harman H . F . Judkins

Meeting

Vicepresident

SecretaryTreasurer

~Dcceased w i t h the A m e r i c a n D a i r y Science A s s o c i a t i o n ) t h i s o r g a n i z a t i o n voted to j o i n the A m e r i c a n D a i r y Science A s s o c i a t i o n . B y m a j o r i t y m e m b e r s h i p vote t h e E x e c u t i v e C o m m i t t e e w a s a s k e d in 1928 to create a n e w section o f the A s s o c i a t i o n to be k n o w n as the D a i r y E c o n o m i c s Section. F i v e y e a r s later, a t t h e U r b a n a , Ill., m e e t i n g , a m o t i o n w a s a d o p t e d t h a t t h e E c o n o m i c s Section be a b o l i s h e d bec a u s e it w a s n o t f u n c t i o n i n g .

S p o r a d i c a t t e m p t s h a v e been m a d e to establish a section of d a i r y i n s t r u c t i o n , b u t m a j o r i n t e r e s t s e e m e d to be l a c k i n g . A 9 - p a p e r college i n s t r u c t i o n p r o g r a m w a s p r e s e n t e d a t t h e 1932 m e e t i n g , held at L e x i n g t o n , K y . P r e s i d e n t R o a d h o u s e in 1935 u r g e d heads of dep a r t m e n t s w h o h a d new c u r r i c u l a , i n n o v a t i o n s , or m o d i f i c a t i o n s of t e a c h i n g p r a c t i c e s to h a v e t h e m p r e s e n t e d a n d d i s c u s s e d at t h e 30th a n n u a l m e e t i n g , to be held in St. P a u l . T h i s r e s u l t e d

50TH ANNIVEI~SAt~Y ISSUE

635

TABLE 2 The directors o f the A m e r i c a n D a i r y Science A s s o c i a t i o n (1933 to 1956, inclusive) 1933 E. Weaver O. F. Hunziker L. A. Rogers 1937

E. G. Hood E. Weaver M. Mortensen J. A. Nelson C. R. Gearhart H. P. Davis H. A. Ruehe 1941

It. B. Ellenberger A. C. Dahlberg C. N. Shepardson F. Ely J. W. IAnn M. E. Parker E. S. Guthrie 1945

P. H. Downs J. W. Linn C. L. Blackman P. H. Traey R. B. Becker W.E. Petersen A. C. Dahlberg 1949

P. R. EUiker H. B. Henderson J. H. Hilton P. F. Sharp C. Y. Cannon S. J. Brownell P. H. Tracy 1953

N. N. Allen L. H. Rich I. A. Gould E. J. Perry J. H. Erb L. A. Moore H. A. Bendixen

1934 E. Weaver O . F . Hunziker L . A . Rogers 1933

E . V . Ellington H. Maey E.G. Hood C.E. Wylie C.R. Gearhart J, A. Nelson R.R. Graves 1942

G.M. Trout J.C. Knott H . B . Ellenberger A.C. Dahlberg C.N. Shepardson F. Ely H . W . Cave 1946

W . V . Price K . L . Turk J . W . Linn P . A . Downs C.L. Blaekman P . H . Tracy A.C. Ragsdale i950

F . J . Arnold C.W. Turner P . R . Eiliker H . B . Henderson J . H . Hilton P . F . Sharp %V. E. Petersen 1954

D.V. Josephson G.W. Salisbury N . N . Allen L . H . Rich I . A . Gould E . J . Perry H . B . Henderson

in a " S e c t i o n on P r o b l e m s a n d Methods of I n s t r u c t i o n " at which six p a p e r s were p r e sented. A n o t h e r i n s t r u c t i o n section p r o g r a m was held at the 1937 meeting, in Lincoln, Neb., w i t h 11 p a p e r s given. Again, in 1955, the Executive Committee looked into the possibility of establishing an i n s t r u c t i o n section to be d e s i g n a t e d as the " D a i r y E d u c a t i o n Section." The p r e s i d e n t was i n s t r u c t e d to a p p o i n t an education committee to consider the p r o b l e m s of establishing such a section a n d to r e c o m m e n d w h e t h e r or not such a section should be established. A d v a n c e d r e g i s t r y a n d oI~cial t e s t i n g . A h i s t o r y of the A m e r i c a n D a i r y Science Asso-

1935 M. Mcrtensen O . F . Hunzikcr L . A . Rogers 1939

J . W . Linn M . E . Parker E . V . Ellington It. Macy E.G. Hood C.E. Wylie H . W . Gregory 1943

R . B . Becker W . E . Petersen G.M. Trout J.C. Knott ]:I. B. Ellenberger C.R. Gearhart H . F . Jadkins 1947

C.Y. Cannon S . J . Brownell W . V . Price K . L . Turk J . W . Linn P . A . Downs J . A . Nelson 1951

J . H . Erb L . A . Moore F . H . Arnold C.W. Turner P . R . Elliker H . B . Henderson G.M. Trout 1955

R . E . Hodgson G. Hyatt, Jr. D . V . Josephson G.W. Salisbury N . N . Allen L . H . Rich W . V . Price

1936 M. Mortensen C. IR. Gearhart L. A. Rogers 1940

C. N. Shepardson F. Ely J. W. Linn M. E. Parker E. V. Eilington H. Maey E. Weaver 1944

C. L. Blaekman P. H. Tracy R. B. Becker W. E. Petersen G. M. Trout J. C. K n o t t H. P. Davis 19,18 J . H . Hilton

P. F. Sharp C. Y. Cannon S. J. Brownell W. V. Price K. L. Turk F. Ely 1952

I. A. Gould E. J. P e r r y J. H. Erb L. A. Moore F. J. Arnold C. W. Turner R. B. Becker 1956

E. L. Fouts I. W. Rupel R. E. Hodgson G. Hyatt, Jr. D. V. Josephson G. W. Salisbury L. A. Moore

ciation would not be complete w i t h o u t special t r e a t m e n t o f A d v a n c e d l~egistry. C o n f r o n t e d w i t h f e w records of the A s s o c i a t i o n m e e t i n g s f r o m 1909 to 1917, the h i s t o r i a n asked c h a r t e r a n d e a r l y m e m b e r s w h a t t r a n s p i r e d at the first m e e t i n g s of the Association. " W h a t did you talk a b o u t ? " was asked. " A d v a n c e d r e g i s t r y , " was i n v a r i a b l y the answer. The h e i g h t o f discussions on t e s t i n g a n d r e g i s t r y seemed to have been r e a c h e d at the Chicago m e e t i n g in 1920, w h e n a whole section was devoted to the subject. The r e p o r t o f the m e e t i n g c o m p r i s e d ten p r i n t e d p a g e s in the Journal.

JOURNAL OF DAIRY SCIENCE

636

TABLE 3 Section officers of the American Dairy Science Association Year

Ch airnmn

Vice-chairman

Secretary

O F F I C I A L T E S T I N G AND A D V A N C E D R E G I S T R Y S E C T I O N 1920-1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933

H . P . Davis H . P . Davis H . P . Davis L . H . Fairchild R.T. Harris R.T. Harris G.C. White C . E . Wylie P . S . Williams A.C. Ragsdale A.C. Ragsdale E.L. Anthony E.L. Anthony (No officers listed; section discontinued)

1920-1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956

W.M. Regan W.M. Regan O . E . Reed J . J . Hooper J . A . Gamble C.C. H a y d e n A.C. Ragsdale E.L. Anthony F. Ely H . B . Ellenberger P.M. Brandt G. Bohstedt J . H . Hilton H . O . Henderson C . Y . Cannon K . S . Morrow F . W . Atkeson W.E. Krauss H . W . Cave A.H. Kuhlman W . E . Peterseu H.A. Herman K . L . Turk D.L. Espe G . W . Salisbury G . W . Salisbury D . M . Seath G . H . Wise L . A . Moore G.M. Cairns L . O . Gilmore N . N . Allen G. H y a t t , J r . P . L . Kelly R . E . Erb N . P . Ralston

M.H. Fohrman M.H. Fehrman R . T . Harris G.C. White G.C. W h i t e C . E . Wylie W . E . Petersen J . M . Fuller G . E . Taylor G . E . Taylor P . C . McGilliard P . C . McGilliard

PRODUCTION SECTION

MANUFACTURING 1920-1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930

Roy P o t t s L . A . Rogers H . A . Ruehe H . W . Gregory H.F. Judkins A.C. Baer E . S . Guthrie W . V . Price W . H . Martin C . L . Roadhouse

A . C . Ragsdale

W.E. Krauss H . W . Cave A.H. Kuhlman W . E . Petersen It. A. H e r m a n K . L . Turk D . L . Espe G . W . Salisbury D . M . Seath D . M . Seath G. Wise L . A . Moore G.M. Cairns L . O . Gilmore N . N . Allen G. H y a t t , Jr. P . L . Kelly R . E . Erb N . P . Ralston S . W . Mead

P . S . Williams E.L. Anthony A.B. Rayburn J . A . Gamble J . P . LaMaster O.G. Schaefer H . W . Cave C.F. Huffman R . B . Becker C.W. Turner W . B . Nevens T . W . Gulliekson S . M . Salisbury C.Y. Cannon R.H. Lush W.E. Krauss I . W . Rupel I . R . Jones A.L. Beam H.A. Herman K . S . Morrow D . L . Espe G . W . Salisbury D . M . Seath G. Wise G. Wise L . A . Moore G.M. Cairns L . O . Gilmore N . N . Allen G. H y a t t , Jr. P . L . Kelly R.E. Erb N . P . Ralston G . W . Trimberger S . B . Marshall

SECTION W . P . B . Lockwood C . L . Roadhouse

A . W . Rudnick H . A . Ruehe J: R. K i e t h l e y R.C. Fisher N . E . Olson C.D. Dahle W . H . E . Reid P . S . Lucas J.C. Hening C.D. Dahle

50TIt

ANNIVERSARY ISSUE

637

TABLE 3 (Concluded) Section ol~cers of the Av~erican Dairy Science Association Year

Chairman

Vice-chairman

MANUFACTURING 1931 ]932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 ]947 1948 I949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 ]955 1956

C.L. Roadhouse R . B . Stoltz J.O. Barkman H. M a c y M.J. Mack L.M. Thursten P.H. Tracy C.J. Babcock P.A. Downs F.H. Herzer C. I). I)ahle L.H. Burgwald R. W h i t a k e r P.F. Sharp L . K . Crowe L . K . Crowe C.L. Hankinson P . R . Elliker E.M. Barker I). V. J o s e p h s o n " J . H . I-Ietrick E.L. Jack O.F. Garrett A.J. Morris G . H . I-Iartman W.M. Roberts EXTENSION

1921-1922 ]923 1924 1925 ]926 1927 1928 ]929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956

E.M. Harmon E.M. Harmon L.W. Morley L.W. Morley A.J. Cramer A.J. Cramer G.A. Williams G.A. Williams G.A. Williams M.J. Regan M.J. Regan C.R. Gearhart J.W. Linn F. J o h n s t o n E.J. Perry C.L. Blackman E . N . Shultz S.J. Brownell R . G . Connelly O . J . Hill G.W. Vergeront J.F. Kendriek E.C. Sheidenhelm F. A r n o l d F. A r n o l d W.T. Crandall E.H. Loveland G. H e e b i n k C.W. Reaves R. A l b r e c t s e n R.D. Leighton I.E. Parkin S.N. Gaunt E.T. Itsehner G.M. Werner

SECTION

Secretary

(Cont'd)

F.I.i. Herzer C.D. I)ahle L. tI. B u r g w a l d R. W h i t a k e r P.F. Sharp L . K . Crowe C.L.Hankinson C.L.Hankinson P . R . ElIiker E.M. Barker I). V. J o s e p h s o n J.H. Hetrick E.L. Jack O.F. Garrett A.J. Morris G.H. Hartman W.M. Roberts H.L. Templeton

A.O. Dahlberg E.G. Hood P.H. Tracy J.H. Erb G.M. Trout W.V. Price J.C. Marquardt B.E.I.iorrall J.I. Keith S.T. Coulter E.O. Anderson K . G . Weckel R.J. Ramsey I . A . Gould N.S. Gelding N.S. Gelding J.M. Trimble I). V. J o s e p h s o n J.H. Hetrick E.L. Jack O.F. Garrett A.J. Morris G.I.i. H a r t m a n W.M. Roberts H.L. Templeton F.J. Babel

SECTION C.A. Hutton

G.E. Gordon M.L. Black

E . N . Shultz S.J. Brownell R . G . Connelly O . J . Hill G.W. Vergeront J.F. Kendriek E.C. Scheidenhelm F. A r n o l d W.T. Crandall W.T. Crandall E.H. Loveland G. H e e b l n k C.W. Reaves R. A l b r e e t s e n R.D. Leighton I.E. Parkin S.N. Gaunt E.T. Itschner G.M. Werner J.D. Burke

C.R. George A.J. Cramer C.A. Hutton C.A. Hutton C.R. Gearhart C.R. Gearhart A.C. Baltzer A.C. Baltzer A.C. Baltzer M.L. Black C.R. Gearhart F. Johnston C.L. Blackman C.L. Blackman E.N. Shultz S.J. Brownell R . G . Connelly O . J . Hill G.W. Yergeront J.E. Kendrick E.C. Schei~enhelm G . G . Gibson G. H e e b i n k E.H. Loveland E. ]~I. L o v e l a n d A.R. Porter C . W . l~eaves R. A l b r e e t s e n R.D. Leighton I.E. Parkin S.N. Gaunt E.T. Itschner G. W e r n e r J.P. Burke L.R. Fryman

638

JOURNAL OF DAIRY SCIENCE TABLE 4

The o~cers of the Eastern, Southern, and Western Divisions of the A~nerican Dairy Science Association Year

Chairman

Vice-~airman

Secretary

EASTERN 1921-1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956

R.C. Fisher R.C. Fisher R.C. Fisher A.A. Borland H.B. Ellenberger J.M. Fuller H.F. DePew C . L . Allen E.O. Anderson A.L. Beam E.S. Guthrie C.B. Bender R.W. Smith, Jr. R.E. Johnson M.J. Mack A . R . Merrill H.G. Lindquist M.H. Campbell F.J. Doan K.S. Morrow H . C . Moore K.S. Morrow K.S. Morrow K.S. Morrow K.S. Morrow H . C . Moore A.I. Mann L . R . Dowd C.L. Norton J.A. Newlander F . I . Elliott J.O. Buchanan J.O. Foley Alec Bradfield G.W. Trimberger

A.A. Borland A.A. Borland A.A. Borland It. B. E l l e n b e r g e r G.W. White S . I . Bechdel M.H. Campbell R . W . Smith, J r . C . D . Dahle P.F. Sharp C.B. Bender F.J. Doan R.E. Johnson M.J. Mack M.H. Campbell It. G. L i n d q u i s t M.H. Campbell F.J. Doan K . S . Morrow H . C . Moore A.I. Mann H . C . Moore H . C . Moore H . C . Moore H . C . Moore A.I. Mann L . R . Dowd C.L. Norton J.A. Newlander F . I . Elliott J.O. Buchanan R . C . Foley Alec Bradfield G.W. Trimberger H.L. Wildasin

R.W. Smith, Jr. R.W. Smith, Jr. R.W. Smith, Jr. R . W . Smith, J r . A.L. Beam S.H. Harvey M.J. Mack M.J. Mack C.B. Bender C.B. Bender R.E. Johnson R.E. Johnson H.G. Lindquist H.G. Lindquist J.A. Newlander F.J. Doan H . C . Moore H . C . Moore H . C . Moore L.R. Dowd L.R. Dowd L . R . Dowd L . R . Dowd L.R. Dowd L . R . Dowd L . R . Dowd J.A. Newlander J.A. Newlander J.O. Buchanan J.O. Buchanan R.C. Foley Alec Bradfleld G.W. Trimberger H.L. Wildasin N.E. Ward

C.W. Wylie J.P. LaMaster C.A. Hutton

J.A. Gamble J.A. Gamble J.A. Gamble J.A. Gamble J.P. LaMaster A.C. Baer L.A. Higgins J . S . Moore R.B. Becker A.D. Burke R.H. Lush E.C. Elting A.H. Kuhhnan C.N. Shepardson T.B. Harrison C.G. C u s h m a n R.E. Waters C . D . Grinnells R.B. Becker J.P. LaMaster F.H. Herzer F.H. Herzer F.H. Herzer F.H. Herzer F.H. Herzer

SOUTHERN 1922-1923 1924 ]925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947

C.W. Holdaway C.E. Wylie J.P. LaMaster C.A. Hutton J . S . Moore J . S . Moore A.C. Baer R.H. Ruffner L.A. Higgins E. W e a v e r R . B . Becker A.D. Burke R.H. Lush E.C. Elting A.H. Kuhlman C.N. Shepardson T.B. Harrison C.G. Cushman R.E. Waters C.D. Grinnells R.B. Becker R.B. Becker R . B . Becker R . B . Becker R.B. Becker

F.W. Fitch R.H. Ruffner L.A. Higgins E. W e a v e r R . B . Beeker A.D. Burke R.H. Lush E.C. Elting A. I-I. K u h l m a n C.N. Shepardson T.B. Harrison C.G. Cushman R.E. Waters C . D . Grinnells R . B . Becker J.P. LaMaster J.P. LaMaster J.P. LaMaster J.P. LaMaster J.P. LaMaster

50TH

ANNIVERSARY

639

ISSUE

T A B L E 4 (Concluded) :Thc officers of the Eastern, Southern, and Western Divisions of the A~erican Dairy Science Association Year

Chairman

Vice-chairman

Secretary

SOUTHERN (Cont'd) 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957

J . P . LaMaster F . H . Herzer D.M. Seath H . B . Henderson P . M . Reaves W.M. Roberts Lynn Copeland S . P . Marshall W . A . King H.C. Olson

F. It. Herzer D.M. Seath I-I. B. Henderson P . M . Reaves W . M . Roberts Lynn Copeland S . P . Marshall W . A . King H.C. Olson K . M . Autrey

D.M. Seath H . B . Henderson P . M . Reaves W . M . Roberts Lynn Copeland S . P . Marshall W.A. King It. C. Olson K . M . Autrey J . W . Pou

WESTERN 1923-1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944-1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956

W . M . Regan A . H . Rishoi H . A . Bendixen E . V . EIlington F . W . Atkeson G.D. Turnbow N.C. Jamison N.C. Jamison I . R . Jones D.R. Theophilus G.H. Wilster R . W . Morse J . A . Nelson J . A . Nelson O . J . IIill J. B e r r y A . J . Morris It. Loughary I . H . Loughary G.A. Richardson G.A. Richardson D.L. Fourt D.L. F o u r t N . S . Goldlng N . S . Golding S . W . Mead N . S . Golding S.W. Mead (No meetings held; no officers elected.) S.W. Mead H . P . Ewalt H . P . Ewalt E . A . Jack E. L~ J a e k G.H. Wilster G.H. Wilster I . H . Loughary I . H . Loughary A.O. Shaw A . E . Shaw D.L. F o u r t D.L. Fourt G.M. Drumm G.M. Drumm J . O . Young J.O. Young L.R. Hunsaker L.R. Hunsaker I . H . Loughary

A t the 1930 m e e t i n g in Ames, Iowa, the P r o duction a n d Official Testing Sections held t h e i r p r o g r a m s j o i n t l y , a n d the f o l l o w i n g y e a r the Official T e s t i n g Section was discontinued. Divisions. The first m a j o r revised constitution of 1920 p r o v i d e d f o r the o r g a n i z a t i o n of divisions of the Association b a s e d u p o n geog r a p h i c a l considerations. Consequently, the form a t i o n of a n E a s t e r n Division received f a v o r able action at the 1 6 t h a n n u a l m e e t i n g , held a t St. P a u l in 1921. A c c o r d i n g to A r t i c l e 8 of the revised c o n s t i t u t i o n of 1922, the time a n d place of m e e t i n g f o r the divisions of the A s s o c i a t i o n were to be fixed b y the E x e c u t i v e Committee. A p p a r e n t l y the S o u t h e r n Division was f o r m e d in 1922, f o r the second a n n u a l m e e t i n g was held in M e m p h i s , F e b . 7, 1923. The W e s t e r n D a i r y

R.C. Jones N.C. Jamison N.C. Jamison N.C. Jamison J.C. Knott J.C. Knott J.C. Knott D.R. Theophilus R.W. Morse R . W . Morse R . E . ttodgson O . J . Hill O . J . Hill D.L. F o u r t D.L. F o u r t J . O . Tretsven J . O . Tretsven H . P . Ewalt H . P . Ewalt H . P . Ewalt D.L. G.A. R.E. R.E. E.A. E.A. L.R. L.R. I.W. I.W.

Fourt Richardson Erb Erb Keyes Keyes Hunsaker Hunsaker Slater Slater

I n s t r u c t o r s A s s o c i a t i o n was a u t h o r i z e d in 1923 to f o r m a W e s t e r n Section of the A m e r i c a n D a i r y Science A s s o c i a t i o n w i t h W . M. R e g a n of C a l i f o r n i a as p r e s i d e n t . The officers of these divisions are p r e s e n t e d i n T a b l e 4. R e l a t i o n s h i p o f sections a n d divisions to the p a r e n t organization. I n 1937, P r e s i d e n t R. R. G r a v e s a p p o i n t e d a committee consisting of E a r l W e a v e r , C. R. G e a r h a r t , a n d J . A. Nelson to f o r n m l a t e p r o c e d u r e w h e r e b y a n y a c t i o n t a k e n b y the sections s h o u l d c a r r y the official a p p r o v a l of the A m e r i c a n D a i r y Science Association b e f o r e its release f o r p u b l i c a t i o n . Accordingly, the committee d r e w u p a n d p r e sented at the 1938 m e e t i n g a specific set of directives, which was a p p r o v e d b y t h e E x e c u tive B o a r d . No s u b s e q u e n t actions of the E x -

JOURNAL OF DAIRY SCIENCE

640

TABLE 5 Membership in the American Dairy Science Association by decades, 1906 to 1955, inclusive The number of members and affiliates during the 1st decade

2nd decade

Year

No.

Year

1906 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915

17 54 69 -76 76 120 131

1916 1917 2918 1919 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925

138

No.

144

201 234 261

3rd decade

4th decade

Year

No.

Year

1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935

327 319

1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945

-240 355 596 735

5th decade

No. M~ 832 928 1,101 1,465 1,339 1,321 1,276 1,324 1,388 1,407

Year Ab 30 81 156 283 391 235 108 45 32

1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955

l~o. M 1,583 1,663 1,747 1,725 1,703 1,598 1,554 1,745 1,784 1,775

A 182 ? 859 750 340 264 294 362 409

1~ -- Member. b A = Affiliate (student). ecutive B o a r d s have rescinded or changed these rules. Briefly, the policy a d o p t e d , in general, is t h a t no action t a k e n b y a section or division shall be p u r p o r t e d to c a r r y the Association a p p r o v a l until such a p p r o v a l has been g r a n t e d by f a v o r a b l e action of the m e m b e r s h i p in ann u a l meeting. Membership

in the American

Dairy Science Association The m e m b e r s h i p in the A m e r i c a n D a i r y Science A s s o c i a t i o n has had a r e m a r k a b l e growth, f a r beyond the most f a n c i f u l d r e a m s of its f o u n d e r s . S t a r t i n g f r o m 17 c h a r t e r members in 1906, the Association has g r o w n to over 2,000 m e m b e r s in 1956. This figure is exclusive of 468 affiliate members.

A c c o r d i n g to the constitution d r a w n u p a t the o r g a n i z a t i o n a l meeting, m e m b e r s h i p in the Association was confined to i n s t r u c t o r s and investigators (of college r a n k ) in the agricult u r a l colleges, e x p e r i m e n t stations, and d a i r y divisions of the United States and Canada. The early meetings seemed to be confined solely to these g r o u p s . I n 1922 the Committee on Constitution a n d B y - L a w s , c h a i r m a n n e d b y M. M o r t e n s e n , b r o a d e n e d the r e q u i r e m e n t s f o r m e m b e r s h i p , which have p r e v a i l e d to this time and which p r o v i d e t h a t a n y p e r s o n with a p r o fessional b a c k g r o u n d in d a i r y i n g shall be eligible. Upsurge in membership. A f t e r this clarification of m e t n b e r s h i p eligibility the M e m b e r s h i p Committee, headed by J . A. Gamble, canvassed the field in 1922 and f o u n d t h e r e were over

TABLE 6 Charter members of the " N a t i o n a l Association of Dairy Instructors and Investigators," July 16, 1906 Name

Location at time of meeting

H. It. Dean ~ J. W. Decker ~ C. F. Dearie C. H. Eckles ~ W. J. Fraser ~ E. S . Guthrie

Canada Ohio Washington, D. C. Missouri Illinois Ohio

C. C. Hayden It. A. Hopper ~ O. F. Hunziker C. B. Lane ~ C. E. Lee

Illinois Illinois Indiana Washington, D. C. Illinois

F. 1~. ]~asmussen~

Iowa

Charles Them

Connecticut

J. M. Trueman ~ H. E. Van Norman ~ E. H. Webster ~ B. D. White *

Illinois Washington, D. C. Washington, D. C. Washington, D. C.

~Deceased

Present address

1510 N. 21st St., Salem, Oregon W i f e ' s address : I d a ' s Grove, Iowa Dairy Industry Department, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 438 N. Buckeye St., Wooster, Ohio 103 Seventh Ave., LaGrange, Ill. 2919 N. Prospect Ave., Milwaukee 11, Wisconsin W i f e ' s address: Mrs. Faith E. Rasmussen, Admin. Asst., Ice Cream Merchandising Inst., Inc., Barr Building, Washington 6, D. C. 207 Grant St., P o r t Jefferson, :New York

5 0 T H A N N I V E R S A R Y ISSUE

1,200 workers in the United States eligible for membership. Many were not as yet members. In 1930, 14 states and the District of Columbia had memberships of 10 or more each. New York, California, and Illinois led the list in total membership with 45, 38, and 32 members, respectively. Some 25 of the states had fewer than five members. C. L. Roadhouse and C. H. Eckles reported success in securing members from the commercial field. By Dec. 31, 1947, membership totaled 1,663. Secretary Stoltz was certain there were at least 5,000 dairy scientists and commercial dairymen who would be members of the Association or subscribers to the Journal if they were familiar with this opportunity. Robert Bear Stoltz' membership obsession. :For the first 25 to 30 years in the life of the Association the membership growth was steady, but not phenomenal. Then, owing to the visiona r y obsession of one man, R. B. Stoltz, the Association's membership really "took off." He delegated membership responsibility to key men at the state level and his game of mapping .membership gains by states was very effective m garnering members. The record by 5-yea r intervals shows 355, 1101, 1324, and 1747 members in 1933, 1938, 1943, and 1948, respecttively. The year 1948 held the honors for peak enrolhnent until 1954 (Table 5). Association dues. The membership dues of the American Dairy Science Association have increased 20-fold or 2,000% since the founding o f the organization in 1906. Then, the annual dues were 50 cents, but it must be recalled that a t that time the Journal of Dairy Science was not yet even a dream. Naturally, the founding o f the Journal in 1917 materially increased the cost of the membership. Inflationary publication costs since World W a r I I made necessary a marked increase in the annual dues. P r i o r to 1943, the dues were set by the constitution a n d by-laws. Since then they have been set by the Executive Board. Reluctantly, the Executive Board, in 1949, cast aside the $5.00 membership fee of 27 years' standing and set the fees at $6.00, effective Jan. 1, 1950. Since then, the Board has found it necessary to make two 82.00 increases in membership dues. The following fees, by years, are of interest:

Year 1906 1908 1917 1920 1922 1925 1942 1950 1951 1955

Dues $ 0.50 1.00 3.00 3.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 6.00 8.00 10.00

Benefits Membership only Membership only Membership and Journal Membership and Journal Membership and Journal Membership and Journal Membership and Journal Membership and Journal Membership and Journal Membership and Journal

Charter members. The charter members of the American Dairy Science Association deserve

641

special recognition herein on the occasion of the 50th anniversary of the founding of the organization. Wilber J. Fraser, speaking on "The Formation of the American Dairy Science Association" at the 28th annual meeting, Urbana, Ill., 1933, said: "A total of 12 men from outside the state came, and these, with the five men then in this department, formed the association and became the charter members." He then recited their names and whence they came. The names of these charter members are listed in Table 6. Life and honorary rife membership. Life and honorary life membership in the American D a i r y Science Association is bestowed upon individuals by Executive Board action. Life membership is based largely on years of membership at retirement, whereas the honorary life membership carries the aura of meritorious service plus a minimum number of years of paid membership. Only one honorary life membership with citation is awarded annually, whereas the number of life memberships recognized yearly depends upon the number of qualified members entering retirement. Student affiliates. Student affiliates or junior members have been a potent force in the growing strength of the Association. Junior chapters have been authorized at many of the schools. Although considerable emphasis has been placed on this element of membership during recent years, the idea of junior membership is not new. J. H. Frandsen spoke of this possibility at the 1924 meeting in Milwaukee. C. H. Eckles thought of organizing local groups of the Association. A f t e r much discussion a committee was appointed consisting of C. It. Eckles, chairman, J. H. Frandsen, and J. B. Fitch to formulate plans and make suggestions for creating junior membership. Little more was heard about student affiliates or junior chapters of the Association until 1938, when J. A. Nelson reported on junior chapters to the Executive Board. A motion was adopted empowering the president to appoint a committee of three to formulate a plan of junior chapters of the American Dairy Science Association. President Gregory appointed J. A. Nelson, E. V. Ellington, and A. A. Borland. Despite active committees, a marked, alarming decrease occurred in the membership of student affiliates during 1950. There was a loss of 410, bringing the membership down to 340. This decrease was attributed to two factors: (a) high dues; and (b) no tie-in of the studentaffiliate program with the parent Association. Perhaps, also, the Korean W a r with its uncertainties and a decreasing dairy student body had some effect. An active student affiliate committee, headed by Elmer N. Thomas, of the University of Minnesota, offered five suggestions at the 1951 meeting which they believed would greatly improve

642

JOURNAL

OF

DAIRY

t h e r e l a t i o n s h i p o f t h e A s s o c i a t i o n w i t h the s t u d e n t s . O n Dec. 31, 1953, t h e r e w e r e 23 S t u d e n t Affiliate B r a n c h e s . D u r i n g 1954, t h i s n u m b e r i n c r e a s e d to 27, w i t h 328 s t u d e n t affiliate m e m b e r s f r o m 37 s t a t e s , C a n a d a , a n d P e r u . T h e 1955 S t u d e n t Affiliate C o m m i t t e e , w i t h W . L. S l a t t e r o f O h i o as c h a i r m a n , d i r e c t e d a highly acceptable student-activities display by 11 c h a p t e r s at the E a s t L a n s i n g m e e t i n g . P a s t e x p e r i e n c e i n d i c a t e d t h a t p o t e n t i a l leade r s h i p a n d A s s o c i a t i o n m e m b e r s h i p e x i s t e d in the dairy student body but that interest nmst be e n g e n d e r e d b y the e d u c a t o r s t h e m s e l v e s . T h e 1955 r e v i s e d c o n s t i t u t i o n a n d b y - l a w s p r o v i d e f o r f o r m a t i o n o f s t u d e n t b r a n c h e s as a n integral p a r t of the structure of the Association. T h e J u n e , ] 9 5 5 , i s s u e o f the J o u r n a l c a r r i e d a

SCIENCE

s e c t i o n called " S t u d e n t C h a p t e r N e w s , " a n d i a D e c e m b e r the a n n o u n c e m e n t w a s n m d e t h a t t h i s w o u l d be a r e g u l a r f e a t u r e s t a r t i n g in J a n u a r y , 1956, w i t h E. L. T h o n m s o f the U n i v e r s i t y o f M i n n e s o t a as e d i t o r .

Annual Summer Meetings The a n n u a l s u m m e r m e e t i n g s o f the A m e r i c a n D a i r y Science A s s o c i a t i o n h a v e b e c o m e a mecca for members and their families f r o m widely s c a t t e r e d a r e a s . S e v e r a l of the e v e n t s associated with a n n u a l s u m m e r meetings f u r n i s h a v i t a l p a r t o f the h i s t o r y o f t h e A s s o c i a t i o n . Selection o f m e e t i n g sites. S e l e c t i o n of m e e t i n g p l a c e s f o r the a n n u a l s u m m e r m e e t i n g s h a s n o t a l w a y s b e e n easy. D u r i n g the 2 9 - y e a r p e r i o d since the E a s t L a n s i n g s u m m e r m e e t i n g of 1927

TABLE 7

Attendance at the annttal meetings of the American Dairy Science Association, 1906 to 1955, inclusive Attendance Meeting 1st 2rid 3rd

Location U r b a n a , Ill. Chicago, Ill. Ithaca, N . Y .

12th 13th

Columbus, Ohio Columbus, Ohio

17th

St. Paul, Minn.

22nd

E a s t L a n s i n g , Mich

Year

Men

Women

Children

1906 1907 1908 1909-1916 1~17 1918

18 21 47 (No attendance record) 70 48 (flu epidemic) (No attendance record) 300 "~ (No attendance record) 68 (in picture taken) (No attendance record) --

25th

Ames, I o w a

1919-1921 1922 1923-1926 1927 1928-1929 1930

26th 27th 28th 29th 30th 31st

Berkeley-Davis, Calif. Lexington, Ky. U r b a n a , Ill. Ithaca-Geneva, N . Y . St. Paul, Minn. State College, Pa.

1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936

-200 b

50 b

250 b 325 355

100 b 121 134

33 144

32nd 33rd 34th 35th 36th 37th

Lincoln, Neb. Columbus, Ohio Moscow-Pullman, Wash. W. L a f a y e t t e , I n d . Burlington, Iowa E a s t L a n s i n g , Mich.

1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942

303 447 196 480 492 394

76 125 113 235 ~ 352 a 93

32 48 81 -__ 79

38th 39th 40th 41st 42nd 43rd

Columbia, Mo. Columbus, Ohio Chicago, Ill. Ames, I o w a . Guelph, Ontario Athens, Ga.

44th 45th 46th 47th 48th 49th 50th

St. Paul, Minn. Ithaca, N . Y . Knoxville, Tenn. Davis, Calif. Madison, Wis. State College, Pa. E a s t L a n s i n g , Mich.

Representation Total

States ('

18 21 47 70 48 --250 ~ 150 b 280 ~' . . 350 ~' 479 603

Foreign countries ~

7 -18 -27 --

1 -2 ----

-------

-------

---

---

.

. -37 35

-2 2

411 620 390 715 844 566

40 40 34 --39

6 3 2 --1

1943 1944 1945 1946 ]947 1948

-318 -384 (officers and two guests only) 532 225 ¢ -757 583 328 e __ 911 600 356 ~ -956

34 38

1 1

43 43 44

5 9 1

1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955

780 940 701 371 891 875 842

46 47 43 43 46 46 49

9 8 9 6 13 6 9

" E s t i m a t e d attendance at banquet. b Approximate number. c W o m e n and children. d I n c l u d i n g 100 guests a n d 126 affiliates. e I n c l u d i n g D i s t r i c t of Columbia. f I n c l u d i n g Alaska a n d Hawaii.

262 394 159 167 296 321 316

73 195 110 102 219 232 202

1,115 1,529 970 640 1,632 a 1,428 1,360

50TH ANNIVERSARY ISSUE

various methods of locating a campus for the annual meeting have been followed. These involved (a) hopeful waiting for an invitation; (b) committee solicitation of likely schools for a n invitation; (c) secretary invitation and decision; and (d) Executive Board choice of several invitations. At the Washington, D. C. meeting in 1929 it was believed that the meeting place should be decided and announced a year in advance so that members could plan their work and vacations. Unbelievably, in the very midst of the "Depression," invitations for the 1933 meeting were received from six universities--Minnesota, Cotnell, Pennsylvania, Purdue, Illinois, and Ohio. Sentiment was in favor of holding the 1933 meeting as close to Chicago as possible so that menlbers en route "might attend the Chicago Century of Progress Exposition." Accordingly, after 27 years, the Association met again on the campus of the founding institution, the University of Illinois. World W a r I I brought special problems in the scheduling of meetings; nevertheless, meetings were arranged. On one occasion and at the last minute, even after the program was in print, the W a r Conlmittee on Conventions denied the Association a permit to hold the 1945 meeting scheduled for Ames, Iowa. Consequently, the Executive Board met in the Stevens Hotel, Chicago, June 12 and 13, to conduct the necessary business matters, reserving Iowa's invitation for 1946. Despite the action of the Executive Board in 1939 in placing an invitation for the 1942 meeting on file, and questioning the right of any board to set the place of an annual meeting this far in advance (3 years), the 195~i Executive Board projected the meeting sites as far ahead as 1961 (7 years). The 1955 Executive Board did even better; it accepted the University of Kentucky's invitation for 1965 (10 years). The Executive Board of 1950 recommended that a plan of rotation of annual meeting locations be instituted as a general guide for future meetings, whereby meetings may be held in the Midwest every other year (odd) and in the West, South, and East in rotation on the alternate years (even). Attendance. The attendance at the annual meetings paralleled the rise in membership for a while and later increased more rapidly, owing in part to the introduction of women's and children's programs. Also, representatives from industry attended more frequently since greater attention was being given in the formulation of programs to research and less to instruction. Attendance data available are presented in Table 7. Programs. The programs have ranged in type from selected speakers, open forums, eomnlittee reports, and research papers to symposia. Not all of the programs have been entirely satisfactory. As early as 1921 at the sixteenth annual meeting in St. Paul, Eckles

643

said, "I am not entirely satisfied with the character of the programs we have been accustomed to have on these occasions." After detailed explanation he concluded: "Most other societies of a similar nature present a program either in the nature of scientific papers or addresses and reports by individual members. A common practice atscientific meetings is to have abstracts read of papers to be published in the journal of the society later. I believe this feature could be added to our program with advantage. I have no thought that it would be desirable to make the entire program of this character, but to add it as one feature. My suggestion is that the program should be a combination of (a) reports of standing committees, (b) papers or reports by individuals who have been asked to make reports on particular subjects, (e) abstracts of scientific papers by members-these to be limited to five or eight minutes each with the understanding that the full paper be submitted for publication in the Journal later. It would seem logical to place the responsibility for the programs of the sections upon the officials of the sections, leaving the general officers the responsibility for the general program." By the end of the 25th annual meeting at Ames in 1930, rumblings began to be heard again concerning the quality o f the programs. This might have been foreseen since attendance at the meetings had increased considerably and at least three sections of programs were running concurrently. The programs tended to shift to numerous progress reports rather than finished papers. These encroached upon time for discussion. The Proceedings for the 1930 meeting record, in p a r t : "The program was a full one. The diversity of interests and activities of the dairy industry result in programs run more or less like a three-ring circus.

"There is an angle to these programs that seems somewhat unfortunate. You hear a paper read in which you are interested, one that you would like to go over carefully and digest thoroughly. But unlike the proceedings of some scientific societies, it has been the practice of the American Dairy Science Association not to publish the papers presented. Some of the reasons for this are: that many of the papers are merely a relSort of progress of investigations that will be published later in more detail; that some people do not want a paper published that will have to be briefed to the extent necessary for presentation in the time allowed on the program; then too, publication would perhaps mean the necessity of a review of the papers by the Program Committee prior to the meeting."

644

JOURNAL OF DAIRY SCIENCE

P r i n t e d a b s t r a c t s of p a p e r s p r e s e n t e d a t the a n n u a l m e e t i n g s h e l p e d alleviate a n y dissatisf a c t i o n over the p r o g r a m s . These were first m a d e available to r e g i s t e r i n g m e m b e r s i n 1931. This i n t r o d u c t i o n was so successfully followed a t t h e 1932 m e e t i n g t h a t the p r o c e d u r e h a s cont i n u e d since, w i t h some exceptions. The p r o g r a m s c o n t i n u e d to i m p r o v e in subj e c t - m a t t e r coverage a n d in d i v e r s i t y of pres e n t a t i o n . Those of the p o s t - W o r l d W a r I I p e r i o d will go down in h i s t o r y as b e i n g u n e q u a l e d b y those of a n y o t h e r scientific a g r i c u l t u r a l society. Achievement

Awards

L a t e in the 1930's the first of a n u m b e r of a c h i e v e m e n t a w a r d s was m a d e a v a i l a b l e to the A m e r i c a n D a i r y Science Association b y The B o r d e n C o m p a n y F o u n d a t i o n , Inc. J m m e d i a t e l y acclaimed b y the m e m b e r s as a m e a n s of

r e n d e r i n g due r e c o g n i t i o n to its r e n o w n e d m e m b e r s - - a r e c o g n i t i o n which the Association i t s e l f could n o t r e n d e r because of the lack of sufficient f u n d s - - t h e r e yet r e m a i n e d some belief t h a t soon the s u p p l y of p o t e n t i a l w o r t h y a w a r d e e s would be exhausted. N i n e t e e n years h a s p r o v e n the f a l l a c y of this t h i n k i n g . These a n d o t h e r a w a r d s have s t i m u l a t e d a c t i v i t y in the v a r i o u s fields, a n d the a n n o u n c e m e n t of the w i n n e r s h a s become a n a n t i c i p a t e d h i g h light of the a n n u a l m e e t i n g ( T a b l e 8). 1. The Borden A w a r d s . The B o r d e n A w a r d s f o r m e r i t o r i o u s r e s e a r c h both in d a i r y m a n u f a c t u r i n g a n d in d a i r y p r o d u c t i o n consist of a c i t a t i o n b y the A m e r i c a n D a i r y Science Association a n d a gold m e d a l a n d a t a x - f r e e check f o r $1,000 by the B o r d e n C o m p a n y F o u n d a t i o n . W i t h few exceptions, t h e 38 d a i r y B o r d e n A w a r d s f r o m 1937 to 1955, inclusive, have b e e n m a d e b y Mr. W. A. W e n t w o r t h of t h e B o r d e n Company.

TABLE 8 Achievement and honor awards presented at the annual ~eeting of the American Dairy Science Association Year

Recipients T H E B O R D E N AWARDS DAIRY MANUFACTURING D A I R Y PRODUCTION

1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 ]948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955

Lore A. Rogers, USDA Kenneth G. Weckel, Wisconsin Stewart L. Tuekey, Illinois Bernard W. tIammer, Iowa Paul F. Sharp, Cornell Hugo H. Sommer, Wisconsin Byron H. Webb, USDA A r t h u r C. Dahlberg, Cornell G. Malcolm Trout, Michigan Paul H. Tracy, Illinois Chester D. Dahle, Pennsylvania Egerton G. Hood, Canada Francis J. Doan, Pennsylvania Walter V. Price, Wisconsin Samuel T. Coulter, Minnesota Emerson W. Bird, Iowa F. E. Nelson, Iowa Paul R. Elliker, Oregon F r a n k V. Kosikowski, Cornell

Carl F. Huffman, Michigan William E. Krauss, Ohio Ralph E. Hodgson, USDA Charles W. Turner, Missouri Edwin B. Hart, Wisconsin William E. Petersen, Minnesota Lane A. Moore, USDA Paul H. Philips, Wisconsin Glenn W. Salisbury, Cornell E. Paul Reineke, Michigan Joseph C. Shaw, Maryland Walter L. Gaines, Illinois George H. Wise, North Carolina Samuel Brody, Missouri John K. Loosli, Cornell J o h n Wm. Hibbs, Ohio R. B. Becker, Florida L. E. Casida, Wisconsin Clifford W. Duncan, Michigan

T H E A M E R I C A N F E E D M A N U F A C T U R E R S ASSOCIATION AWARD 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955

George H. Wise, North Carolina Thomas S. Sutton, Ohio J. Thomas Reid, Cornell Thor. W. Gullickson, Minnesota Hamilton E. Eaton, Connecticut J. W. Thomas, United States Department of Agriculture Carl F. Huffman, Michigan Robert S. Allen and Norman L. Jacobson, Iowa (joint awards) T H E DE L A V A L D A I R Y E X T E N S I O N AWARD

1951 1952 1953 1954 1955

Enos J. Perry, Rutgers Stanley J. Brownell, Cornell G . E . Gordon, California C.R. Gearhart, Pennsylvania Floyd J. Arnold, Iowa

T H E A M E R I C A N D A I R Y SCIENCE A S S O C I A T I O N T E A C H I N G AWARD 1955

Frederick H. Herzer, Mississippi

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50TH ANNIVERSARY ISSUE

2. The American Feed Manufacturers Assoviation Award. This award, inaugurated in 1948, is based on the publications during the two preceding years, the research being evaluated on (a) originality; (b) presentation; (c) value in dairy cattle nutrition; and (d) possibility of practical use in the dairy cattle industry. The recipient receives a check for $1,000 and a plaque. 3. The DeLaval Dairy Extension Award. The DeLaval Dairy Extension Achievement Award of $1,000 and a Scroll were given for the first time in 1951. I t is sponsored by the DeLaval Separator Company as a living memorial in honor of Dr. Carl Gustaf P a t r i c k DeLaval, inventor of the centrifugal cream separator and one of the chosen "Ten Masterminds of Dairying." 4. The American Dairy Science Association Teaching Award. The Teaching Award in Dairy Manufacturing, first given in 1955, was sponsored by the Milk Industry Foundation. The D a i r y Production Teaching Award, presented in 1956, was donated by the National Dairy Products Corporation. Like the other awards, the cash value is $1,000. The Manufacturing and Production Teaching Awards will be made in alternate years by the Foundation and by National Dairy.

Distinctive Membership Recognition 1. The Association honorary member award. A t the 1932 meeting, J. B. Fitch and Ehner Wylie spoke in favor of honoring at the annual meeting menlbers who had rendered distinctive service to the dairy industry. At the 1934 meeting J. M. Sherman presented the following motion, which was adopted after much discussion: that a permanent committee be appointed to pass on honors conferred on individuals at annual meetings; that this be a standing committee consisting of the last three presidents and that the committee make its report to the Board of Directors. I n June, 1945, the Executive Board at the annual meeting approved the recommendations of the Committee on Honors or Special Recognition, which provided for an annual Association Honorary Member Award. P r i o r to this action the Association had considered favorably the suggestion made by Fitch and Wylie and had paid "honorary tribute" to four of its members. Those so honored were : 1933, Wilber J. F r a s e r ; 1934, Otto F. Hunziker; 1935, Martin Mortensen; and 1940, Julius H. F r a n d sen. Also, four charter members of the Association had been elected previously to honorary life membership by the Executive Board. These were: in 1942, 0. F. Hunziker and in 1944, W. J. Fraser, E. S. Guthrie, and C. C. Hayden. The Committee on Honors, consisting of A. C. Dahlberg, H. P. Davis, and H. F. Judkins, chairman, recommended that the Association honoree shall have been a member of the Asso-

elation for at least 10 years and have rendered meritorious service. No more than one Honora r y Member A w a r d m a y be conferred during any one year. The honorary member is awarded the Association's Certificate of H o n o r a r y Membership and full membership in the Association, including a subscription to the Journal of Dairy Science, during his lifetime without the payment of further dues. The interest manifested at awarding ceremonies bespeaks the wisdom of the Committee in providing for this honor. Those so honored to date are: 1946, 1947, 1948, 1949, 1950,

0. E. Reed R. B. Stoltz A. A. Borland H. B. Ellenberger M. J. Prucha

1951, 1952, 1953, 1954, 1955,

L. A. Rogers C. L. Roadhouse H. P. Davis J. B. Fitch W. A. Wentworth

2. The Association life membership. The Association gives life membership to those who have been members for at least 25 years at the time of their retirement from active duty. On the occasion, the Association's Life Membership Certificate is presented to the life member. Life members receive the Journal of Dairy Science gratis as long as they live. The list of life members has included: 1944, E. G. Hastings Chris Larsen L. A. Rogers 1945, Oscar E r r George C. White 1947, S. I. Bechdel H. A. H a r d i n g C. W. Larson H. E. Ross

1948, 1952, 1953, 1955,

Robert S. Breed C. Albert Altwegg C. W. Holdaway H. E. Otting

3. Charter honorary membership. B y interim action of the Executive Board, in 1956, a special charter honorary membership was bestowed upon the charter members of the Association who had not been so honored heretofore. These memberships carry all the rights and privileges of the regular H o n o r a r y Membership and have been awarded in order to p a y extra tribute to those men for their contributions to the early life of the Association. Charter honorary memberships were bestowed upon C. F. Doane, Carl E. Lee, and Charles Thom.

Some Accomplishments of the American Dairy Science Association Education of dairy scientists and industry leaders. The training of dairy scientists has made marked progress during the life of the Association. I t must be recalled that at the turn of the century trained dairy educators were few. The Bachelor's degree itself was a mark of distinction. Its possessor was trained broadly in the sciences as well as in the fundamentals of d a i r y science. By 1920, the Master's degree was being earned by several of the college d a i r y instructors and investigators.

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Eekles, in his presidential address in 1922, warned :

"We are not turning out enough thoroughly prepared men. There should be more graduate students in dairy husbandry than is the case at present. The time is already here when a man to fill a first-class college position and rank with other men with whom he is associated nmst have a good graduate course . . . . I feel it is even more to the credit of the institution and more service to the state to turn out a few thoroughly qualified men who become leaders in their lines than it is to overemphasize the importance of t u r n i n g out a graduate who can immediately t u r n his hand to practical work but whose training has been inadequate to enable him to do real constructive work of permanent value." Within 10 years of Eckles' warning, members of dairy staffs throughout the country were seeking further training in graduate studies leading to the terminal degree. By mid-century, colleges of agriculture were demanding men with the doctorate to fill positions on their research and teaching staffs. As a consequence, both dairy curricula and instruction were placed on a higher level. The dairy graduate of 1956 is far more adequately trained in the fundamentals of dairy science than was his predecessor of 1906. Committee studies and recommendations. The American Dairy Science Association has functioned chiefly through its committees. Since the founding of the society in 1906, the work of the committees has given strength to the Association. Largely through committees' study have come recomlnendations for administrative action, policies, procedures, and standards which carry the support and backing of the Association. I n the organizational meeting seven threemember committees were appointed. Apparently, the 21 team members were workers, for two years later extensive reports were given at the annual meeting. The conclusive reports of these committees set a pattern for accomplishment that has seldom been equaled. For example, Fraser, Eckles, and Dean's committee recommendations on experimental work in production served as a guide in this phase of research for many years. By 1917, the committees not only grew in number, from 7 to 19, but increased in membership per committee as well, 93 persons being listed, some of whom served on more than one committee. I n 1918, O. E. Reed renmrked that there were too ninny inactive committees--a problem which has plagued officers to this day. There was general agreement, but it was pointed out that conunittee work was a means of getting the younger men interested and working for the Association. Although the number of committees remained the same, their membership had

increased to 105 in 1919. I n 1955, the number was 50 with a total personnel of 204, many of whom were younger men. Committee reports continued to be a part of the annual programs, but in time the trend was toward progress reports rather than exhaustive, conclusive results. Nevertheless, the long list of accepted procedures, standards, and values in the realms of the dairy industry today attest the fact that the American Dairy Science Association's committees have functioned well. Obviously, it is beyond the scope of this history to report the findings of all the committees. The mere mention of the names of sonle of the committees, past or present, immediately calls to mind some of the accomplishments of the Association. Some policy and subject-matter committees may be listed: advanced registry and official testing, breeds relation, score cards, Babcock testing, soft curd, curriculum, public relations, inter-society, composite tests, dairy cattle judging, milk proteins, dairy cattle breeding, teaching methods, judging dairy products, dairy records, dairy cattle health, pasture-investigation technique, type classification, standardization of methods, by-products, pasture and roughage, 4-H dairy clubs, dairy farm management, sanitary procedure, oxidation, color, dairy products, feeding, sires, chemical methods for analysis, bacteriological methods, and cost of nfilk production. Six long-standing committees have had a significant influence on the dairy industry, its personnel and its Association. These are (a) advanced registry and official testing; (b) breeds relations; (c) judging dairy cattle; (d) judging dairy products; (e) journal nmnagement, and (f) curriculum. Cooperation with other organizations. As previously indicated, the American Dairy Science Asociation early began close association with the National Dairy Show. The Manufacturing Sectiou, through the Committee on Judging Dairy Products, has worked in close alliance with the Dairy Industries Supply Association continuously since 1930 in staging the Collegiate Students International Contest in the Judging of Dairy Products held in connection with the Dairy Industries Exposition. As science progressed and more scientific societies came into being, the American Dairy Science Association became affiliated with thma. As early as 1923, the A.D.S.A. had representation on the National Research Council. Today major affiliations which involve formal representation by the Association are: American Association for the Advancement of Science, Committee on Inter-Society Cooperation, Dairy Remembrance Fund, Dairywide Coordinating Committee on Nutrition Research, Joint Committee on Grassland Farming, National Research Council, and Ralston-Purina Research Fellowship Committee.

50TH ANNIVERSARY ISSUE PRESIDENTS AMERICAN

R. A. P E A R S O N 1st President 1906, 1907

DAIRY

C. If. E C K L E S 2nd P r e s i d e n t 1908, 1909

OF

SCIENCE

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THE ASSOCIATION

O.F. ttUNZIKER 3rd P r e s i d e n t 1910, 1911

J. H. F R A N D S E N 4th President 1912, 1913 Founder and first editor

Journal of Dairy Science

F. R A S M U S S E N 5th President 1914, 1915

W.A. STOCKING 6th P r e s i d e n t ]916, 1917, 19].8

A.C. ANDERSON 7th P r e s i d e n t ]919

M. M O R T E N S E N 8th P r e s i d e n t 1920

C. H. E C K L E S 9th President 1921, 1922

A.A. BORLAND 10th P r e s i d e n t 1923, 1924

O.E. REED l l t h President ]925, 1926

J.B. FITCH 12th P r e s i d e n t 1927

648

JOURNAL

OF D A I R Y

H.B.

SCIENCE

G. C. W H I T E 13th P r e s i d e n t 1928, 1929

J.M. SHERMAN 14th P r e s i d e n t 1930

ELLENBERGER 15th P r e s i d e n t 1931

E.L. ANTHONY 16th president 1932

H. C. J A C K S O N 17th P r e s i d e n t 1933

R . B . STOLTZ 18th President 1934

C.L. ROADHOUSE 19th P r e s i d e n t 1935

H.A. RUEHE 20th President 1936

R. R. G R A V E S 21st P r e s i d e n t 1937

H . W . GREGORY 22nd P r e s i d e n t 1938

EARL WEAVER 23rd P r e s i d e n t 1939

E.S. GUTHRIE 24th P r e s i d e n t 1940

50TH ANNIVERSARY

649

ISSUE

H. W. CAYE 25th P r e s i d e n t 1941

H. F. J U D K I N S 26th P r e s i d e n t 1942

H. P. D A V I S 27th P r e s i d e n t 1943

A. C. D A H L B E R G 28th P r e s i d e n t 1944

A. C. R A G S D A L E 29th P r e s i d e n t 1945

J. A. N E L S O N 30th P r e s i d e n t 1946

FORDYCE ELY 31st P r e s i d e n t 1947

P. H. T R A C Y 32nd P r e s i d e n t 1948

W. E. P E T E R S E N 33rd P r e s i d e n t 1949

G. M. T R O U T 34th P r e s i d e n t 1950

1~. B. B E C K E R 35th P r e s i d e n t 1951

H. A. B E N D I X E N 36th P r e s i d e n t 1952

650

JOUI~NAL OF D A I ~ Y S C I E N C E

H. B. HENDERSON 37th President 1953

W . V . PRICE 38th President 1954

In Retrospect W. J. Fraser, recounting in 1933 the events which led to the formation of the American Dairy Science Association, concluded "The spirit of inquiry . . . should always be the guiding spirit of our association." This spirit of inquiry grew out of the very first meeting and has prevailed through the 50 years of the Association. I t is one of the A s s o c i a t i o n ' s chief values, for out of it have come most of the discoveries of the dairy s c i e n t i s t s . I n the dairy indust r y , as e l s e w h e r e , "Nature has always been a guardian of her secrets; they have been wrested only by long, laborious, t e d i o u s processes." Substantial, valuable research C. F. HUFFMAN data might have been 41st President obtained, but it was 1957 the i n q u i r i n g m i n d that drove the research worker on until he could answer the ever-present question, "Why ?" Finally, it nmst be admitted and recorded that the influence of the American Dairy Science Association can be measured only by the lives it has touched. And these are immeasur-

L.A. MOORE 39th President 1955

I . A . GOULD 40th President 1956

able. Radiating out from distinguished men, such as gather at the annual meetings, are forces destined to leave their imprint on the minds of those within their range. Only by evaluating a life of active service nmy these influences be viewed in proper perspective. Just as one working his way through the woods realizes that some trees are bigger than others, one unraveling the 50-year history of the American Dairy Science Association senses variations in the leadership stature of men. Some men have "stood tall" in depth of thought, loyalty, sincerity, and selflessness. The Historian yearns to point out and characterize the "Ten Masternfinds of the American Dairy Science Association." Yet, mindful of the Norwegian axiom, "No names mentioned, no one forgotten," he leaves the naming to the reader. Perhaps, some older member will rightfully include himself in the group of those contributing most to the American Dairy Science Association, and too, maybe some younger member, contemplating the leadership of the past, will dream dreams of a greater dairy industry and, working toward that goal, will have "forgotten" himself into celebrity. Such has been the challenge of the American Dairy Science Association. Its records contain a rich heritage of dairy leaders and their accomplishments. ACKNOWLEDGMENT The author feels a special debt of gratitude to E. L. Anthony, A. C. Dahlberg, J. H. Erb, C. W. Duncan, I. A. Gould, and Earl Weaver for their helpful suggestions ia the preparation of this manuscript.