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Finite element analysis
86A
8o7 HOFMANN, H UNIV .KARLSRUHE, D Tunnel construction for the Frankfurt underground. Congress. Conclusions. In German; ~F. PROCEED. 2 CO~3RESS, I~TERNAT. SOC. ROCK MECH.BELGRAD, 1970,V4,1974, I~99-~02. The tunnel was excavated u e i ~ the Austrian method of tunnelling. The geology was difficult: Soft limestone and hard Jointed rock mass. The teats have been carried out on a 50 m long strip of lamd; Two boreholes should give the following information: i. Groumd movement on the surface and umdergroumd; 2. Deformation and stresses in the lining of the tunnel.The test results have shcwn settlements and stresses and it proved impossible to forecast t h e f u t u r e rock behaviour; From the l~actical point of view, it became evident that the Austrian tunnelling method can be t~sed even in difficult geological conditions.
Experimental and numerical techniques See also abstract: 789.
8~ SZt~INSKI, A Photomechanical instruments for measuriDg the loading of supports. In Polish. ZESZ. NAUK.AK. GORN .HUTN.GORNIC"IWO,N362,1972, I>7-17. The author surveys different types of ~ t e r s working on tensometric and hydraulic principles, and describes a polariscope for use umd~rgroumd.
809 SVAGE,V Laser techniques in long workings. Lasers used as surveying instruments. In German; NEUE B E R G B A b ~ , VB, Ng, S E ~ . 1973, ~647-650. 810 SEEGMILT :gR,I~T~ Slope stability research. Its payoff in mining. -The research amd enginecrir~ approach of Anaconda Co; to slope stability with emphasis on payoff is discussed. Figs,Refs. MIN. CONGRESS J.V59, JULY, 1973, P32-39. 811 GOFFI, L POLITECNICO DI TORIN%I Static parameters of rock masses in large umderground openings; Comgress. Discussion.~ In French. 3F. PROCEED.2 CONGRESS, I ~ I ~ . S O C . R O C K MECH.BELGEAD, 1970,V4,197~,P202- 204. The note adds results of new development carried out from the time the author l~resented the main paper together with Oberti amd Rebaudi at the congress. The note gives a solution to the p~oblem of determination of elastic properties in an orthotropic medium. 812 HUGGENBERGER, A Burehole dilatometer~ ComgTess. Discussion; In German. 6F. PROCeeD. 2 CONGRESS, INTERNAT. SOC. ROCK MECH. BELGRAD, I~70,V4, i~74, P252-253. Bc~ehole dilatomet~rs are used to measure the deformation of a rock mass; The wall of a rock borehole is loaded by hydraulic pressure and the radial deformation is estimated. Assuming that the rock is a homogeneous body, to which the elastic theory can be applied, it is possible to estimate the value of the d~fc~mation modulus for the measured radial borahole. The principle of the borehole dilatometer is given. The author recommends stamdardlsation of bcrehole diameters in order to compare the values of measurements on an international scale.
813 DESAI, C S Conlnents on paper~ Finite element amalysis of elastic plastic problems in the mechanics of geologic media. Congress. Discussion; 5R. PROCEED.2 CO~GHESS~IN!~NAT.SOC.ROCK M E C H . ~ , 1970, V4,1974, P315- 316 • The author discusses the limitations in using the equilibrium approach. It is difficult to establish an equilibrating stress function as compared to choosimg a compatible displacement for,,,lation. Regarding associated variational principles for problems involvlmg coupling between rock or soil deformations amd the behaviour of pore fluids~ the mixed variational principle of Reissner amd Gurtin for initial ~alue problems has been successfully employed in recent years.
814 WITTKE,W INST. BGDEN. F E L ~ H . KARLSRUHE, D Three-~,~nsiomal calculation of the stability of caverns, tunnels, slopes and foundations in amlsotropic Jointed rock by mear~ of finite elements. Comgress. Discussion. 5F, 2R. PROCEED.2 CONGRESS, I ~ N A T . S O C . R O C K MECH.BELGRAD, 1970,V4,1974, P373-375 • An example is given for calculating stresses by using a three-dimensional finite element technique. The rock is anisotropic with joints amd elastic-plastic stress-straln properties.
815 STREIT, H SUISW~RCTRA, BASEL, CH Finite element amalysis; Congress; Discussion. In German. 4F. P R O C ~ . 2 CO~GRESS, I N I ~ T . S O C . R O C K MECH.HELGRAD, 1970,V4,1974, P385-386 • The author gives two examples of application of the three-dlmensior~l finite element a ~ s i s : i. Far a heterogez~-~/s rock mass - the defc~nnation and stress behavlour of a road tunnel; 2. Far a storage wall. Each finite element analysis was supplemented by model tests.
816 MARTINETTI, S Lessons d r ~ n from field test rock stress measurements. Congress. Conclusions.~ 3F, IIR. PROCE~). 2 CONGRESS, I ~ N ~ r . SOC .ROCK MECH. ~ELGRAD,
197o,v4,1974, P39o-394. The authors used the US~M borehole deformometer and the CSIR doorstoppar strain gauge. The doorstopper proved to be more convenient in field teatimg of stresses. The doorstopper cannot be used where appreciable amounts of water flow into the borehole. The interpretation of results, which are sometimes scattered, is best dons by employlmg a statistical method which gives not only an ur~iased estimate of the stress components, but also an estimate of their variances, covariances and confidence levels. A computer program SASM can be used in this method;
Surface structures Embankments and embankment dams 817 TRUDINGER, JP Engineering geology of the Kargaroo Creek dam; FigsjTabls. GEOL. SURVEY S O b ~ AUSTRALIA, BULL.44,1973,219P. his dam was constricted to provide additior~l storage fc~ the Adelaide water supply. Geological
8o7 HOFMANN, H UNIV .KARLSRUHE, D Tunnel construction for the Frankfurt underground. Congress. Conclusions. In German; ~F. PROCEED. 2 CO~3RESS, I~TERNAT. SOC. ROCK MECH.BELGRAD, 1970,V4,1974, I~99-~02. The tunnel was excavated u e i ~ the Austrian method of tunnelling. The geology was difficult: Soft limestone and hard Jointed rock mass. The teats have been carried out on a 50 m long strip of lamd; Two boreholes should give the following information: i. Groumd movement on the surface and umdergroumd; 2. Deformation and stresses in the lining of the tunnel.The test results have shcwn settlements and stresses and it proved impossible to forecast t h e f u t u r e rock behaviour; From the l~actical point of view, it became evident that the Austrian tunnelling method can be t~sed even in difficult geological conditions.
Experimental and numerical techniques See also abstract: 789.
8~ SZt~INSKI, A Photomechanical instruments for measuriDg the loading of supports. In Polish. ZESZ. NAUK.AK. GORN .HUTN.GORNIC"IWO,N362,1972, I>7-17. The author surveys different types of ~ t e r s working on tensometric and hydraulic principles, and describes a polariscope for use umd~rgroumd.
809 SVAGE,V Laser techniques in long workings. Lasers used as surveying instruments. In German; NEUE B E R G B A b ~ , VB, Ng, S E ~ . 1973, ~647-650. 810 SEEGMILT :gR,I~T~ Slope stability research. Its payoff in mining. -The research amd enginecrir~ approach of Anaconda Co; to slope stability with emphasis on payoff is discussed. Figs,Refs. MIN. CONGRESS J.V59, JULY, 1973, P32-39. 811 GOFFI, L POLITECNICO DI TORIN%I Static parameters of rock masses in large umderground openings; Comgress. Discussion.~ In French. 3F. PROCEED.2 CONGRESS, I ~ I ~ . S O C . R O C K MECH.BELGEAD, 1970,V4,197~,P202- 204. The note adds results of new development carried out from the time the author l~resented the main paper together with Oberti amd Rebaudi at the congress. The note gives a solution to the p~oblem of determination of elastic properties in an orthotropic medium. 812 HUGGENBERGER, A Burehole dilatometer~ ComgTess. Discussion; In German. 6F. PROCeeD. 2 CONGRESS, INTERNAT. SOC. ROCK MECH. BELGRAD, I~70,V4, i~74, P252-253. Bc~ehole dilatomet~rs are used to measure the deformation of a rock mass; The wall of a rock borehole is loaded by hydraulic pressure and the radial deformation is estimated. Assuming that the rock is a homogeneous body, to which the elastic theory can be applied, it is possible to estimate the value of the d~fc~mation modulus for the measured radial borahole. The principle of the borehole dilatometer is given. The author recommends stamdardlsation of bcrehole diameters in order to compare the values of measurements on an international scale.
813 DESAI, C S Conlnents on paper~ Finite element amalysis of elastic plastic problems in the mechanics of geologic media. Congress. Discussion; 5R. PROCEED.2 CO~GHESS~IN!~NAT.SOC.ROCK M E C H . ~ , 1970, V4,1974, P315- 316 • The author discusses the limitations in using the equilibrium approach. It is difficult to establish an equilibrating stress function as compared to choosimg a compatible displacement for,,,lation. Regarding associated variational principles for problems involvlmg coupling between rock or soil deformations amd the behaviour of pore fluids~ the mixed variational principle of Reissner amd Gurtin for initial ~alue problems has been successfully employed in recent years.
814 WITTKE,W INST. BGDEN. F E L ~ H . KARLSRUHE, D Three-~,~nsiomal calculation of the stability of caverns, tunnels, slopes and foundations in amlsotropic Jointed rock by mear~ of finite elements. Comgress. Discussion. 5F, 2R. PROCEED.2 CONGRESS, I ~ N A T . S O C . R O C K MECH.BELGRAD, 1970,V4,1974, P373-375 • An example is given for calculating stresses by using a three-dimensional finite element technique. The rock is anisotropic with joints amd elastic-plastic stress-straln properties.
815 STREIT, H SUISW~RCTRA, BASEL, CH Finite element amalysis; Congress; Discussion. In German. 4F. P R O C ~ . 2 CO~GRESS, I N I ~ T . S O C . R O C K MECH.HELGRAD, 1970,V4,1974, P385-386 • The author gives two examples of application of the three-dlmensior~l finite element a ~ s i s : i. Far a heterogez~-~/s rock mass - the defc~nnation and stress behavlour of a road tunnel; 2. Far a storage wall. Each finite element analysis was supplemented by model tests.
816 MARTINETTI, S Lessons d r ~ n from field test rock stress measurements. Congress. Conclusions.~ 3F, IIR. PROCE~). 2 CONGRESS, I ~ N ~ r . SOC .ROCK MECH. ~ELGRAD,
197o,v4,1974, P39o-394. The authors used the US~M borehole deformometer and the CSIR doorstoppar strain gauge. The doorstopper proved to be more convenient in field teatimg of stresses. The doorstopper cannot be used where appreciable amounts of water flow into the borehole. The interpretation of results, which are sometimes scattered, is best dons by employlmg a statistical method which gives not only an ur~iased estimate of the stress components, but also an estimate of their variances, covariances and confidence levels. A computer program SASM can be used in this method;
Surface structures Embankments and embankment dams 817 TRUDINGER, JP Engineering geology of the Kargaroo Creek dam; FigsjTabls. GEOL. SURVEY S O b ~ AUSTRALIA, BULL.44,1973,219P. his dam was constricted to provide additior~l storage fc~ the Adelaide water supply. Geological