- Email: [email protected]
Flaw detection
and then placed on a concave piston which moves in a guide with an annular abutment having inclined s u r f a c e s for the test specimen. The piston guide i s connected by means of a bayonet join to the base plate of a container which i s filled up to the top of the piston with a coolant such as water. (1937) Ultrasonic p i p e - t e s t i n g method and a p p a r a t u s Proctor, N. B. US Patent 3,436,958 (8 Ap ril 1969) (Filed 11 October 19651 D e s c r i b e s a method and ap paratus for the inspection of f e r r o m a g n e t i c m a t e r i a l s e.g. s t e e l pipes. A beam of u l t r a s o n i c energy i s d i r e c t e d into the pipe. The pipe i s s i m u l t a neously s t r e s s e d m a g u e t o s t r i c t i v e l y at a given frequency thus causing a modulation of the reflected energy about that frequency.
(1936)
fixable rigidly to the f r a m e of the machine so that its spacing from the tool can be p r e c i s e l y adjusted. (19421
Measurement of depth of fusion in welds by compressio~ waves
Ultrasonic control device for tubes United States Steel Corp French Patent 1,567, 552 (16 May 19691 (Applied for 29 May 1968) (In US 29 May 19671 This apparatus u l t r a s o n i c a l l y controls a pulse allowing it to be displaced longitudinally and turned about an a xi s at the same time. An a r r a y of c r y s t a l s i s set alongside the t u b e ' s t r a j e c t o r y and manipulated to a cont r o l l e d setting by contact with the tube. Each c r y s t a l is set at an angle and all a r e connected to an ult ra s oni c device which detects flaws in the tube. A further device allows the approach of the tubes ends to be determined. (19431
(19511
S t r e s s - c o r r o s i o n c r a c k detection and c h a r a c t e r i z a t i n n using ultrasound Well, B. L. M a t e r i a l s Evaluation, Vol 27, No 6 (June 19691 pp 135-139 S t r e s s - c o r r o s i o n c ra c ki ng i s a complicated m e c h a n i s m involving: sustained surface t e n s i l e s t r e s s e s ; an'alloy and t e m p e r s us c e ptible to this phenomenon; a c o r r o s i v e a t m o s phere. Describe d i s the development of a n o n d e s t r u c t i v e - t e s t technique following s t r e s s - c o r r o s i o n failure in a ri ng support s t r u c t u r e of 7075-T6. Configuration of the part and concealment of the a r e a of surface tensile s t r e s s e s under a g l a s s - r e s i n s t r u c t u r e dictated that a s he a r wave technique be used to detect and c h a r a c t e r i z e the s t r e s s - c o r rosion c r a c k s . Te s t frequencies, types of s e a r c h unit and v a r i o u s couplants were investigated to de t e rmi ne optimum s e ns i t i vi t y and resolution with minimum attenuation. Flaw detecto r Test techniques were developed with concern Shell Int. R e s e a r c h Maat Schappij for location of probe, angle of r e f r a c t e d wave German Patent 1,296, 414 (Applied for 29 and amplitude of discontinuity indication. May 19691 To simulate discontinuities, machined stanA magnetic field i s generated in the test d a r d s with a r e a s r e l a t e d to c r a c k s of v a r i o u s object by a field winding connected to an locations, sizes, depth ~nd angles were a.c. source. A voltage i s induced in a detector evaluated. Information was c o r r e l a t e d using winding through this field. The phase relationdata from both u l t r a s o n i c and m e t a l l o g r a ship of the induced to field voltages i s phic evaluation of specimens. (1944) r ecor ded as follows:- A t r i g g e r connected to the detector winding at a given point in i t s E s t i m a t i n g s e n s i t i v i t y of sheet inspection input voltage cycle t r i g g e r s stroboscopic by method of n o r m a l modes light which i l l u m i n a t e s a photoelectric r e Baryshev, S. E., and Shan'kova, Z.N. cording medium through a slit diaphragm. Defectoscopy, No 3 (May-June 1967) p 218 A tubular diaphragm enclosing this light (1945) sour ce and having a h e l i c a l edge is rotated by an e l e c t r i c motor which i s synchronous Ultrasonic (5MHz to 35MH~.) m e a s u r e m e n t s to the a.c. source such that it sweeps the of absorption and e l a s t i c constant, with slit diaphragm. (1940) i n f r a r e d studies of the A - t r a n s i t i o n in NAN03
Flaw detection Peldmiihle AG German Patent 1,296, 822 (Applied for June 4 1969) C o n s i s t s of a fixed lamp, a rotating m u l t i m i r r o r wheel, l e n s e s and diaphragms, light s e n s i t i v e elements, an evaluator for t r a n s m i s s i o n of flaw s i g n a l s exceeding a given value, r e c o r d e r s a n d / o r switching devices for separatio n of the defective m a t e r i a l . To prevent signal generation when the scanning light spot l e a v e s the scanned a r e a of the m a t e r i a l a light t r a n s m i t t i n g element is a r r a n g e d in the path of the light beam. Over the whole the light path some of light is r ef lected from this element and additional photo- cells a r e a r r a n g e d to detect this r e flected light. (1939)
Sounding device u sin g ultrasound e s p e c i a l l y for sounding thin steel Societ~ de Recherche et de R e a l i s a t i o n s e l e c t r i q u e s et Mecaniques French Patent 1,566, 331 (9 May 1969), (Applied for 1 F e b r u a r y 1968) The ultr asonic head r e s t s on a support which i s held on an e l a s t i c suspension. The head can be manoeuvered into a working position by m eans of a s c r e w - j a c k . (1941) Anvil construction for ultrasonfc sealing
device The Up~ohn Co Patent Specification I, 158, 578 (Filed 12 October 1966) The invention r e l a t e s to an anvil which both has a longer operating life and m a k e s a longer life possible for the sealing t o o l Sealing i s effected by mechanical c o m p r e s sion and d e c o m p r e s s i o n of p l a s t i c sheet at u l t r a s o n i c frequencies (typically 20kHz) causing m o l e c u l a r heating and consequent fusion of the m a t e r i a l . The u l t r a s o n i c tool, which i s usually of tungsten carbide and controlled by a g e n e r a t o r and transducer, i s positioned on one side of the sheet and moves back and forth (usually 0. 001-0. 004in) per pendicu lar to the sheet. The anvil i s
Craft, W. L., Eckhardi, R., Slut sky, L. J. Journal of the P hys i c a l Society of Japan, Vol 26, Supplement 1969, pp 184 (P roc e e dings of the International Conference on Statistical Mechanics) (19461 Ultrasonic t e s t i n g ef high s t re ngt h a l l o y s Editor Machine Design Vol 41, No 5 (6 March 1969), pp 164 (1947) Non-destructive t e s t i n g Editorial Review Metallurgia, Vol 29, No 476 (June 19691 pp 223-224 (1948) Methods for calcnfsting the acoustic path of an ultrasmztc flaw detector Ermolov, I. N. Defectoscopy, No 3 (May-June 1967) p209 Also No 4 (July-August 1967) p273 (1949) Calculating the acoustic c ha rne l of an altrasoend defectoscope (acoustic channel for r e f l e c t i e n from s p h e r i c a l and c y l i m i r i c a l defects) Ermolov, I. N. Defectoscopy, No 5 (Sept-Oct 1967) p370
(1950)
Feoktistov, V. A. and Grebennikov, V. V. Defectoscopy, No 4 (July-August 1967) p270 Ultrasonic methods of t h i c k n e s s measurement Grebennik, V. S. Defectoscopy, No 5 (Sept-Oct 1967) p345
(1952) Differ,~ttal ultrasmflc vi mml l z a t l a u of i mpa c t f r a c t u r e s in g l a s s re i nforc e d ~ t ~ i c s Green, P. S., Church, J. M., E i l e r s , G. J. M a t e r i a l s r e s e a r c h and s t a nda rds Vol 9, No 10 (October 1969), pp 24 (1953) Investigation of a c c u r a c y attnln~hle m e a s u r ing the c o-ordl nnt e s of a defect in scanning with an angle s e a r c h trait Gurvich, A. K. Defectoscopy, No 4 (July-August 1967) p261
(19541 Some developments in n e n - d e s t r o c t i v e
measurement I ~ l n e s , C. J., P re e c e , K. N. Instrument P r a c t i c e , Vol 23, No 3 (March 19691, pp 205 (1955) P o s s i b i l i t i e s of automatic u l t r a s o n i c t e s t i n g of welded automobile hollow v a l v e s Knopf, H. D. Materialpr~ifung, Vol 11, No 9 (September 1969), pp 293 (19561 Non-destructive t e s t i n g Lavoie, F. J. Machine Design, Vol 41, No 20 (4 September 1969),pp 121 (1957)
New p o s s i b i l i t i e s of routine inspection of g r e y i ron c a s t i n g s by u l t r a s o n i c attenuation
tests shown by the example of b e a r i n g caps for d i e s e l engines Meyer, H. J. Materialpriifung, Vol 11, No 10 (October 1969), pp 335 (1958) A guide to h e n - d e s t r u c t i v e t e s t i n g ( i n c l z ~ n ~ ul t ra s oni c i m a ~ l ~ ) Mock, J. A. M a t e r i a l s Engineering, Vol 69, No 6 (June 1969), pp 60 (1959) Ultrasonic i nj ury ds t e e t i ng device Nippon Gakuzyutsu Shinkokai Japanese Patent JPC 23950/69 (11 October 1969), (Applied for 16 November 1966) (1960) Ult ras~mic t ool s Simms Group R e s e a r c h & Development Ltd B r i t i s h Patent 1,162, 142 Applied for (1 November 1967) (1961) Apparatus for u l t r a s o n i c sc~nnt._~ using as
elliptical reflecting system Thurstone, F. L. US Patent 3, 451,260 (24 June 1969) (Fried 23 March 1966) (1962) Determinatten of directt(mal characterist3cs of a~gle probes for ultr-,u~on~c testing (m the reference block sccord~nE to DIN 54 ]20 W~istenberg, H. Matertalpr~ffung, Vol 1], No 9 (September 1969), pp 311 (1963)
PROCESSING AND PRODUCTION El e c t rode pos i t i on and dissolution of a cylind r i c a l copper electrode in a standing-wave sound field Arkhangel' skii, M. E. Soviet P h y s i c s - - A c o u s t i c s , V o l 15, No 1 (JulySeptember 1969) pp 1-3 The c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s of the c u r r e n t and potent i a l behaviour of a cathode a r e de s c ri b ed for
ULTRASOI%qCS January 1970
71
(1936)
fixable rigidly to the f r a m e of the machine so that its spacing from the tool can be p r e c i s e l y adjusted. (19421
Measurement of depth of fusion in welds by compressio~ waves
Ultrasonic control device for tubes United States Steel Corp French Patent 1,567, 552 (16 May 19691 (Applied for 29 May 1968) (In US 29 May 19671 This apparatus u l t r a s o n i c a l l y controls a pulse allowing it to be displaced longitudinally and turned about an a xi s at the same time. An a r r a y of c r y s t a l s i s set alongside the t u b e ' s t r a j e c t o r y and manipulated to a cont r o l l e d setting by contact with the tube. Each c r y s t a l is set at an angle and all a r e connected to an ult ra s oni c device which detects flaws in the tube. A further device allows the approach of the tubes ends to be determined. (19431
(19511
S t r e s s - c o r r o s i o n c r a c k detection and c h a r a c t e r i z a t i n n using ultrasound Well, B. L. M a t e r i a l s Evaluation, Vol 27, No 6 (June 19691 pp 135-139 S t r e s s - c o r r o s i o n c ra c ki ng i s a complicated m e c h a n i s m involving: sustained surface t e n s i l e s t r e s s e s ; an'alloy and t e m p e r s us c e ptible to this phenomenon; a c o r r o s i v e a t m o s phere. Describe d i s the development of a n o n d e s t r u c t i v e - t e s t technique following s t r e s s - c o r r o s i o n failure in a ri ng support s t r u c t u r e of 7075-T6. Configuration of the part and concealment of the a r e a of surface tensile s t r e s s e s under a g l a s s - r e s i n s t r u c t u r e dictated that a s he a r wave technique be used to detect and c h a r a c t e r i z e the s t r e s s - c o r rosion c r a c k s . Te s t frequencies, types of s e a r c h unit and v a r i o u s couplants were investigated to de t e rmi ne optimum s e ns i t i vi t y and resolution with minimum attenuation. Flaw detecto r Test techniques were developed with concern Shell Int. R e s e a r c h Maat Schappij for location of probe, angle of r e f r a c t e d wave German Patent 1,296, 414 (Applied for 29 and amplitude of discontinuity indication. May 19691 To simulate discontinuities, machined stanA magnetic field i s generated in the test d a r d s with a r e a s r e l a t e d to c r a c k s of v a r i o u s object by a field winding connected to an locations, sizes, depth ~nd angles were a.c. source. A voltage i s induced in a detector evaluated. Information was c o r r e l a t e d using winding through this field. The phase relationdata from both u l t r a s o n i c and m e t a l l o g r a ship of the induced to field voltages i s phic evaluation of specimens. (1944) r ecor ded as follows:- A t r i g g e r connected to the detector winding at a given point in i t s E s t i m a t i n g s e n s i t i v i t y of sheet inspection input voltage cycle t r i g g e r s stroboscopic by method of n o r m a l modes light which i l l u m i n a t e s a photoelectric r e Baryshev, S. E., and Shan'kova, Z.N. cording medium through a slit diaphragm. Defectoscopy, No 3 (May-June 1967) p 218 A tubular diaphragm enclosing this light (1945) sour ce and having a h e l i c a l edge is rotated by an e l e c t r i c motor which i s synchronous Ultrasonic (5MHz to 35MH~.) m e a s u r e m e n t s to the a.c. source such that it sweeps the of absorption and e l a s t i c constant, with slit diaphragm. (1940) i n f r a r e d studies of the A - t r a n s i t i o n in NAN03
Flaw detection Peldmiihle AG German Patent 1,296, 822 (Applied for June 4 1969) C o n s i s t s of a fixed lamp, a rotating m u l t i m i r r o r wheel, l e n s e s and diaphragms, light s e n s i t i v e elements, an evaluator for t r a n s m i s s i o n of flaw s i g n a l s exceeding a given value, r e c o r d e r s a n d / o r switching devices for separatio n of the defective m a t e r i a l . To prevent signal generation when the scanning light spot l e a v e s the scanned a r e a of the m a t e r i a l a light t r a n s m i t t i n g element is a r r a n g e d in the path of the light beam. Over the whole the light path some of light is r ef lected from this element and additional photo- cells a r e a r r a n g e d to detect this r e flected light. (1939)
Sounding device u sin g ultrasound e s p e c i a l l y for sounding thin steel Societ~ de Recherche et de R e a l i s a t i o n s e l e c t r i q u e s et Mecaniques French Patent 1,566, 331 (9 May 1969), (Applied for 1 F e b r u a r y 1968) The ultr asonic head r e s t s on a support which i s held on an e l a s t i c suspension. The head can be manoeuvered into a working position by m eans of a s c r e w - j a c k . (1941) Anvil construction for ultrasonfc sealing
device The Up~ohn Co Patent Specification I, 158, 578 (Filed 12 October 1966) The invention r e l a t e s to an anvil which both has a longer operating life and m a k e s a longer life possible for the sealing t o o l Sealing i s effected by mechanical c o m p r e s sion and d e c o m p r e s s i o n of p l a s t i c sheet at u l t r a s o n i c frequencies (typically 20kHz) causing m o l e c u l a r heating and consequent fusion of the m a t e r i a l . The u l t r a s o n i c tool, which i s usually of tungsten carbide and controlled by a g e n e r a t o r and transducer, i s positioned on one side of the sheet and moves back and forth (usually 0. 001-0. 004in) per pendicu lar to the sheet. The anvil i s
Craft, W. L., Eckhardi, R., Slut sky, L. J. Journal of the P hys i c a l Society of Japan, Vol 26, Supplement 1969, pp 184 (P roc e e dings of the International Conference on Statistical Mechanics) (19461 Ultrasonic t e s t i n g ef high s t re ngt h a l l o y s Editor Machine Design Vol 41, No 5 (6 March 1969), pp 164 (1947) Non-destructive t e s t i n g Editorial Review Metallurgia, Vol 29, No 476 (June 19691 pp 223-224 (1948) Methods for calcnfsting the acoustic path of an ultrasmztc flaw detector Ermolov, I. N. Defectoscopy, No 3 (May-June 1967) p209 Also No 4 (July-August 1967) p273 (1949) Calculating the acoustic c ha rne l of an altrasoend defectoscope (acoustic channel for r e f l e c t i e n from s p h e r i c a l and c y l i m i r i c a l defects) Ermolov, I. N. Defectoscopy, No 5 (Sept-Oct 1967) p370
(1950)
Feoktistov, V. A. and Grebennikov, V. V. Defectoscopy, No 4 (July-August 1967) p270 Ultrasonic methods of t h i c k n e s s measurement Grebennik, V. S. Defectoscopy, No 5 (Sept-Oct 1967) p345
(1952) Differ,~ttal ultrasmflc vi mml l z a t l a u of i mpa c t f r a c t u r e s in g l a s s re i nforc e d ~ t ~ i c s Green, P. S., Church, J. M., E i l e r s , G. J. M a t e r i a l s r e s e a r c h and s t a nda rds Vol 9, No 10 (October 1969), pp 24 (1953) Investigation of a c c u r a c y attnln~hle m e a s u r ing the c o-ordl nnt e s of a defect in scanning with an angle s e a r c h trait Gurvich, A. K. Defectoscopy, No 4 (July-August 1967) p261
(19541 Some developments in n e n - d e s t r o c t i v e
measurement I ~ l n e s , C. J., P re e c e , K. N. Instrument P r a c t i c e , Vol 23, No 3 (March 19691, pp 205 (1955) P o s s i b i l i t i e s of automatic u l t r a s o n i c t e s t i n g of welded automobile hollow v a l v e s Knopf, H. D. Materialpr~ifung, Vol 11, No 9 (September 1969), pp 293 (19561 Non-destructive t e s t i n g Lavoie, F. J. Machine Design, Vol 41, No 20 (4 September 1969),pp 121 (1957)
New p o s s i b i l i t i e s of routine inspection of g r e y i ron c a s t i n g s by u l t r a s o n i c attenuation
tests shown by the example of b e a r i n g caps for d i e s e l engines Meyer, H. J. Materialpriifung, Vol 11, No 10 (October 1969), pp 335 (1958) A guide to h e n - d e s t r u c t i v e t e s t i n g ( i n c l z ~ n ~ ul t ra s oni c i m a ~ l ~ ) Mock, J. A. M a t e r i a l s Engineering, Vol 69, No 6 (June 1969), pp 60 (1959) Ultrasonic i nj ury ds t e e t i ng device Nippon Gakuzyutsu Shinkokai Japanese Patent JPC 23950/69 (11 October 1969), (Applied for 16 November 1966) (1960) Ult ras~mic t ool s Simms Group R e s e a r c h & Development Ltd B r i t i s h Patent 1,162, 142 Applied for (1 November 1967) (1961) Apparatus for u l t r a s o n i c sc~nnt._~ using as
elliptical reflecting system Thurstone, F. L. US Patent 3, 451,260 (24 June 1969) (Fried 23 March 1966) (1962) Determinatten of directt(mal characterist3cs of a~gle probes for ultr-,u~on~c testing (m the reference block sccord~nE to DIN 54 ]20 W~istenberg, H. Matertalpr~ffung, Vol 1], No 9 (September 1969), pp 311 (1963)
PROCESSING AND PRODUCTION El e c t rode pos i t i on and dissolution of a cylind r i c a l copper electrode in a standing-wave sound field Arkhangel' skii, M. E. Soviet P h y s i c s - - A c o u s t i c s , V o l 15, No 1 (JulySeptember 1969) pp 1-3 The c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s of the c u r r e n t and potent i a l behaviour of a cathode a r e de s c ri b ed for
ULTRASOI%qCS January 1970
71