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Forces and torques involved in lifting
difficulty in applying what is available to his specific design problem. The paper outlines the types of anthropometric data which are available and discusses their use. The paper includes a discussion of the approach and statistical rationale used in the design of sizing systems for personal protective equipment and it describes specific sizing programmes. 4.2.56 (61226) Clauser, C. E. and Tucker, P. E. Anthropometry of Air Force women. TRC Report No T72 - 06549, Apr 1972, 1157 pp; abstr in R and D Abstracts. Describes and summarises the results of an anthropometric survey of United States Air Force women carried out during 1968. Included in the report are a description of the methods and techniques used in the survey, descriptions - visual as well as verbal - of the measuring techniques used, and both uni-and bi-variate statistical summaries. Background data gathered included age, rank, military occupation, birthplace, blood type, and age at menarche.
4.2.57 (61227)
Pool, J., Binkhorst, R. A. and Vos~ J. A. Some anthropometric and physiological data in relation to performance of top female gymnasts. International Zeitschrift far Angewandte Physiologie, 1969, 27, 329-338. Some anthropometric and physiological measurements were taken in thirty-eight competitors of the European championship for female gymnasts in 1967 in Amsterdam. Female top gymnasts were characterized by small height (mean 1.58m) and weight (mean 52.6 kg). They had extraordinarily small skinfolds, which correlated negatively with their performance. Muscles were well developed and thorax width correlated significantly with the total score. The time necessary for the last part of the run for horsevault correlated significantly with the mark for this jump. The best gymnasts took a relatively long running distance. Jumping height, measured by a jump test, correlated also with the mark for horsevault. Running time and jumping height also correlated significantly with the mark for floor exercise. Handgrip strength did not correlate with the performance. The average of this group of top gymnasts did not differ significantly from that of other groups of women.
4.2.58 (61230)
Dey, $. and Konz, S. Forces and torques involved in lifting. Report, The Library, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66520, USA, Jun 1971 ; abstr in AIlE Transactions. A force platform was used to study the behaviour of three parameters for a typical lifting task. Distance of the weight from the spine was 16, 18 or 20 in. Weights were 11, 22 or 33 lb; angles of turn were 0,45 and 90 degrees. 4.2.59 (61231)
Jackson, J. M. Biomechanical hazards in the dockworker. Annals o f Occupational Hygiene, Apr 1968, 11.2, 147-157; abstr in Occupational Safety and Health Abstracts (CIS 1449-1972). Review of safety and health in dock work, indicating that, despite increasing mechanisation, the arduousness of load handling is still reflected in high morbidity statistics for 'wear and tear' conditions, the spinal apparatus being particularly vulnerable to both long-term and immediate effects. After discussing the biomechanical hazards of handling loads, rheumatic diseases and occupational hazards, and industrial injury and occupational hazard, with reference to the literature, the author examines the anatomical distribution of injuries to dockers. In conclusion, he explains the principles of the biomechanics of lifting, safe handling and human kinetics.
4.2.60 (61233)
Dervillee, P., Toussaint, J. and Doignon, J. Preliminary study on the main fatigue factors associated with dental work (Essai d' approache sur les principaux facteurs de fatigue li~s au poste de travail en chirurgie dentaire).
Archives des Maladies Professionnelles, Jul-Aug. 1969, 30. 7 - 8 , 423-424; abstr in Occupational Safety and Health Abstracts. An inquiry carried out in 1967 showed that, from their first year of practice, most dental surgeons suffer from general lassitude, accompanied intermittently by various other phenomena (headache, disturbances of humour and sleep, fast pulse rate). Workplace studies disclose the main causes of this tiredness: static work, unbalanced posture during operations, consulting-
room atmosphere, etc, and import psychological factors such as dentist/ patient relationship, constant selfcontrol, long working hours with especially heavy workload in the evening, etc. Preventive measures (breaks, improved working atmosphere, working seated and with appropriate equipment, spreading of working hours) can alleviate the situation to some extent, but, as regards working hours, the public will have to be educated. Proper working postures should be practised during studies or at postgraduate training courses. 4.2.61 (61235)
Mojkin, Ju. V., Poberezskaja, A. S., and Krjokova, D. N. Experience acquired in improving the working posture of sewing-machine operators (Opyt racionalizacii rabo~ih poz svej-motoristok). (In Russian.) Gigiena Truda i Professional'nye Zabolevani]a, Jul 1971, 15.7, 2 1 - 2 5 ; abstr in Occupational Safety and Health Abstracts. An inquiry carried out by questionnaire among four hundred sewing-machine operators disclosed that many of them complained of fatigue and localised aches in different parts of the body, attributable in many cases to incorrect posture. In order to ensure normal posture and reduce fatigue of the scapular, dorsal and lumbar muscles, the authors designed an experimental seat conforming to fundamental ergonomic principles and based on biomechanical electromyographical studies taking account of particular postural features. Following the replacement of conventional stools and seats by this new model with adjustable seat and back, complaints of fatigue and muscular aches ceased.
Visual displays 4.2.62 (61262) Corkindale, K.G.G. Basic Ergonomics with reference to cockpit design. Paper Presented at the Symposium on Data Reduction, Communication and Presentation for Process Operation, University o f Sussex, 22-25 Mar 1971, pp. ix-xii. Ergonomics has been applied to five main areas in aviation; task design, the design of displays, the design of controls, work station (cockpit) design and the specification of the working environment. Perhaps the prime area has been that of display design where by the use of a variety of techniques ranging from opinion
Applied Ergonomics June 1973
109
4.2.57 (61227)
Pool, J., Binkhorst, R. A. and Vos~ J. A. Some anthropometric and physiological data in relation to performance of top female gymnasts. International Zeitschrift far Angewandte Physiologie, 1969, 27, 329-338. Some anthropometric and physiological measurements were taken in thirty-eight competitors of the European championship for female gymnasts in 1967 in Amsterdam. Female top gymnasts were characterized by small height (mean 1.58m) and weight (mean 52.6 kg). They had extraordinarily small skinfolds, which correlated negatively with their performance. Muscles were well developed and thorax width correlated significantly with the total score. The time necessary for the last part of the run for horsevault correlated significantly with the mark for this jump. The best gymnasts took a relatively long running distance. Jumping height, measured by a jump test, correlated also with the mark for horsevault. Running time and jumping height also correlated significantly with the mark for floor exercise. Handgrip strength did not correlate with the performance. The average of this group of top gymnasts did not differ significantly from that of other groups of women.
4.2.58 (61230)
Dey, $. and Konz, S. Forces and torques involved in lifting. Report, The Library, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66520, USA, Jun 1971 ; abstr in AIlE Transactions. A force platform was used to study the behaviour of three parameters for a typical lifting task. Distance of the weight from the spine was 16, 18 or 20 in. Weights were 11, 22 or 33 lb; angles of turn were 0,45 and 90 degrees. 4.2.59 (61231)
Jackson, J. M. Biomechanical hazards in the dockworker. Annals o f Occupational Hygiene, Apr 1968, 11.2, 147-157; abstr in Occupational Safety and Health Abstracts (CIS 1449-1972). Review of safety and health in dock work, indicating that, despite increasing mechanisation, the arduousness of load handling is still reflected in high morbidity statistics for 'wear and tear' conditions, the spinal apparatus being particularly vulnerable to both long-term and immediate effects. After discussing the biomechanical hazards of handling loads, rheumatic diseases and occupational hazards, and industrial injury and occupational hazard, with reference to the literature, the author examines the anatomical distribution of injuries to dockers. In conclusion, he explains the principles of the biomechanics of lifting, safe handling and human kinetics.
4.2.60 (61233)
Dervillee, P., Toussaint, J. and Doignon, J. Preliminary study on the main fatigue factors associated with dental work (Essai d' approache sur les principaux facteurs de fatigue li~s au poste de travail en chirurgie dentaire).
Archives des Maladies Professionnelles, Jul-Aug. 1969, 30. 7 - 8 , 423-424; abstr in Occupational Safety and Health Abstracts. An inquiry carried out in 1967 showed that, from their first year of practice, most dental surgeons suffer from general lassitude, accompanied intermittently by various other phenomena (headache, disturbances of humour and sleep, fast pulse rate). Workplace studies disclose the main causes of this tiredness: static work, unbalanced posture during operations, consulting-
room atmosphere, etc, and import psychological factors such as dentist/ patient relationship, constant selfcontrol, long working hours with especially heavy workload in the evening, etc. Preventive measures (breaks, improved working atmosphere, working seated and with appropriate equipment, spreading of working hours) can alleviate the situation to some extent, but, as regards working hours, the public will have to be educated. Proper working postures should be practised during studies or at postgraduate training courses. 4.2.61 (61235)
Mojkin, Ju. V., Poberezskaja, A. S., and Krjokova, D. N. Experience acquired in improving the working posture of sewing-machine operators (Opyt racionalizacii rabo~ih poz svej-motoristok). (In Russian.) Gigiena Truda i Professional'nye Zabolevani]a, Jul 1971, 15.7, 2 1 - 2 5 ; abstr in Occupational Safety and Health Abstracts. An inquiry carried out by questionnaire among four hundred sewing-machine operators disclosed that many of them complained of fatigue and localised aches in different parts of the body, attributable in many cases to incorrect posture. In order to ensure normal posture and reduce fatigue of the scapular, dorsal and lumbar muscles, the authors designed an experimental seat conforming to fundamental ergonomic principles and based on biomechanical electromyographical studies taking account of particular postural features. Following the replacement of conventional stools and seats by this new model with adjustable seat and back, complaints of fatigue and muscular aches ceased.
Visual displays 4.2.62 (61262) Corkindale, K.G.G. Basic Ergonomics with reference to cockpit design. Paper Presented at the Symposium on Data Reduction, Communication and Presentation for Process Operation, University o f Sussex, 22-25 Mar 1971, pp. ix-xii. Ergonomics has been applied to five main areas in aviation; task design, the design of displays, the design of controls, work station (cockpit) design and the specification of the working environment. Perhaps the prime area has been that of display design where by the use of a variety of techniques ranging from opinion
Applied Ergonomics June 1973
109