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Foreword Advances in “Stem Cell Bioengineering”
Process Biochemistry 59 (2017) 229–230
Contents lists available at ScienceDirect
Process Biochemistry journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/procbio
Foreword Advances in “Stem Cell Bioengineering”
MARK
Mammalian cell bioprocessing has more than 50 years of experience, mainly by culturing continuous cell lines such as Chinese hamster ovary (CHO), hybridoma or human cell derivatives [1]. On the contrary, stem cell bioengineering with applications in regenerative medicine (cell therapies or tissue engineering), is quite recent and is considered as one of the most challenging domains in biotechnology for human health. However, most of these applications require a sufficient amount of cells that can be provided by simple tissue aspiration. Consequently, an in vitro expansion step is usually required [2,3], despite it may influence cell properties such as multipotency or senescence if not properly performed. This special section presents state of the art reviews and research articles that were focused mainly on expansion processes at various scales and differentiation/organization capabilities of stem cells during and after expansion. Among the numerous articles submitted to Process Biochemistry, ten have been accepted after peer review and compiled for this special section entitled “Stem Cell Bioengineering”. An introductive review [1] provides a general update on the latest advances regarding human mesenchymal stem cell (hMSC) characterization and bioprocessing. In particular, the intrinsic relationship between critical quality attributes of hMSC expanded for cell therapy and critical process parameters used during their expansion is discussed. From the most recent ongoing research efforts, the review addresses challenges to integrate proteomic and cellular biology tools to meet regulatory authority’s requirement and limit process variability [4]. Other articles have been organized based on topic dedicated to stem cell expansion at various scales. Large scale expansion of pluripotent stem cells is discussed in a review paper covering all the important aspects [5] with particular focus on suspension culture, which represents a universal strategy for controlled mass cell production. Suspension cultures using microcarriers in bioreactors is discussed in two research articles [6,7]. An important aspect is the choice of microcarriers for cell expansion. It includes the understanding of limiting steps such as attachment and growth of cells on microcarriers, bead-tobead transfer in agitated environments including the consideration of continuous or discontinuous mixing conditions, power inputs and microcarrier concentration. In combination with culture media, this allows to establish efficient scale up strategies. As an alternative of microcarriers, one review article describes expansion of stem cells as three-dimensional aggregates in stirred bioreactors, including considerations in the understanding of the dynamics of the complex structure, thus providing a simple and scalable bioprocess solution [8]. Large-scale production of alginate-encapsulated stem cells in view of storage and distribution through the cell therapy supply chain is also discussed [9]. Important developments in stem cell bioengineering include cell transfection and differentiation during processes or using specific operating conditions. This last point was described in a research article in which an automated transfection strategy coupled to a long term culture was integrated in a whole process by using a perfused microfluidic device designed for homogeneous conditions [10]. Perfusion cultures can be also implemented for in vitro tissue bone regeneration as discussed in one article, indicating that this approach can enhance mass transfer and mechanical stimulation on cellular activity and differentiation [11]. The two last articles focus on adipogenic or bone differentiation of stem cells when grown as spheroids [12] or affected by medium composition [13]. All the contributions by the authors and reviewers were highly appreciated. We sincerely thank the Elsevier production managers and Co-Editors in Chief of Process Biochemistry Dr J. Boudrant and Pr. JJ Zhong for giving the opportunity to propose this special Issue and for help. We believe that this special issue “Stem Cell Bioengineering” will give new insights in research dedicated to stem cells for regenerative medicine applications and will encourage new developments in research in these areas References [1] F.M. Wurm, CHO quasispecies implications for manufacturing, Processes, 1 (3) (2013) 296–311. [2] C. van den Bos, R. Keefe, C. Schirmaier, M. McCaman, Therapeutic human cells: manufacture for cell therapy/regenerative medicine, Adv. Biochem.Eng./Biotechnol 138 (2014) 61–97. [3] R.R. Sharma, K. Pollock, A. Hubel, D. McKenna, Mesenchymal stem or stromal cells: a review of clinical applications and manufacturing practices, Transfusion 54 (5) (2014) 1418–1437. [4] C. Martin, E. Olmos, M.L. Collignon, N. De Isla, F. Blanchard, I. Chevalot, A. Marc, E. Guedon, Revisiting MSC expansion from critical quality attributes to critical culture process parameters, Process Biochem (2017). [5] C. Kropp, D. Massai, R. Zweigerdt, Progress and challenges in large-scale expansion of human pluripotent stem cells, Process Biochem (2017). [6] J. Leber, J. Barekzai, M. Blumenstock, B. Pospisil, D. Salzig, P. Czermak, Microcarrier choice and bead-to-bead transfer for human mesenchymal stem cells in serum-containing and chemically defined media, Process Biochem (2017) . [7] T.A. Grein, J. Leber, M. Blumenstock, F. Petry, T. Weidner, D. Salzig, P. Czermak, Multiphase mixing characteristics in a microcarrier-based stirred tank bioreactor suitable for human mesenchymal stem cell expansion, Process Biochem (2017). [8] S. Sart, J. Bejoy, Y. Li, Characterization of 3D pluripotent stem cell aggregates and the impact of their properties on bioprocessing, Process Biochem (2017). [9] S. Swioklo, P. Ding, A.W. Pacek, C.J. Connon, Process parameters for the high-scale production of alginate-encapsulated stem cells for storage and distribution throughout the cell http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.procbio.2017.07.023
1359-5113/ © 2017 Published by Elsevier Ltd.
Process Biochemistry 59 (2017) 229–230 therapy supply chain, Process Biochem (2017). [10] W. Raimes, M. Rubi, A. Super, M.P. Marques, F. Veraitch, N. Szita, Transfection in perfused microfluidic cell culture devices: A case study, Process Biochem (2017). [11] I.G. Beşkarde, R.S. Hayden, D.L. Glettig, D.L. Kaplan, M. Gümüşderelioğlu, Bone tissue engineering with scaffold-supported perfusion co-cultures of human stem cell-derived osteoblasts and cell line-derived osteoclasts, Process Biochem (2017). [12] P.A. Turner, B. Gurumurthy, J.L. Bailey, C.M. Elks, A.V. Janorkar, Adipogenic differentiation of human adipose-derived stem cells grown as spheroids, Process Biochem (2017) . [13] K. Szöke, J. Daňková, M. Buzgo, E. Amler, J.E. Brinchmann, E. Østrup, The effect of medium composition on deposition of collagen type 1 and expression of osteogenic genes in mesenchymal stem cells derived from human adipose tissue and bone marrow, Process Biochem (2017).
Emmanuel Guedon Laboratory of Reactions and Process Engineering (LRGP), CNRS, University of Lorraine, Nancy, France
230
Contents lists available at ScienceDirect
Process Biochemistry journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/procbio
Foreword Advances in “Stem Cell Bioengineering”
MARK
Mammalian cell bioprocessing has more than 50 years of experience, mainly by culturing continuous cell lines such as Chinese hamster ovary (CHO), hybridoma or human cell derivatives [1]. On the contrary, stem cell bioengineering with applications in regenerative medicine (cell therapies or tissue engineering), is quite recent and is considered as one of the most challenging domains in biotechnology for human health. However, most of these applications require a sufficient amount of cells that can be provided by simple tissue aspiration. Consequently, an in vitro expansion step is usually required [2,3], despite it may influence cell properties such as multipotency or senescence if not properly performed. This special section presents state of the art reviews and research articles that were focused mainly on expansion processes at various scales and differentiation/organization capabilities of stem cells during and after expansion. Among the numerous articles submitted to Process Biochemistry, ten have been accepted after peer review and compiled for this special section entitled “Stem Cell Bioengineering”. An introductive review [1] provides a general update on the latest advances regarding human mesenchymal stem cell (hMSC) characterization and bioprocessing. In particular, the intrinsic relationship between critical quality attributes of hMSC expanded for cell therapy and critical process parameters used during their expansion is discussed. From the most recent ongoing research efforts, the review addresses challenges to integrate proteomic and cellular biology tools to meet regulatory authority’s requirement and limit process variability [4]. Other articles have been organized based on topic dedicated to stem cell expansion at various scales. Large scale expansion of pluripotent stem cells is discussed in a review paper covering all the important aspects [5] with particular focus on suspension culture, which represents a universal strategy for controlled mass cell production. Suspension cultures using microcarriers in bioreactors is discussed in two research articles [6,7]. An important aspect is the choice of microcarriers for cell expansion. It includes the understanding of limiting steps such as attachment and growth of cells on microcarriers, bead-tobead transfer in agitated environments including the consideration of continuous or discontinuous mixing conditions, power inputs and microcarrier concentration. In combination with culture media, this allows to establish efficient scale up strategies. As an alternative of microcarriers, one review article describes expansion of stem cells as three-dimensional aggregates in stirred bioreactors, including considerations in the understanding of the dynamics of the complex structure, thus providing a simple and scalable bioprocess solution [8]. Large-scale production of alginate-encapsulated stem cells in view of storage and distribution through the cell therapy supply chain is also discussed [9]. Important developments in stem cell bioengineering include cell transfection and differentiation during processes or using specific operating conditions. This last point was described in a research article in which an automated transfection strategy coupled to a long term culture was integrated in a whole process by using a perfused microfluidic device designed for homogeneous conditions [10]. Perfusion cultures can be also implemented for in vitro tissue bone regeneration as discussed in one article, indicating that this approach can enhance mass transfer and mechanical stimulation on cellular activity and differentiation [11]. The two last articles focus on adipogenic or bone differentiation of stem cells when grown as spheroids [12] or affected by medium composition [13]. All the contributions by the authors and reviewers were highly appreciated. We sincerely thank the Elsevier production managers and Co-Editors in Chief of Process Biochemistry Dr J. Boudrant and Pr. JJ Zhong for giving the opportunity to propose this special Issue and for help. We believe that this special issue “Stem Cell Bioengineering” will give new insights in research dedicated to stem cells for regenerative medicine applications and will encourage new developments in research in these areas References [1] F.M. Wurm, CHO quasispecies implications for manufacturing, Processes, 1 (3) (2013) 296–311. [2] C. van den Bos, R. Keefe, C. Schirmaier, M. McCaman, Therapeutic human cells: manufacture for cell therapy/regenerative medicine, Adv. Biochem.Eng./Biotechnol 138 (2014) 61–97. [3] R.R. Sharma, K. Pollock, A. Hubel, D. McKenna, Mesenchymal stem or stromal cells: a review of clinical applications and manufacturing practices, Transfusion 54 (5) (2014) 1418–1437. [4] C. Martin, E. Olmos, M.L. Collignon, N. De Isla, F. Blanchard, I. Chevalot, A. Marc, E. Guedon, Revisiting MSC expansion from critical quality attributes to critical culture process parameters, Process Biochem (2017). [5] C. Kropp, D. Massai, R. Zweigerdt, Progress and challenges in large-scale expansion of human pluripotent stem cells, Process Biochem (2017). [6] J. Leber, J. Barekzai, M. Blumenstock, B. Pospisil, D. Salzig, P. Czermak, Microcarrier choice and bead-to-bead transfer for human mesenchymal stem cells in serum-containing and chemically defined media, Process Biochem (2017) . [7] T.A. Grein, J. Leber, M. Blumenstock, F. Petry, T. Weidner, D. Salzig, P. Czermak, Multiphase mixing characteristics in a microcarrier-based stirred tank bioreactor suitable for human mesenchymal stem cell expansion, Process Biochem (2017). [8] S. Sart, J. Bejoy, Y. Li, Characterization of 3D pluripotent stem cell aggregates and the impact of their properties on bioprocessing, Process Biochem (2017). [9] S. Swioklo, P. Ding, A.W. Pacek, C.J. Connon, Process parameters for the high-scale production of alginate-encapsulated stem cells for storage and distribution throughout the cell http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.procbio.2017.07.023
1359-5113/ © 2017 Published by Elsevier Ltd.
Process Biochemistry 59 (2017) 229–230 therapy supply chain, Process Biochem (2017). [10] W. Raimes, M. Rubi, A. Super, M.P. Marques, F. Veraitch, N. Szita, Transfection in perfused microfluidic cell culture devices: A case study, Process Biochem (2017). [11] I.G. Beşkarde, R.S. Hayden, D.L. Glettig, D.L. Kaplan, M. Gümüşderelioğlu, Bone tissue engineering with scaffold-supported perfusion co-cultures of human stem cell-derived osteoblasts and cell line-derived osteoclasts, Process Biochem (2017). [12] P.A. Turner, B. Gurumurthy, J.L. Bailey, C.M. Elks, A.V. Janorkar, Adipogenic differentiation of human adipose-derived stem cells grown as spheroids, Process Biochem (2017) . [13] K. Szöke, J. Daňková, M. Buzgo, E. Amler, J.E. Brinchmann, E. Østrup, The effect of medium composition on deposition of collagen type 1 and expression of osteogenic genes in mesenchymal stem cells derived from human adipose tissue and bone marrow, Process Biochem (2017).
Emmanuel Guedon Laboratory of Reactions and Process Engineering (LRGP), CNRS, University of Lorraine, Nancy, France
230