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Formulation of cost-effective feeds from locally available ingredients for carp polyculture system for increased production
Aquaature ELSEVIER
Aquaculture 151 (1997) 71-78
Formulation of cost-effective feeds from locally available ingredients for carp polyculture system for increased production M.A. Mazid
*,
M. Zaher, N.N. Begum, M.Z. Ali, F. Nahar
Fisheries Research Institute, Mymensingh-2201, Bangladesh
Abstract Three 20% crude protein, low-cost supplemental feeds denoted by Feed A, Feed B and Feed C were formulated from locally available ingredients. These included rice bran, wheat bran, black gram bran, mustard oil cake, sesame oil cake, fish meal and 0.5% vitamin and mineral premixes in different combinations using molasses as a binder for carp polyculture production in ponds. The main source of protein was fish meal and mustard oil cake in Feed A, fish meal and sesame oil cake in Feed B and mustard oil cake in Feed C. The feeds were tested in ponds (0.1 ha each) for 330 days with two replications and compared with a conventional-type Feed D which served as the control and contained 75% rice bran and 25% mustard oil cake. Fingerlings were stocked at a density of 4000 per hectare with a ratio of 40% Catla catla, 20% Labeo rohita, 20% Cirrhinus mrigala, 5% Cyprinus carpio and 15% Punt& gonionotus. The feeds were fed at a rate of 2-5% body weight per day. Feeds A, B and C showed significantly (P < 0.05) higher fish growth, net production, apparent feed conversion ratio and protein utilization as compared to the control, Feed D. Feed A showed significantly higher growth performance followed by Feeds B and C. Also, Feed A was more cost effective than Feeds B or C. 0 1997 Elsevier Science B.V. Keywords: Fish nutrition; Plant protein sources; Carp polyculture
1. Introduction Because of the rapid increase in population without a proportionate increase in fish production, per-capita consumption of fish in Bangladesh has declined from 33 g per day in 1963-1964 to 2OSg in 1989-1990 compared to the recommended level of 38g.
* Corresponding author. 0044.8486/97/$17.00 0 1997 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. PII SOO44-X486(96)01504-9
72
M.A. Mazid et al./Aquaculture
151 (19971 71-78
Since fish are the principal source of animal protein for the people of Bangladesh, fish production needs to be increased to 1.9 million tonnes from the present production of 0.85 million tonnes in order to meet the country’s needs. At present, fish production from pond aquaculture is very low, being only 600-800kghaa’ (FRSS, 1987). However, there is good potential for increasing fish production through semi-intensive carp polyculture with good quality supplemental feeds. A wide range of locally available ingredients of both plant and animal origin could be used in the development of cost-effective supplemental feeds. In view of this, a study was undertaken to develop cost-effective feeds for increasing fish production in a carp polyculture system.
2. Materials
and methods
2.1. Experimental
fish
Healthy, induced-bred fingerlings were collected from the Fisheries Research Institute nursery ponds and stocked in 0.1 ha earthen ponds at a density of 4000 per hectare in the ratio of 40% catla (Cutlu c&z), 20% rohu (Lubeo rohitu), 20% mrigal (Cirrhinus mrigala), 5% mirror carp (Cyprinus carpio var. specularis) and 15% rajpunti (Puntius gonionotus). The fingerlings were acclimated for 15 days before the initiation of the experiment and were fed rice bran and mustard oil cake in a 3:l ratio. 2.2. Feed formulation
and preparation
Three 20% crude-protein feeds were formulated using locally available ingredients (Table 1). These included fish meal, rice bran, wheat bran, mustard oil cake, sesame oil cake, black gram bran and molasses in different combinations. Feed A contained 10% fish meal and 30.3% mustard oil cake, Feed B contained 7% fish meal and 24% sesame oil cake and Feed C contained 43.8% mustard oil cake as the main source of protein. Feed D was prepared as the control with 75% rice bran and 25% mustard oil cake which is the traditional feed used by farmers. The required quantities of ingredients were thoroughly mixed and appropriate-sized pellets were prepared using a pellet machine with different-sized sieves. The resulting pellets were dried in the sun and preserved in airtight containers. 2.3. Analytical
methods
Feed ingredients, experimental feeds and fish carcasses were analyzed for proximate composition according to A.O.A.C. (1980) methods. The energy content of the feeds was calculated on the basis of 4.0 kcalg-’ carbohydrate, 4 kcalg-’ protein and 9.0 kcalg-’ lipid (Pike and Brown, 1967). Plankton and water quality parameters such as dissolved oxygen, free carbon dioxide, temperature, pH and water transparency were monitored throughout the experimental period, twice a month following the procedure recommended by (APHA, 1980, Table 2). Statistical analysis was carried out by the multiple range method of Duncan (1955).
M.A. Mazid et al./Aquaculture Table 1 Composition
of formulated
151 (19971 71-78
73
feeds
Ingredient
Feed (%) B
C
D
62.00
19.70 20.00
75.00 -
30.30 -
24.00
43.80 -
25.00 -
6.00 0.50
6.50 0.50
6.00 0.50
20.15 10.30 9.92 17.30 34.83 6.75
19.92 9.48 7.75 16.09 38.00 6.92
20.10 9.55 11.80 13.75 36.95 5.71
A Fish meal Rice bran Wheat bran
10.00 53.20 -
Mustard oil cake Sesame oil cake
7.00
10.00
Black gram bran Molasses Vitamin and mineral premix a Proximate composition Crude protein Crude lipid Crude fibre Ash NFE Cost of feed per kg (Tk.) b a ‘EMBAVIT’ Grower/starter, b Taka 40.00 = US $1.00.
2.4. Experimental
Animal Nutrition
Products,
Rhonepoulenc
Bangladesh
14.10 10.66 11.08 13.92 41.58 3.75 Ltd.
procedure
Each treatment had two replicates. Inorganic and organic fertilizers were applied at weekly intervals, urea and TSP at 100 kg ha- ’ per month at a ratio of 1: 1, alternating with organic manure, cattle dung at 3000 kg ha- ’ per month. The fish were fed once a day at 09:OO h at a rate of 2-5% of the total biomass. Monthly sampling was undertaken to record the growth of fish and to adjust the feed ration. After 330 days rearing, all the
Table 2 Phvsico-chemical Treatment
and biological
Temperature
“C
oarameters
Dissolved
of uond water during the studv oeriod
pH
Free CO, (mg l- ’ )
Water transparency (cm)
7.62 + 0.40
8.80 k2.31
4.3 1 + 1.31
7.60 f 0.39
26.47 +4.22
4.38 + 1.35
26.50 +4.24
4.40 & 1.38
Air
Water
0, (mgl-‘1
A
27.50 rt5.12
26.44 f4.20
4.34 + 1.32
B
27.50 k5.12
26.4 1 +4.18
C
27.50 55.12
D
27.50 +5.12
Plankton (organisms
per litre)
Phytoplankton
Zooplankton
18.32 +4.80
6610-24515
735-7130
8.91 f 2.38
18.51 + 4.76
6805-24790
760-7200
7.57 +0.41
8.76 +2.30
18.26 f 4.77
6890-24865
780-75 10
7.64 * 0.43
8.73 * 2.28
18.50 +4.85
6980-24895
795-7625
14
M.A. Mazid et al./Aquaculture 151 (1997171-78
fish were harvested by draining the pond and the final data on growth parameters, production and survival were recorded both by species and pond.
total
3. Results and discussion Details of stocking, harvesting, survival and production by fish species fed the different feeds are shown in Table 3. Weight gain and feed utilization data for fish fed the different experimental feeds are summarized in Table 4. The survival of all species was fairly high and ranged from 89 to 100%. The main factor that may have attributed to this high survival was proper stocking of healthy seed stock, freedom from predation and proper feeding (Scong, 1951). Growth of all the species used in the experiment was generally satisfactory. C. catla showed the second highest growth rate attaining average weights of 0.79-0.99 kg. Fish fed Feed A (10% fish-meal-based feed) had the highest growth rate of 0.99 kg and those fed Feed D or the conventional feed had the lowest growth of 0.79 kg (Table 3). Performance of C. catla can be compared with the findings of Alikunhi (1957) Rabanal (1968) and Lakshmanan et al. (1971) who observed an average weight gain of about 0.90 kg in the first year. L. rohita reached an average size of 0.86 kg with Feed A followed by Feed B (0.82 kg). The control feed D supported the lowest growth (0.5 1 kg). In Pakistan, L. rohitu have been reported to grow to an average size of 0.68 kg under stocking-densities of 1332 fingerlings per hectare (Rabanal, 1968). Similar growth performance has been observed in India with stocking densities of 3750 and 3335 per hectare (Alikunhi, 1957; Hora and Pillay, 1962). The somewhat better growth (0.720.86 kg) obtained for all three treatments in the present study may have been due to the use of properly balanced supplemental feeds. C. mrigalu showed the highest growth at 0.80 kg with Feed B followed by 0.79 kg with Feed C and the lowest growth of 0.46 kg with Feed D. The comparatively poor growth of C. mrigulu was probably due to its competition for supplemental feed with C. carpio. The growth rates recorded in the present experiment are better than those reported by Alikunhi (1957) and Ganapati and Chacko (1950) which were 0.45 and 0.69 kg, respectively. The satisfactory growth of 1.39-2.28 kg attained by C. carpio in all the treatments may have been due to the lower stocking-density of this species, with the fish, thereby, efficiently consuming the supplied feed. In this species, Feed A supported the highest growth (2.28 kg) followed by Feed B (1.93 kg), while the control, Feed D, supported the lowest growth (I .39 kg). P. gonionotus fed Feed A, showed the best growth (0.26 kg) followed by Feed C (0.24 kg) and the lowest growth (0.20 kg) with Feed D. Two crops of P. gonionotus were harvested within the experimental period. The conventional control, Feed D, with only 14% protein supported the lowest growth rate in all species and in all treatments. This is probably due to the poor nutritional quality of the feed which had no animal protein and no added vitamin and mineral premix. Feed A supported the highest growth for all the fish species except C. mrigala indicating its better quality compared to the other feeds.
c. L. c. C. P.
C. L. C. C. P.
c. L. C. C. P.
C. L. C. C. P.
Feed A
Feed B
Feed C
Feed D
Carla
catla rohita mrigala carpio gonionotus
2.55 0.93 1.07 0.51 0.82
2.54 0.91 1.07 0.50 0.81
carpio gonionotus
rohita mrignla carpio gonionotus
1.09
0.51 0.82
mrigala
2.52 0.90
0.50 0.81
1.08
2.55 0.91
Initial total weight (kg)
160 80 80 20 180
I 19.48 40.80 32.66 26.41 35.20
160 80 80 20 180
160 80 80 20 180
160 80 80 20 180
No. of fish stocked per treatment
139.9 I 54.72 63.20 37.60 42.48
145.60 65.60 64.00 36.67 38.50
156.70 68.8 54.72 43.32 45.24
Final total weight (kg)
and survival of fish fed with different experimental
catlu rohita
curia rohita mrigalu carpio gonionotus
Species
Treatment
Table 3 Details of growth, production
151 80 71 90 176
152 76 80 20 177
157 80 80 19 175
158 80 76 19 174
No. of fish harvested
feeds
94.00 100.00 89.00 95.00 98.00
95.00 95.00 100.00 100.00 98.00
98.00 100.00 100.00 95.00 97.00
98.00 100.00 95.00 95.00 97.00
f%)
Survival
0.79 0.51 0.46 1.39 0.20
0.92 0.12 0.79 1.88 0.24
0.93 0.82 0.80 1.93 0.22
0.99 0.86 0.72 2.28 0.26
Mean individual weight at harvest (kg)
254.55
337.9 1
350.37
368.78
Av. fish production (kg per treatment)
2545.50
3379.10
3503.70
3687.80
Av. fish production (kg ha-’ )
16
M.A. Mazid et al./Aquaculture
Table 4 Weieht eain and feed utilization
151 (1997) 71-78
data for fish fed the exuerimental
Initial weight (kg) Final weight (kg) Weight gain (kg) Apparent feed conversion ratio (AFCR) Carcass protein (initial) (%) Carcass protein (final) (%) Protein efficiency ratio (PER) Apparent net protein utilization (ANPU)
feeds for 330 days
Feed A
Feed B
Feed C
Feed D
5.85 368.78a 362.94a 2.29~ 14.56 19.2la 2.19a 42.19a
5.84 350.37ab 344.54ab 2.52b 14.56 18.74a 1.98b 37.29b
5.83 337.91b 332.08b 2.63b 14.56 17.53b 1.90b 33.49c
5.88 254.55~ 248.67~ 3.39a 14.56 16.64~ 2.11a 35.08bc
*SE 0.03 6.99 6.98 0.05 0.24 0.04 1.11
Standard error of treatment mean calculated from residual mean square in the analysis of variance. Figures in the same row followed by the same letters (a, b, c) are not significantly different (P > 0.05).
Gross production of fish from the different ponds under the different treatments ranged from 2545.5 to 3687.8 kg ha -‘. The highest production of 3687.8 kg ha-’ was attained with Feed A followed by 3503.7 kg haa’ with Feed B and 3379.1 kg ha-’ with Feed C (Table 3). The lowest production of 2545.5 kg ha-’ was obtained with Feed D. Feed A appeared to give the highest growth and differed significantly (P < 0.05) from Feeds C and D. Carcass protein, protein efficiency ratio (PER) and apparent net protein utilization (ANPU) were highest with Feed A (Table 4) indicating its superiority as compared to other feeds. Among the different factors, protein quality has a significant effect on PER (Steffens, 1989). In this study, protein quality was different and hence different PER values were obtained. The highest PER for Feed A confirmed maximum utilization of protein which may be due to the inclusion of various protein sources including animal protein. AFCR values of Feed A were significantly different (P < 0.05) having a lowest value of 2.29 followed by 2.52, 2.63 and 3.39 for Feeds B, C and D, respectively. The best AFCR was with Feed A followed by Feed B and was probably due to the inclusion of fish meal in the feed because animal protein normally has a higher growth conversion than plant protein. Water quality parameters such as temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen, free CO, and plankton, as shown in Table 2, were found to be very similar in all the ponds and hence their effects on growth of the experimental fish were ignored in evaluating the efficiency of the feeds. Composition of feed and the size of the ration are the most important factors affecting growth. The interpretation of the effect of dietary protein on growth is complex as the results are affected by many interrelated factors (Hepher, 1988). The higher growth observed for fish fed the experimental feeds demonstrates that pelleted feeds containing 20% protein from different ingredients in different proportions can be an effective way to get higher production than the conventional-type feed which only contains 75% rice bran and 25% oil cake. The comparatively better production with Feeds A and B than with Feeds C and D was due to the fact that the former two feeds contained 10 and 7% fish meal, respectively, which is known to have better amino-acid balance than the other
M.A. h4azid et al./Aquaculture
151 (1997) 71-78
77
feeds. The results of the present study confirm those reported by Singh et al. (1978) for L. rohitu, where fish meal plus rice bran and fish meal plus wheat bran were well accepted and better utilized by fish compared to the conventional feed of rice bran and mustard oil cake. Hossain and Jauncey (1989) also reported that a mixture of plant and animal protein was much more effective than a single source of protein. Poor growth/production with Feed B as compared to Feed A may be due to its lower content of animal protein (fish meal 7%) and also due to a lower crude-fibre content. An optimum level of crude fibre is beneficial in improving the utilization of certain nutrients (Steffens, 1989). However, Feed B showed comparatively better performance than Feed C and the conventional type Feed D, which may be due to better utilization of the fish-meal-based feed incorporated with sesame oil cake. This is in agreement with the results of the Aquaculture Development and Coordination Programme (1983), where experiments on Indian major carps have shown that up to 50% sesame oil cake can be fed in a complete feed with good results. The poorer performance observed with Feed C is probably due to the absence of animal protein in the feed and excessive use of mustard oil cake. Capper et al. (1982) found that untreated mustard meal (Black mustard from Nepal) included at a 20% level in the feed for common carp fingerlings resulted in reduced weight-gain and poorer feed-conversion. Hasan (1986) found similar poor growth in carp fry fed feeds containing 25% protein from mustard oil cake. The control, Feed D, showed the poorest growth performance because of an absence of animal protein and vitamin-mineral mixture. Lower protein content was also a factor. Production economics of experimental fish fed the various experimental feeds are shown in Table 5. Total production cost was highest for Feed B followed by Feed A and was lowest for Feed D. Total gross income with Feed A was highest followed by Feed B
Table 5 Production
economics/benefit-cost
analysis
Components
for fish fed the experimental
A Expenditure (Tk per ha) Pond preparation Fingerlings Organic and inorganic fertilizer Feed Harvesting Labour and miscellaneous Total expenditure (Tk. per ha)
feeds
Feed B
C
D
7675.00 4000.00 14700.00 56008.80 2000.00 5000.00 89383.80
7675.00 4000.00 14700.00 60129.30 2000.00 5000.00 93504.30
7675.00 4000.00 14700.00 49780.40 2000.00 5000.00 83155.40
Income (Tk. per ha) Sale proceeds of fish @ Tk. 50.00 per kg
184390.00
175185.00
169050.50
127275.00
Net benefit (Tk. per ha) Benefit:cost ratio (BCR)
95006.20 2.06: 1
8 1680.70 1.87:1
85799.60 2.03: 1
62278.50 1.96: 1
Tk. 40.00 = US $1 .OO
7675.00 4OOO.cKl 14700.00 31621.50 2000.00 5000.00 64996.50
78
MA. Mazid et al,/Aquaculture
151 (1997) 71-78
and lowest with Feed D. Production economics revealed that Feed A gave the highest net benefit of Tk. 95006.2 per hectare and best benefit-cost ratio (BCR) of 2.06:1 followed by Feed C (Tk. 85799.6 per hectare and 2.03:1, respectively), and the lowest benefit (Tk. 62278.5 per hectare) and BCR (1.96: 1) were derived from the control, Feed D, which indicate that Feed A is the most cost-effective and affordable feed for the farmers.
References Alikunhi, K.H., 1957. Fish culture in India. FM Bull. Indian Count. Agric. Res., (20) : 144 pp. A.O.A.C., 1980. Official Methods of Analysis of the Association of Official Analytical Chemists. Washington DC, 1015 pp. APHA, 1980. Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Waste-water. 15th edition, American Public Health Association, American Water Works Association and Water Pollution Control Federation, Washington DC, 1134 pp. Aquaculture Development and Coordination Programme (ADCP), 1983. Fish Feeds and Feeding in Developing Countries. ADCP/REP/83/18. UNDP. FAO, Rome. Capper, B.S., Wood, J.F. and Jackson, A.J., 1982. The feeding value for carp of two types of mustard seed cakes from Nepal. Aquaculture, 29: 373-377. Duncan, D.B., 1955. Multiple range and multiple F-test. Biometrics, 11: 1-42. Fisheries Resources Survey System (FRSS), 1987. Fish Catch Statistics of Bangladesh (84-85). Dept. of Fisheries, Dhaka, Bangladesh, 13 pp. Ganapati, S.V. and Chacko, PI., 1950. Suggestions for stocking fish ponds in Madras. Madras Agric. J., 37: l-5. Hasan, M.R., 1986. Husbandry factors affecting survival and growth of carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) fry and an evaluation of dietary ingredients available in Bangladesh for the formulation of a carp fry diet. Ph.D. Thesis. University of Sterling, UK. Hepher, B., 1988. Nutrition of Pond Fishes. Cambridge University Press, 388 pp. Hors, S.I. and Pillay, T.V.R., 1962. Handbook on Fish culture in the Indo-Pacific Fisheries Region. FAO Fish Biol. Tech. Pap., no. 14, p. 203. Hossain, M.A. and Jauncey, K., 1989. Nutritional evaluation of some Bangladeshi oil seed meals as partial substitutes for fish meal in the diet of common carp, Cyprinus carpio L. Aquacult. Fish. Manage., 22: 255-268. Lakshmanan, M.A.V., Sukumaran, K.K., Murty, D.S., Chakraborty, D.P. and Philipose, M.T., 1971. Preliminary observation on intensive fish farming in freshwater pond by the composite culture of Indian and exotic species. J. Inland Fish Sot. India, 111: l-21. Pike, R.L. and Brown, M.L., 1967. Nutrition,: An Integrated Approach. John Wiley and Sons Inc., New York, 542 pp. Rabanal, H.R., 1968. Stock manipulation and other biological methods of increasing production of fish through pond fish culture in Asia and the Far-East. FAO Fish. Rep., 4(44): 274-88. Scong, M.K., 1951. The fitness of ecological niches into which fish are introduced at various ages and the survival of the transplanted fish. Proc. Indo-Pacific Fish. Comm., 3: 218-227. Singh, B.N., Sinha, V.R.P. and Chakraborty, D.P., 1978. Effect of protein quality and temperature on the growth of fingerlings of rohu, Labeo rohita. Paper presented at World Symposium on Fin Fish Nutrition and Fish Feed Technology, 20 June 1978, Hamburg, Germany. Steffens, W., 1989. Principles of Fish Nutrition. Ellis Honvood Limited, UK, 384 pp.
Aquaculture 151 (1997) 71-78
Formulation of cost-effective feeds from locally available ingredients for carp polyculture system for increased production M.A. Mazid
*,
M. Zaher, N.N. Begum, M.Z. Ali, F. Nahar
Fisheries Research Institute, Mymensingh-2201, Bangladesh
Abstract Three 20% crude protein, low-cost supplemental feeds denoted by Feed A, Feed B and Feed C were formulated from locally available ingredients. These included rice bran, wheat bran, black gram bran, mustard oil cake, sesame oil cake, fish meal and 0.5% vitamin and mineral premixes in different combinations using molasses as a binder for carp polyculture production in ponds. The main source of protein was fish meal and mustard oil cake in Feed A, fish meal and sesame oil cake in Feed B and mustard oil cake in Feed C. The feeds were tested in ponds (0.1 ha each) for 330 days with two replications and compared with a conventional-type Feed D which served as the control and contained 75% rice bran and 25% mustard oil cake. Fingerlings were stocked at a density of 4000 per hectare with a ratio of 40% Catla catla, 20% Labeo rohita, 20% Cirrhinus mrigala, 5% Cyprinus carpio and 15% Punt& gonionotus. The feeds were fed at a rate of 2-5% body weight per day. Feeds A, B and C showed significantly (P < 0.05) higher fish growth, net production, apparent feed conversion ratio and protein utilization as compared to the control, Feed D. Feed A showed significantly higher growth performance followed by Feeds B and C. Also, Feed A was more cost effective than Feeds B or C. 0 1997 Elsevier Science B.V. Keywords: Fish nutrition; Plant protein sources; Carp polyculture
1. Introduction Because of the rapid increase in population without a proportionate increase in fish production, per-capita consumption of fish in Bangladesh has declined from 33 g per day in 1963-1964 to 2OSg in 1989-1990 compared to the recommended level of 38g.
* Corresponding author. 0044.8486/97/$17.00 0 1997 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. PII SOO44-X486(96)01504-9
72
M.A. Mazid et al./Aquaculture
151 (19971 71-78
Since fish are the principal source of animal protein for the people of Bangladesh, fish production needs to be increased to 1.9 million tonnes from the present production of 0.85 million tonnes in order to meet the country’s needs. At present, fish production from pond aquaculture is very low, being only 600-800kghaa’ (FRSS, 1987). However, there is good potential for increasing fish production through semi-intensive carp polyculture with good quality supplemental feeds. A wide range of locally available ingredients of both plant and animal origin could be used in the development of cost-effective supplemental feeds. In view of this, a study was undertaken to develop cost-effective feeds for increasing fish production in a carp polyculture system.
2. Materials
and methods
2.1. Experimental
fish
Healthy, induced-bred fingerlings were collected from the Fisheries Research Institute nursery ponds and stocked in 0.1 ha earthen ponds at a density of 4000 per hectare in the ratio of 40% catla (Cutlu c&z), 20% rohu (Lubeo rohitu), 20% mrigal (Cirrhinus mrigala), 5% mirror carp (Cyprinus carpio var. specularis) and 15% rajpunti (Puntius gonionotus). The fingerlings were acclimated for 15 days before the initiation of the experiment and were fed rice bran and mustard oil cake in a 3:l ratio. 2.2. Feed formulation
and preparation
Three 20% crude-protein feeds were formulated using locally available ingredients (Table 1). These included fish meal, rice bran, wheat bran, mustard oil cake, sesame oil cake, black gram bran and molasses in different combinations. Feed A contained 10% fish meal and 30.3% mustard oil cake, Feed B contained 7% fish meal and 24% sesame oil cake and Feed C contained 43.8% mustard oil cake as the main source of protein. Feed D was prepared as the control with 75% rice bran and 25% mustard oil cake which is the traditional feed used by farmers. The required quantities of ingredients were thoroughly mixed and appropriate-sized pellets were prepared using a pellet machine with different-sized sieves. The resulting pellets were dried in the sun and preserved in airtight containers. 2.3. Analytical
methods
Feed ingredients, experimental feeds and fish carcasses were analyzed for proximate composition according to A.O.A.C. (1980) methods. The energy content of the feeds was calculated on the basis of 4.0 kcalg-’ carbohydrate, 4 kcalg-’ protein and 9.0 kcalg-’ lipid (Pike and Brown, 1967). Plankton and water quality parameters such as dissolved oxygen, free carbon dioxide, temperature, pH and water transparency were monitored throughout the experimental period, twice a month following the procedure recommended by (APHA, 1980, Table 2). Statistical analysis was carried out by the multiple range method of Duncan (1955).
M.A. Mazid et al./Aquaculture Table 1 Composition
of formulated
151 (19971 71-78
73
feeds
Ingredient
Feed (%) B
C
D
62.00
19.70 20.00
75.00 -
30.30 -
24.00
43.80 -
25.00 -
6.00 0.50
6.50 0.50
6.00 0.50
20.15 10.30 9.92 17.30 34.83 6.75
19.92 9.48 7.75 16.09 38.00 6.92
20.10 9.55 11.80 13.75 36.95 5.71
A Fish meal Rice bran Wheat bran
10.00 53.20 -
Mustard oil cake Sesame oil cake
7.00
10.00
Black gram bran Molasses Vitamin and mineral premix a Proximate composition Crude protein Crude lipid Crude fibre Ash NFE Cost of feed per kg (Tk.) b a ‘EMBAVIT’ Grower/starter, b Taka 40.00 = US $1.00.
2.4. Experimental
Animal Nutrition
Products,
Rhonepoulenc
Bangladesh
14.10 10.66 11.08 13.92 41.58 3.75 Ltd.
procedure
Each treatment had two replicates. Inorganic and organic fertilizers were applied at weekly intervals, urea and TSP at 100 kg ha- ’ per month at a ratio of 1: 1, alternating with organic manure, cattle dung at 3000 kg ha- ’ per month. The fish were fed once a day at 09:OO h at a rate of 2-5% of the total biomass. Monthly sampling was undertaken to record the growth of fish and to adjust the feed ration. After 330 days rearing, all the
Table 2 Phvsico-chemical Treatment
and biological
Temperature
“C
oarameters
Dissolved
of uond water during the studv oeriod
pH
Free CO, (mg l- ’ )
Water transparency (cm)
7.62 + 0.40
8.80 k2.31
4.3 1 + 1.31
7.60 f 0.39
26.47 +4.22
4.38 + 1.35
26.50 +4.24
4.40 & 1.38
Air
Water
0, (mgl-‘1
A
27.50 rt5.12
26.44 f4.20
4.34 + 1.32
B
27.50 k5.12
26.4 1 +4.18
C
27.50 55.12
D
27.50 +5.12
Plankton (organisms
per litre)
Phytoplankton
Zooplankton
18.32 +4.80
6610-24515
735-7130
8.91 f 2.38
18.51 + 4.76
6805-24790
760-7200
7.57 +0.41
8.76 +2.30
18.26 f 4.77
6890-24865
780-75 10
7.64 * 0.43
8.73 * 2.28
18.50 +4.85
6980-24895
795-7625
14
M.A. Mazid et al./Aquaculture 151 (1997171-78
fish were harvested by draining the pond and the final data on growth parameters, production and survival were recorded both by species and pond.
total
3. Results and discussion Details of stocking, harvesting, survival and production by fish species fed the different feeds are shown in Table 3. Weight gain and feed utilization data for fish fed the different experimental feeds are summarized in Table 4. The survival of all species was fairly high and ranged from 89 to 100%. The main factor that may have attributed to this high survival was proper stocking of healthy seed stock, freedom from predation and proper feeding (Scong, 1951). Growth of all the species used in the experiment was generally satisfactory. C. catla showed the second highest growth rate attaining average weights of 0.79-0.99 kg. Fish fed Feed A (10% fish-meal-based feed) had the highest growth rate of 0.99 kg and those fed Feed D or the conventional feed had the lowest growth of 0.79 kg (Table 3). Performance of C. catla can be compared with the findings of Alikunhi (1957) Rabanal (1968) and Lakshmanan et al. (1971) who observed an average weight gain of about 0.90 kg in the first year. L. rohita reached an average size of 0.86 kg with Feed A followed by Feed B (0.82 kg). The control feed D supported the lowest growth (0.5 1 kg). In Pakistan, L. rohitu have been reported to grow to an average size of 0.68 kg under stocking-densities of 1332 fingerlings per hectare (Rabanal, 1968). Similar growth performance has been observed in India with stocking densities of 3750 and 3335 per hectare (Alikunhi, 1957; Hora and Pillay, 1962). The somewhat better growth (0.720.86 kg) obtained for all three treatments in the present study may have been due to the use of properly balanced supplemental feeds. C. mrigalu showed the highest growth at 0.80 kg with Feed B followed by 0.79 kg with Feed C and the lowest growth of 0.46 kg with Feed D. The comparatively poor growth of C. mrigulu was probably due to its competition for supplemental feed with C. carpio. The growth rates recorded in the present experiment are better than those reported by Alikunhi (1957) and Ganapati and Chacko (1950) which were 0.45 and 0.69 kg, respectively. The satisfactory growth of 1.39-2.28 kg attained by C. carpio in all the treatments may have been due to the lower stocking-density of this species, with the fish, thereby, efficiently consuming the supplied feed. In this species, Feed A supported the highest growth (2.28 kg) followed by Feed B (1.93 kg), while the control, Feed D, supported the lowest growth (I .39 kg). P. gonionotus fed Feed A, showed the best growth (0.26 kg) followed by Feed C (0.24 kg) and the lowest growth (0.20 kg) with Feed D. Two crops of P. gonionotus were harvested within the experimental period. The conventional control, Feed D, with only 14% protein supported the lowest growth rate in all species and in all treatments. This is probably due to the poor nutritional quality of the feed which had no animal protein and no added vitamin and mineral premix. Feed A supported the highest growth for all the fish species except C. mrigala indicating its better quality compared to the other feeds.
c. L. c. C. P.
C. L. C. C. P.
c. L. C. C. P.
C. L. C. C. P.
Feed A
Feed B
Feed C
Feed D
Carla
catla rohita mrigala carpio gonionotus
2.55 0.93 1.07 0.51 0.82
2.54 0.91 1.07 0.50 0.81
carpio gonionotus
rohita mrignla carpio gonionotus
1.09
0.51 0.82
mrigala
2.52 0.90
0.50 0.81
1.08
2.55 0.91
Initial total weight (kg)
160 80 80 20 180
I 19.48 40.80 32.66 26.41 35.20
160 80 80 20 180
160 80 80 20 180
160 80 80 20 180
No. of fish stocked per treatment
139.9 I 54.72 63.20 37.60 42.48
145.60 65.60 64.00 36.67 38.50
156.70 68.8 54.72 43.32 45.24
Final total weight (kg)
and survival of fish fed with different experimental
catlu rohita
curia rohita mrigalu carpio gonionotus
Species
Treatment
Table 3 Details of growth, production
151 80 71 90 176
152 76 80 20 177
157 80 80 19 175
158 80 76 19 174
No. of fish harvested
feeds
94.00 100.00 89.00 95.00 98.00
95.00 95.00 100.00 100.00 98.00
98.00 100.00 100.00 95.00 97.00
98.00 100.00 95.00 95.00 97.00
f%)
Survival
0.79 0.51 0.46 1.39 0.20
0.92 0.12 0.79 1.88 0.24
0.93 0.82 0.80 1.93 0.22
0.99 0.86 0.72 2.28 0.26
Mean individual weight at harvest (kg)
254.55
337.9 1
350.37
368.78
Av. fish production (kg per treatment)
2545.50
3379.10
3503.70
3687.80
Av. fish production (kg ha-’ )
16
M.A. Mazid et al./Aquaculture
Table 4 Weieht eain and feed utilization
151 (1997) 71-78
data for fish fed the exuerimental
Initial weight (kg) Final weight (kg) Weight gain (kg) Apparent feed conversion ratio (AFCR) Carcass protein (initial) (%) Carcass protein (final) (%) Protein efficiency ratio (PER) Apparent net protein utilization (ANPU)
feeds for 330 days
Feed A
Feed B
Feed C
Feed D
5.85 368.78a 362.94a 2.29~ 14.56 19.2la 2.19a 42.19a
5.84 350.37ab 344.54ab 2.52b 14.56 18.74a 1.98b 37.29b
5.83 337.91b 332.08b 2.63b 14.56 17.53b 1.90b 33.49c
5.88 254.55~ 248.67~ 3.39a 14.56 16.64~ 2.11a 35.08bc
*SE 0.03 6.99 6.98 0.05 0.24 0.04 1.11
Standard error of treatment mean calculated from residual mean square in the analysis of variance. Figures in the same row followed by the same letters (a, b, c) are not significantly different (P > 0.05).
Gross production of fish from the different ponds under the different treatments ranged from 2545.5 to 3687.8 kg ha -‘. The highest production of 3687.8 kg ha-’ was attained with Feed A followed by 3503.7 kg haa’ with Feed B and 3379.1 kg ha-’ with Feed C (Table 3). The lowest production of 2545.5 kg ha-’ was obtained with Feed D. Feed A appeared to give the highest growth and differed significantly (P < 0.05) from Feeds C and D. Carcass protein, protein efficiency ratio (PER) and apparent net protein utilization (ANPU) were highest with Feed A (Table 4) indicating its superiority as compared to other feeds. Among the different factors, protein quality has a significant effect on PER (Steffens, 1989). In this study, protein quality was different and hence different PER values were obtained. The highest PER for Feed A confirmed maximum utilization of protein which may be due to the inclusion of various protein sources including animal protein. AFCR values of Feed A were significantly different (P < 0.05) having a lowest value of 2.29 followed by 2.52, 2.63 and 3.39 for Feeds B, C and D, respectively. The best AFCR was with Feed A followed by Feed B and was probably due to the inclusion of fish meal in the feed because animal protein normally has a higher growth conversion than plant protein. Water quality parameters such as temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen, free CO, and plankton, as shown in Table 2, were found to be very similar in all the ponds and hence their effects on growth of the experimental fish were ignored in evaluating the efficiency of the feeds. Composition of feed and the size of the ration are the most important factors affecting growth. The interpretation of the effect of dietary protein on growth is complex as the results are affected by many interrelated factors (Hepher, 1988). The higher growth observed for fish fed the experimental feeds demonstrates that pelleted feeds containing 20% protein from different ingredients in different proportions can be an effective way to get higher production than the conventional-type feed which only contains 75% rice bran and 25% oil cake. The comparatively better production with Feeds A and B than with Feeds C and D was due to the fact that the former two feeds contained 10 and 7% fish meal, respectively, which is known to have better amino-acid balance than the other
M.A. h4azid et al./Aquaculture
151 (1997) 71-78
77
feeds. The results of the present study confirm those reported by Singh et al. (1978) for L. rohitu, where fish meal plus rice bran and fish meal plus wheat bran were well accepted and better utilized by fish compared to the conventional feed of rice bran and mustard oil cake. Hossain and Jauncey (1989) also reported that a mixture of plant and animal protein was much more effective than a single source of protein. Poor growth/production with Feed B as compared to Feed A may be due to its lower content of animal protein (fish meal 7%) and also due to a lower crude-fibre content. An optimum level of crude fibre is beneficial in improving the utilization of certain nutrients (Steffens, 1989). However, Feed B showed comparatively better performance than Feed C and the conventional type Feed D, which may be due to better utilization of the fish-meal-based feed incorporated with sesame oil cake. This is in agreement with the results of the Aquaculture Development and Coordination Programme (1983), where experiments on Indian major carps have shown that up to 50% sesame oil cake can be fed in a complete feed with good results. The poorer performance observed with Feed C is probably due to the absence of animal protein in the feed and excessive use of mustard oil cake. Capper et al. (1982) found that untreated mustard meal (Black mustard from Nepal) included at a 20% level in the feed for common carp fingerlings resulted in reduced weight-gain and poorer feed-conversion. Hasan (1986) found similar poor growth in carp fry fed feeds containing 25% protein from mustard oil cake. The control, Feed D, showed the poorest growth performance because of an absence of animal protein and vitamin-mineral mixture. Lower protein content was also a factor. Production economics of experimental fish fed the various experimental feeds are shown in Table 5. Total production cost was highest for Feed B followed by Feed A and was lowest for Feed D. Total gross income with Feed A was highest followed by Feed B
Table 5 Production
economics/benefit-cost
analysis
Components
for fish fed the experimental
A Expenditure (Tk per ha) Pond preparation Fingerlings Organic and inorganic fertilizer Feed Harvesting Labour and miscellaneous Total expenditure (Tk. per ha)
feeds
Feed B
C
D
7675.00 4000.00 14700.00 56008.80 2000.00 5000.00 89383.80
7675.00 4000.00 14700.00 60129.30 2000.00 5000.00 93504.30
7675.00 4000.00 14700.00 49780.40 2000.00 5000.00 83155.40
Income (Tk. per ha) Sale proceeds of fish @ Tk. 50.00 per kg
184390.00
175185.00
169050.50
127275.00
Net benefit (Tk. per ha) Benefit:cost ratio (BCR)
95006.20 2.06: 1
8 1680.70 1.87:1
85799.60 2.03: 1
62278.50 1.96: 1
Tk. 40.00 = US $1 .OO
7675.00 4OOO.cKl 14700.00 31621.50 2000.00 5000.00 64996.50
78
MA. Mazid et al,/Aquaculture
151 (1997) 71-78
and lowest with Feed D. Production economics revealed that Feed A gave the highest net benefit of Tk. 95006.2 per hectare and best benefit-cost ratio (BCR) of 2.06:1 followed by Feed C (Tk. 85799.6 per hectare and 2.03:1, respectively), and the lowest benefit (Tk. 62278.5 per hectare) and BCR (1.96: 1) were derived from the control, Feed D, which indicate that Feed A is the most cost-effective and affordable feed for the farmers.
References Alikunhi, K.H., 1957. Fish culture in India. FM Bull. Indian Count. Agric. Res., (20) : 144 pp. A.O.A.C., 1980. Official Methods of Analysis of the Association of Official Analytical Chemists. Washington DC, 1015 pp. APHA, 1980. Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Waste-water. 15th edition, American Public Health Association, American Water Works Association and Water Pollution Control Federation, Washington DC, 1134 pp. Aquaculture Development and Coordination Programme (ADCP), 1983. Fish Feeds and Feeding in Developing Countries. ADCP/REP/83/18. UNDP. FAO, Rome. Capper, B.S., Wood, J.F. and Jackson, A.J., 1982. The feeding value for carp of two types of mustard seed cakes from Nepal. Aquaculture, 29: 373-377. Duncan, D.B., 1955. Multiple range and multiple F-test. Biometrics, 11: 1-42. Fisheries Resources Survey System (FRSS), 1987. Fish Catch Statistics of Bangladesh (84-85). Dept. of Fisheries, Dhaka, Bangladesh, 13 pp. Ganapati, S.V. and Chacko, PI., 1950. Suggestions for stocking fish ponds in Madras. Madras Agric. J., 37: l-5. Hasan, M.R., 1986. Husbandry factors affecting survival and growth of carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) fry and an evaluation of dietary ingredients available in Bangladesh for the formulation of a carp fry diet. Ph.D. Thesis. University of Sterling, UK. Hepher, B., 1988. Nutrition of Pond Fishes. Cambridge University Press, 388 pp. Hors, S.I. and Pillay, T.V.R., 1962. Handbook on Fish culture in the Indo-Pacific Fisheries Region. FAO Fish Biol. Tech. Pap., no. 14, p. 203. Hossain, M.A. and Jauncey, K., 1989. Nutritional evaluation of some Bangladeshi oil seed meals as partial substitutes for fish meal in the diet of common carp, Cyprinus carpio L. Aquacult. Fish. Manage., 22: 255-268. Lakshmanan, M.A.V., Sukumaran, K.K., Murty, D.S., Chakraborty, D.P. and Philipose, M.T., 1971. Preliminary observation on intensive fish farming in freshwater pond by the composite culture of Indian and exotic species. J. Inland Fish Sot. India, 111: l-21. Pike, R.L. and Brown, M.L., 1967. Nutrition,: An Integrated Approach. John Wiley and Sons Inc., New York, 542 pp. Rabanal, H.R., 1968. Stock manipulation and other biological methods of increasing production of fish through pond fish culture in Asia and the Far-East. FAO Fish. Rep., 4(44): 274-88. Scong, M.K., 1951. The fitness of ecological niches into which fish are introduced at various ages and the survival of the transplanted fish. Proc. Indo-Pacific Fish. Comm., 3: 218-227. Singh, B.N., Sinha, V.R.P. and Chakraborty, D.P., 1978. Effect of protein quality and temperature on the growth of fingerlings of rohu, Labeo rohita. Paper presented at World Symposium on Fin Fish Nutrition and Fish Feed Technology, 20 June 1978, Hamburg, Germany. Steffens, W., 1989. Principles of Fish Nutrition. Ellis Honvood Limited, UK, 384 pp.