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Fountains of fresh and salt water
'286
I,'ountains o f Fresh and ,~al! kVater.
to the lower. By this contrivance, the water was perpetually kept boiling, and tile quantity in the lower vessel was unifm'm,~its loss was perpetually suppli6d by the syphon, and its excess carried off by the pipe. There were placed seven of the China jars, with eighty parts of oil and one of acid. After boiling thus for an hour, they were taken out, seven more placed in their room~ and so on for a third time." W e have been thus particular in describing the process, in the hope that those who have plenty of time and opportunity, m~ty repeat Mr. Tytler's experiments'~ will'the view, if possible, of bringing the product to perfection, and rendering it generally useful in those parts where castor oil abounds, but where wax may not be equally procurable and cheap. After all, however, perhaps the most eligible and economical plan will bc found to be using the oil simply for the lamp, instead of converting it into oleoeere. Mr. Tytler found that dropping the oleoeere from a height on the floor hardened it. He submitted a specimen of the substance to the meeting, which was harder anti brighter than what is commonly obtained~ but still too soft to form candles for burning in the :hal weather; and notwithstanding his laudable perseverance and great trouble, Mr. Tytler does not appear sanguine as to the.substa.nee' being very likely to prove useful as a substitutc tot" wax m making eamlles. The oleocere of cocoa-nut oil, prepared in the same way as that of castor oil, he Ibund never hardened beyond the consistence of butter; its colour was paler, and it might perhaps enter advantageously into the composition of ointments. [21static Journal, No. 1, New Series~ p. 66~ 67.
Fountains of t'resh and Salt Water. Marietta, 0hi% March11~ 1830. To raor~ssoR sxL~r~x. SIRloin the last number of the Journal of Science, I was pleased to observe the remarks of Mr. G. W . ]Long, upon the spontaneous /low of springs or water from the bowels of the e a r t h . - He says~ " sl)rin~.. .~ that. flow .ps ontaneously, are ~o'enerally found, on the. sides. of hills, or in the netghbourhood of them; and often in such sltuatmns as not to be easily accounted tor, and to be, at the same time, objects of great curiosity. The flow of water from the bowels of the earth by boring, excites still more wonder, as the cause appears more hidden from our comprehension. In all these cases the hydrostatic principle which causes the discharge of the water, must be the same; that is, the pressure of a column of water superior to the pressure of the water raised; and in the absence of any other active force to cause this pressure, it follows that it must arise from a superiorfountain head. ~' If this ]~c correct on philosophical principles~ can a soumt reason be given, why a more copious fountain of water should ~,~ fi)und by hori~ig at t/~e brow of the hills~ from four to nine hm~-
On making ,/lrl~cial
IJe(tr/s..~- ~
,~"1
( red lee~ deep, per)endicular, t lan~an befound bY borln g the.....same I depth one hundred and sixty rods, or thre~ hundred rods) ba~k, fronl edge of rising ~round. Some of tile largest of the licks are at the /hot of the low~est hills; salt wells were~sunk at these places to a great depth, and some in valleys, where; strong licks were found, two hundred rods from the hills, which were not hlgh) but without success. The wells were abandoned. The clhzens" " of tills" country have laid it,~.down,. as an axiom, founded on experience of some ten or twelve fears m tile boring of the earth tbr salt water, to sink their wells a't tile brow of the-highest hills, commencing on a rock, at the surface, if possible. No matter whether there is any appearance of licks, or of brackish water, within miles of the place. At the depth of f,'om one hundred and seventy to eight hun(lred feet they obtain strong salt water, which gushes forth spontaneously, fi'om s~)mc wells, six and ten feet above tim surface, without being exhausted. In all cases the wells of the greatest depth, and at the brow of the iAghcst hills, have discharged ~a;ter with the greatest three. The hills are fi'om sixt~,~ to two hun'dhid feet high. Wilen we take into consideration the depth of the wells, upon what iwinciple of hydraulics shall we solve this problem? There are now a great many salt wells, thirty or forty miles fi'om this place, on the Muskingum River, near to Zanesvii|e; and olx Leadin~ Creek, i)i the county of Meigs, several wells have been in operatu)n for years, and make very beauhiul salt, winch sells at fifty cents per bushel. I am, respectfully, your obedient humble servant, NAHu~ W^aD.
[ 8illiman's Journal. On making ./lrtificial Pearls, [From the 1)idionnaire Technologi~ue.] T1~Esv~ are small globules, or pear shaped bulbs, blown in thin glass, ant! each pierced~with two opposite holes, by which it may bi~ strung. I'hese are afterwards prepared in such a manner as to greatly imitate the rounded and brilliant concretions, reflecting the irridiseent colours, which are found in certain bivalve shells, such as the pearl muscle, &c., and which bear the name of oriental pearls. W e can perfectly imitate the brilliancy and reflection of these natural pearls, by means of a liquid, termed essence of pearl, and which is prepared by throwing into liquid ammonia the bri!liant l),articles which are separated by fi'iction and washing from tim scales ot a small river fish, named the bleak. These pearly particles, thus suspended in the ammonia, can be applied to the whole interior of these glass bulbs, by blowing it into fi~em; after which, the ammonia is wdatilized by gently heating them.
I,'ountains o f Fresh and ,~al! kVater.
to the lower. By this contrivance, the water was perpetually kept boiling, and tile quantity in the lower vessel was unifm'm,~its loss was perpetually suppli6d by the syphon, and its excess carried off by the pipe. There were placed seven of the China jars, with eighty parts of oil and one of acid. After boiling thus for an hour, they were taken out, seven more placed in their room~ and so on for a third time." W e have been thus particular in describing the process, in the hope that those who have plenty of time and opportunity, m~ty repeat Mr. Tytler's experiments'~ will'the view, if possible, of bringing the product to perfection, and rendering it generally useful in those parts where castor oil abounds, but where wax may not be equally procurable and cheap. After all, however, perhaps the most eligible and economical plan will bc found to be using the oil simply for the lamp, instead of converting it into oleoeere. Mr. Tytler found that dropping the oleoeere from a height on the floor hardened it. He submitted a specimen of the substance to the meeting, which was harder anti brighter than what is commonly obtained~ but still too soft to form candles for burning in the :hal weather; and notwithstanding his laudable perseverance and great trouble, Mr. Tytler does not appear sanguine as to the.substa.nee' being very likely to prove useful as a substitutc tot" wax m making eamlles. The oleocere of cocoa-nut oil, prepared in the same way as that of castor oil, he Ibund never hardened beyond the consistence of butter; its colour was paler, and it might perhaps enter advantageously into the composition of ointments. [21static Journal, No. 1, New Series~ p. 66~ 67.
Fountains of t'resh and Salt Water. Marietta, 0hi% March11~ 1830. To raor~ssoR sxL~r~x. SIRloin the last number of the Journal of Science, I was pleased to observe the remarks of Mr. G. W . ]Long, upon the spontaneous /low of springs or water from the bowels of the e a r t h . - He says~ " sl)rin~.. .~ that. flow .ps ontaneously, are ~o'enerally found, on the. sides. of hills, or in the netghbourhood of them; and often in such sltuatmns as not to be easily accounted tor, and to be, at the same time, objects of great curiosity. The flow of water from the bowels of the earth by boring, excites still more wonder, as the cause appears more hidden from our comprehension. In all these cases the hydrostatic principle which causes the discharge of the water, must be the same; that is, the pressure of a column of water superior to the pressure of the water raised; and in the absence of any other active force to cause this pressure, it follows that it must arise from a superiorfountain head. ~' If this ]~c correct on philosophical principles~ can a soumt reason be given, why a more copious fountain of water should ~,~ fi)und by hori~ig at t/~e brow of the hills~ from four to nine hm~-
On making ,/lrl~cial
IJe(tr/s..~- ~
,~"1
( red lee~ deep, per)endicular, t lan~an befound bY borln g the.....same I depth one hundred and sixty rods, or thre~ hundred rods) ba~k, fronl edge of rising ~round. Some of tile largest of the licks are at the /hot of the low~est hills; salt wells were~sunk at these places to a great depth, and some in valleys, where; strong licks were found, two hundred rods from the hills, which were not hlgh) but without success. The wells were abandoned. The clhzens" " of tills" country have laid it,~.down,. as an axiom, founded on experience of some ten or twelve fears m tile boring of the earth tbr salt water, to sink their wells a't tile brow of the-highest hills, commencing on a rock, at the surface, if possible. No matter whether there is any appearance of licks, or of brackish water, within miles of the place. At the depth of f,'om one hundred and seventy to eight hun(lred feet they obtain strong salt water, which gushes forth spontaneously, fi'om s~)mc wells, six and ten feet above tim surface, without being exhausted. In all cases the wells of the greatest depth, and at the brow of the iAghcst hills, have discharged ~a;ter with the greatest three. The hills are fi'om sixt~,~ to two hun'dhid feet high. Wilen we take into consideration the depth of the wells, upon what iwinciple of hydraulics shall we solve this problem? There are now a great many salt wells, thirty or forty miles fi'om this place, on the Muskingum River, near to Zanesvii|e; and olx Leadin~ Creek, i)i the county of Meigs, several wells have been in operatu)n for years, and make very beauhiul salt, winch sells at fifty cents per bushel. I am, respectfully, your obedient humble servant, NAHu~ W^aD.
[ 8illiman's Journal. On making ./lrtificial Pearls, [From the 1)idionnaire Technologi~ue.] T1~Esv~ are small globules, or pear shaped bulbs, blown in thin glass, ant! each pierced~with two opposite holes, by which it may bi~ strung. I'hese are afterwards prepared in such a manner as to greatly imitate the rounded and brilliant concretions, reflecting the irridiseent colours, which are found in certain bivalve shells, such as the pearl muscle, &c., and which bear the name of oriental pearls. W e can perfectly imitate the brilliancy and reflection of these natural pearls, by means of a liquid, termed essence of pearl, and which is prepared by throwing into liquid ammonia the bri!liant l),articles which are separated by fi'iction and washing from tim scales ot a small river fish, named the bleak. These pearly particles, thus suspended in the ammonia, can be applied to the whole interior of these glass bulbs, by blowing it into fi~em; after which, the ammonia is wdatilized by gently heating them.