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Fowl Leukosis*
90
E. L. STUBBS matosis gallinarum) I. Clinical features and pathology. Jour. Exp. Med., 49:63-86. Peacock, P. R., 1935. Studies of fowl tumors induced by carcinogenic agents. I. A seasonal factor influencing rate of growth and transmissibility. Amer. Jour. Cancer 25:37-48. Rothe Meyer and J. Engelbreth-Holm, 1933. Experimentelle Studien iiber die Beziehungen zwischen Huhnerleukose und Sarkom an der Hand eines Stammes von ubertragbarer LeukoseSarkom-Kombination. Act. Path, et Microb. Scand. 10:380-428. Rous, P., 1911. A sarcoma of the fowl transmissible by an agent separable from the tumor cells. Jour. Exp. Med. 13:397-411. , 1936. The virus tumors and the tumor problem. Amer. Jour. Cancer 28:233-272. Seagar, E. A., 1933. The pathology of fowl paralysis, with some aspects of its cause and control. Vet. Jour. 89:454-473. Taylor, L. W., and K. B. DeOme, 1939. Failure of wheat germ oil to prevent lymphomatosis in chickens. Jour. Amer. Vet. Med. Assoc. In press. Taylor, L. W., and I. M. Lerner, 1938. Breeding for egg production. Univ. of Calif. Agric. Exp. Sta. Bull. 626. Thomsen, O., und J. Engelbreth-Holm, 1931. Experimentelles Hervorrufen von leukotischen Zustanden bei Huhnern. Acta. Path, et Microb. Scand. 8:121-184. Wilcke, H. L., C. D. Lee, and C. Murray, 1938. Susceptibility and resistance of some strains of chickens to fowl leucosis. Poultry Science 17:58-66.
FOWL LEUKOSIS* E. L. STUBBS
School of Veterinary Medicine and School of Animal Pathology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
T
HE most appropriate use of the term fowl leukosis seems to be in connection with the leukemias and leukemia-like diseases of fowls, diseases that are difficult of diagnosis without considerable study and sometimes impossible of differentiation. Some strains are transmissible, a fact * Summary of paper, Seventh World's Poultry Congress and Exposition Proceedings, pp. 295298, 1939.
that facilitates their study, and have been described, whereas others are not transmissible with certainty and are not understood. Some strains are apparently pure and produce the same result at all times. Others are complex with apparently several disease-producing qualities. Strain 1 is apparently a pure strain that has a single etiological agent, producing only leukemia by stimulating primitive
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at Serials Section, Dixson Library on June 12, 2015
Lee, C. D., and H. L. Wilcke, 1939. Fowl leukosis. IV. Symptoms and pathology. Poultry Science 18:244-249. , 1939. Fowl leukosis. V. Transmission experiments. Poultry Science 18:250-254. , 1939. The migration of the etiological agent of fowl leukosis when subjected to electrophoresis. Lerche, and K. Fritzche, 1933. Histopathologic und Diagnostik der GeflUgellahme. Zeitschrift f. Inf. par. Krank. u. Hyg. 45 :89-109. Little, C. C , 1931. The role of heredity in cancer. Amer. Jour. Cancer 15 :2780-2789. McClary, C. F., and C. W. Upp, 1939. Is paralysis of fowls, as manifested by iritis, transmitted through the egg? Poultry Science 18:210-219. McGowan, J. P., 1928. On rous, leucotic, and allied tumors in the fowl. A study in malignancy. The Macmillan Company, New York. Mcintosh, J., 1933. On the nature of the tumors induced in fowls by injection of tar. British Jour. Exp. Path. 14:422-434. Murphy, J. B., and K. Landsteiner, 1925. Eperimental production and transmission of tar sarcomas in chickens. Jour. Exp. Med. 41:807816. Oberling, C , C. Sannie, and M. and P. Guerin, 1936. Recherches sur Taction carcerigene du 1, 2-benzopyrene. Bull. du. Cancer 25:156-180. Patterson, F. D., H. L. Wilcke, Chas. Murray, and E. W. Henderson, 1932. So-called range paralysis of the chicken. Jour. Amer. Vet. Med. Assoc. 81:747-767. Pappenheimer, A. M., L. C. Dunn, and V. Cone, 1929. Studies on fowl paralysis (neurolympho-
SYMPOSIUM ON AVIAN LYMPHOMATOSIS AND ALLIED DISEASES
nective-tissue cells to unrestricted growth. Tissue-culture studies of leukosis cells indicate that oncogenous viruses multiply in vitro only in the presence of cells on which they confer neoplastic properties and indicate that a single virus may stimulate both primitive blood cells and fibroblastlike cells. The viruses of leukosis can be concentrated by high-speed centrifugalization at 29,000 r,p.m. during 2 hours, after which the supernatant fluid is often entirely inactive. Mention is made of transmissible strains of Oberling and Guerin, Troisier, Rothe Meyer and Engelbreth-Holm, and Jarmai. Comparisons are made with tumor strains 2, 11, and 12 described by Furth.
HEMOCYTOBLASTOSIS I N T H E C H I C K E N * M. W.
EMMEL
Florida Agricultural Experiment Station, Gainesville, Florida
H
EMOCYTOBLASTOSIS is characterized by an increase or decrease in leucocytes and the presence of immature and degenerative blood cells in the peripheral circulation. It may be induced by the intravenous injection of living or dead species of the paratyphoid and typhoid groups of bacteria; of desiccated, freshly emulsified, and autolyzed homologous tissues; and of benzene, phenol, and xylol. Hemocytoblastosis may also result from the oral administration of bacteria of the paratyphoid and typhoid groups during intestinal parasitism; adverse atmospheric * Summary of paper, Seventh World's Poultry Congress and Exposition Proceedings, pp. 298-300, 1939.
conditions; vitamin A, vitamin K, and iron deficiency; and the transmission agent of fowl leukemia. In addition to being an entity in adult flocks, hemocytoblastosis is a fundamental condition which may lead to the development, in the chicken, of fowl paralysis, leukemia, and allied diseases. These are most commonly caused by micro-organisms of the paratyphoid and typhoid groups in the field and by adverse atmospheric conditions in hen batteries. Hemocytoblastosis is a reversible process from which birds may recover. The significance of hemocytoblastosis in relation to its causes, as pertaining to brooding, incubation, and the breeding flock, is discussed.
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at Serials Section, Dixson Library on June 12, 2015
blood cells to unrestricted growth. Transfer succeeds best by intravenous injection of whole blood but also by plasma, bloodforming tissues, and filtrates. The causative agent resists desiccation, glycerinization, and freezing. Its tumor-producing ability has been tested by intramuscular injections of whole blood and leukotic tissue without the production of tumors. Transfers of this strain did not produce paralysis, over several years, in large series of chickens, and nothing was found to suggest that it is in any way related to fowl paralysis. Strain 13 is a complex strain that produces leukemia when injected intravenously and sarcoma when injected intramuscularly. Its cause is filtrable and stimulates primitive blood cells as well as con-
91
E. L. STUBBS matosis gallinarum) I. Clinical features and pathology. Jour. Exp. Med., 49:63-86. Peacock, P. R., 1935. Studies of fowl tumors induced by carcinogenic agents. I. A seasonal factor influencing rate of growth and transmissibility. Amer. Jour. Cancer 25:37-48. Rothe Meyer and J. Engelbreth-Holm, 1933. Experimentelle Studien iiber die Beziehungen zwischen Huhnerleukose und Sarkom an der Hand eines Stammes von ubertragbarer LeukoseSarkom-Kombination. Act. Path, et Microb. Scand. 10:380-428. Rous, P., 1911. A sarcoma of the fowl transmissible by an agent separable from the tumor cells. Jour. Exp. Med. 13:397-411. , 1936. The virus tumors and the tumor problem. Amer. Jour. Cancer 28:233-272. Seagar, E. A., 1933. The pathology of fowl paralysis, with some aspects of its cause and control. Vet. Jour. 89:454-473. Taylor, L. W., and K. B. DeOme, 1939. Failure of wheat germ oil to prevent lymphomatosis in chickens. Jour. Amer. Vet. Med. Assoc. In press. Taylor, L. W., and I. M. Lerner, 1938. Breeding for egg production. Univ. of Calif. Agric. Exp. Sta. Bull. 626. Thomsen, O., und J. Engelbreth-Holm, 1931. Experimentelles Hervorrufen von leukotischen Zustanden bei Huhnern. Acta. Path, et Microb. Scand. 8:121-184. Wilcke, H. L., C. D. Lee, and C. Murray, 1938. Susceptibility and resistance of some strains of chickens to fowl leucosis. Poultry Science 17:58-66.
FOWL LEUKOSIS* E. L. STUBBS
School of Veterinary Medicine and School of Animal Pathology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
T
HE most appropriate use of the term fowl leukosis seems to be in connection with the leukemias and leukemia-like diseases of fowls, diseases that are difficult of diagnosis without considerable study and sometimes impossible of differentiation. Some strains are transmissible, a fact * Summary of paper, Seventh World's Poultry Congress and Exposition Proceedings, pp. 295298, 1939.
that facilitates their study, and have been described, whereas others are not transmissible with certainty and are not understood. Some strains are apparently pure and produce the same result at all times. Others are complex with apparently several disease-producing qualities. Strain 1 is apparently a pure strain that has a single etiological agent, producing only leukemia by stimulating primitive
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at Serials Section, Dixson Library on June 12, 2015
Lee, C. D., and H. L. Wilcke, 1939. Fowl leukosis. IV. Symptoms and pathology. Poultry Science 18:244-249. , 1939. Fowl leukosis. V. Transmission experiments. Poultry Science 18:250-254. , 1939. The migration of the etiological agent of fowl leukosis when subjected to electrophoresis. Lerche, and K. Fritzche, 1933. Histopathologic und Diagnostik der GeflUgellahme. Zeitschrift f. Inf. par. Krank. u. Hyg. 45 :89-109. Little, C. C , 1931. The role of heredity in cancer. Amer. Jour. Cancer 15 :2780-2789. McClary, C. F., and C. W. Upp, 1939. Is paralysis of fowls, as manifested by iritis, transmitted through the egg? Poultry Science 18:210-219. McGowan, J. P., 1928. On rous, leucotic, and allied tumors in the fowl. A study in malignancy. The Macmillan Company, New York. Mcintosh, J., 1933. On the nature of the tumors induced in fowls by injection of tar. British Jour. Exp. Path. 14:422-434. Murphy, J. B., and K. Landsteiner, 1925. Eperimental production and transmission of tar sarcomas in chickens. Jour. Exp. Med. 41:807816. Oberling, C , C. Sannie, and M. and P. Guerin, 1936. Recherches sur Taction carcerigene du 1, 2-benzopyrene. Bull. du. Cancer 25:156-180. Patterson, F. D., H. L. Wilcke, Chas. Murray, and E. W. Henderson, 1932. So-called range paralysis of the chicken. Jour. Amer. Vet. Med. Assoc. 81:747-767. Pappenheimer, A. M., L. C. Dunn, and V. Cone, 1929. Studies on fowl paralysis (neurolympho-
SYMPOSIUM ON AVIAN LYMPHOMATOSIS AND ALLIED DISEASES
nective-tissue cells to unrestricted growth. Tissue-culture studies of leukosis cells indicate that oncogenous viruses multiply in vitro only in the presence of cells on which they confer neoplastic properties and indicate that a single virus may stimulate both primitive blood cells and fibroblastlike cells. The viruses of leukosis can be concentrated by high-speed centrifugalization at 29,000 r,p.m. during 2 hours, after which the supernatant fluid is often entirely inactive. Mention is made of transmissible strains of Oberling and Guerin, Troisier, Rothe Meyer and Engelbreth-Holm, and Jarmai. Comparisons are made with tumor strains 2, 11, and 12 described by Furth.
HEMOCYTOBLASTOSIS I N T H E C H I C K E N * M. W.
EMMEL
Florida Agricultural Experiment Station, Gainesville, Florida
H
EMOCYTOBLASTOSIS is characterized by an increase or decrease in leucocytes and the presence of immature and degenerative blood cells in the peripheral circulation. It may be induced by the intravenous injection of living or dead species of the paratyphoid and typhoid groups of bacteria; of desiccated, freshly emulsified, and autolyzed homologous tissues; and of benzene, phenol, and xylol. Hemocytoblastosis may also result from the oral administration of bacteria of the paratyphoid and typhoid groups during intestinal parasitism; adverse atmospheric * Summary of paper, Seventh World's Poultry Congress and Exposition Proceedings, pp. 298-300, 1939.
conditions; vitamin A, vitamin K, and iron deficiency; and the transmission agent of fowl leukemia. In addition to being an entity in adult flocks, hemocytoblastosis is a fundamental condition which may lead to the development, in the chicken, of fowl paralysis, leukemia, and allied diseases. These are most commonly caused by micro-organisms of the paratyphoid and typhoid groups in the field and by adverse atmospheric conditions in hen batteries. Hemocytoblastosis is a reversible process from which birds may recover. The significance of hemocytoblastosis in relation to its causes, as pertaining to brooding, incubation, and the breeding flock, is discussed.
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at Serials Section, Dixson Library on June 12, 2015
blood cells to unrestricted growth. Transfer succeeds best by intravenous injection of whole blood but also by plasma, bloodforming tissues, and filtrates. The causative agent resists desiccation, glycerinization, and freezing. Its tumor-producing ability has been tested by intramuscular injections of whole blood and leukotic tissue without the production of tumors. Transfers of this strain did not produce paralysis, over several years, in large series of chickens, and nothing was found to suggest that it is in any way related to fowl paralysis. Strain 13 is a complex strain that produces leukemia when injected intravenously and sarcoma when injected intramuscularly. Its cause is filtrable and stimulates primitive blood cells as well as con-
91