- Email: [email protected]
Fragmentation and Land-Use Planning—An Introduction
Landscape and Urban Planning 58 (2002) 79–82
Fragmentation and Land-Use Planning—An Introduction Gerrit J. Carsjens*, Hubert N. van Lier ISOMUL, Gen. Foulkesweg 13, 6703 BJ Wageningen, The Netherlands
1. Introduction The International Studygroup on Multiple Use of Land (ISOMUL) organized the Third International Workshop on Sustainable Land-Use Planning, ‘‘Fragmentation and Land-Use Planning: Analysis and Beyond’’ that was held on 19–21 June 2000. The workshop brought into focus, the challenges that spatial fragmentation within different land-uses poses and the innovative approaches required, through proper methods of land-use planning. This special issue presents a selected group of papers that were discussed at the workshop.
2. ISOMUL ISOMUL was formed during the 1970s by a small group of scientists from various nations, all having an interest in the field of rural land-use planning. Since that time, ISOMUL has encouraged and guided the international exchange of knowledge and experience in land-use planning, particularly encouraging studies that addressed those rural areas most vulnerable to the dynamic forces of technology, socio-economic development, and metropolitan influences. ISOMUL encourages studies focusing on multiple land-use planning methods, forecasting and prediction methods, evaluation methods, and impact analyses. * Corresponding author. Tel.: þ31-317-4848-40; fax: þ31-317-4821-66; URL: http://www.wau.nl/rpv/isomul. E-mail addresses: [email protected] (G.J. Carsjens), [email protected] (H.N. van Lier).
0169-2046/02/$20.00 # 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. PII: S 0 1 6 9 - 2 0 4 6 ( 0 1 ) 0 0 2 1 0 - 9
Each country, dealing with its own problems, possesses specific experience and knowledge that can be valuable to others. The major objective of ISOMUL is to provide for the exchange of these experiences and knowledge. ISOMUL has published books on several topics, that include planning for agroforestry (Budd et al., 1990), new challenges in recreation and tourism planning (van Lier and Taylor, 1993), sustainable land-use planning (van Lier et al., 1994), and landscape planning and ecological networks (Cook and van Lier, 1994). ISOMUL has also organized international symposia, addressing such topics as sustainable land-use planning (The Netherlands, 1992), landscape-nature farming (Hungary, 1996), multiple land uses in urbanized areas (Japan, 1996), and decision support systems in multiple land-use planning (USA, 1998). This special issue presents a selected group of papers from the workshop on fragmentation and land-use planning (The Netherlands 2000 (see also Carsjens, 2000)). The topic of the next workshop, to be held on 20–22 June 2002 in Bellingham, WA, USA, will be Collaborative Planning for the Metropolitan Landscape.
3. Fragmentation and Land-Use Planning Fragmentation is the process that spatially segregates those entities that belong together in order to function optimally. It is a land-use phenomenon so significant that it influences agriculture, native systems, outdoor recreation, and even the quality of urban life. The third ISOMUL workshop on Sustainable
80
G.J. Carsjens, H.N. van Lier / Landscape and Urban Planning 58 (2002) 79–82
Land-Use Planning in Wageningen, The Netherlands had, as its focus, identifying the problems of spatial fragmentation and innovative approaches and solutions. The objective of this workshop was to demonstrate the spatial processes and effects of fragmentation, that along with the theory, methods and procedures of land-use planning are necessary to ameliorate fragmentation’s impact. Therefore, the workshop featured two themes: 1. the magnitude, causes and types of fragmentation, and their resulting problems; 2. the methods of land-use planning necessary to control or correct these problems. Several papers in this special issue focus on fragmentation of habitats in rural landscapes. This refers to the separation of landscape elements into smaller parts. Habitat fragmentation has several negative effects, that include the loss of original habitat, a decrease in size of habitat patches, and an increasing isolation of habitat patches. Habitat fragmentation also has an immediate impact upon populations of flora and fauna. At the moment, habitat fragmentation is believed to be one of the most urgent challenges facing environmental planners. The topic has been discussed in the ISOMUL book, Landscape Planning and Ecological Networks (Cook and van Lier, 1994). Human activities that influence habitat fragmentation include agricultural development, urban development, and transportation infrastructure development. Other aspects of spatial fragmentation, in addition to habitat fragmentation are equally important to landuse planners. They too are dealt with in these papers, and they include causes and effects of urban sprawl, the impacts of fragmentation upon agricultural efficiency, landscape deterioration, and the loss of cultural historic sites. Often, solutions for a specific type of land-use fail, or they may even result in problems for other types of land use. Recently, new approaches to multiple landuse planning have been developed that focus on an interdisciplinary approach of the ‘‘green environment’’. Such an approach, addressed as the delta approach (van der Valk et al., 2001), tries to find innovative solutions that combine several types of land use, thus stimulating a multiple land-use approach. Problems occur because current scientific knowledge
is very often diffused. Each field of scientific research has its own language, its own characteristics, and its own networks. Researchers are unable to integrate different fields of science, with ongoing specialization. Therefore, present science is often unable to find innovative solutions. The delta approach of the Wageningen University and Research Centre aims to create a platform for communication that includes the integration of design and communication sciences (a sciences), the technical and environmental sciences (b sciences), and the human and social sciences (g sciences). The delta philosophy endeavors to search for the lost paradise of universal knowledge, the world of Leonardo da Vinci. As the ‘‘uomo universale’’, he developed concepts of flying machines that bears resemblance to the modern delta wing (see Fig. 1). The delta approach is both an interdisciplinary, and a participatory approach. Its philosophy is based on scientists of different disciplines creating innovation through intercommunication. The delta program focuses on research themes, that include: urbanization of the countryside and the town–countryside relationship; multifunctional land uses; ecological and economical sustainable solutions; managing processes in the green environment; interdisciplinary, area- and design-oriented research.
Fig. 1. The delta (wing) approach of Wageningen University and Research centre (van der Valk et al., 2001).
G.J. Carsjens, H.N. van Lier / Landscape and Urban Planning 58 (2002) 79–82
81
The aims of ISOMUL and the topics of this special issue on fragmentation are strongly interrelated to these themes.
Kim and his co-authors examine the land-use changes in the Chubu and Kinki regions in Japan, by showing how land-use change systems can be analyzed using the species competition concept.
4. The papers
4.2. Part 2
This special issue is organized in two parts, each with eight papers. The first part contains papers that focus on the analysis of fragmentation, including the magnitude, causes and different types of fragmentation, with their resulting problems. The papers that make up the second part bring focus to the methods and concepts of land-use planning necessary to control or correct these problems. Both parts are introduced with a keynote paper. The keynote paper of Han Olff and Mark Ritchie introduces the papers of part 1. In it, they discuss how fragmentation of resources and habitat operate differently on species diversity across spatial scales. The keynote paper of Pat Taylor introduces part 2, by addressing the misuse of the concept of fragmentation in planning and design fields.
Arnold van der Valk describes the driving forces and new trends in spatial planning in The Netherlands. He characterizes one of those driving forces, the fear of urban sprawl. Rob Jongman describes the homogenization and fragmentation processes of the rural landscapes of Europe. He presents concepts to deal with these processes. Finally, he discusses the changing role of the landscape planner from designer to negotiator working with stakeholders. Katarina Lo¨ fvenhaft and her co-authors consider a model to address the spatial aspects of biodiversity in urban planning, and use Stockholm, Sweden, as the study area. Lene Moller Madsen outlines the goals of the new post-industrial forestry and with the Danish afforestation program as an example, highlights the importance of the spatial configuration of new woodlands in the landscape. Elizabeth Brabec and Chip Smith address the effects of urban sprawl on fragmentation of agricultural land. They analyze three land protection strategies in the eastern United States. Edward Cook examined the viability of an ecological network in the Phoenix, Arizona urban area, illustrating the importance of ecological network plans. Frank van Langevelde and his co-authors discuss the modeling of two strategies for conservation planning in humandominated landscapes, that include the enlargement of existing reserve sites and the allocation of stepping stones between these sites. Marjan Hidding and Andre´ Teunissen describe the widening gap between leading spatial concepts and spatial reality. They advocate the use of process-oriented concepts, such as network concepts, to make the argument for the reconsideration of the idea of fragmentation.
4.1. Part 1 Donna Erickson and her co-authors describe the motivations of landowners in their efforts to retain and manage their forests as a way to understand increasing landscape fragmentation. Miriam Serrano and her co-authors study the resulting landscape fragmentation in Navarra, Spain arising from the development of the transportation network. The role of minor rural roads upon fragmentation is the focus at the work by Rinus Jaarsma and Geert Willems. They present two case studies with methods to quantify fragmentation. Hubert Gulinck and Tim Wagendorp analyze the fragmentation of the rural matrix in rapidly changing cultural landscapes that occurs in such areas as Flanders in Belgium. Petr Sklenicka and Tomas Lhota use landscape heterogeneity as a quantitative criterion to reconstruct the landscape of open-cast coal mining areas in the Czech Republic. Se´ verine Vuilleumier and Roland Pre´ laz-Droux present a model for analyzing and understanding the impact of human activities on wildlife dispersal. Gerrit Jan Carsjens and Wim van der Knaap utilize a computer model to support local and regional land-use allocation issues, that focuses especially on the spatial fragmentation of Dutch agriculture. Dae Sik
Acknowledgements We are grateful to all the authors from various countries who have contributed their specific ideas, experiences and talents to the workshop and this special issue. The philosophy and concepts that
82
G.J. Carsjens, H.N. van Lier / Landscape and Urban Planning 58 (2002) 79–82
created ISOMUL become reality through this sharing of knowledge and understanding.
Gerrit Jan Carsjens is Secretary and Treasurer of ISOMUL. He is also a senior staff member of the Land-Use Planning Group, at the Department of Environmental Sciences of Wageningen University.
References
Hubert N. van Lier is Chairman of ISOMUL and Professor Emeritus in Rural Engineering and Land-Use Planning. Hubert van Lier started his professional career in 1967 at the Institute of Land and Water Management. In 1976, he was appointed as Associate Professor (Lecturer) of Land and Water Use in the University’s Department of Land and Water Use. Four years later, in 1980, he was named full Professor. Then, between 1981 and 1986, Professor van Lier served as Chair of the Department, and between 1988 and 1993, as a member of the Board of Deans of Wageningen University. In 1990, he became Head of the reorganized Land and Water Use section in the Department of Physical Planning and Rural Development, serving as Chair between 1991 and 1993. In 1996, he became Head of the Land-Use Planning Group of Wageningen University. Hubert van Lier has also been an active member or past member of more than 20 organizations outside Wageningen University, including the Dutch Council for Agricultural Research (member), the Dutch Research Institute for Tourism (Vice-Chair), the Section of Land and Water Use of CIGR (International Commission on Agricultural Engineering (Chair)), and Chair of ISOMUL. In all cases, his professional career has been very much dedicated to the similar scientific topics on which ISOMUL focuses. He has also been the driving force behind all of the organization’s previous workshops. On the 23rd of June 2000, Hubert van Lier gave his professional farewell speech at Wageningen University. The workshop on Fragmentation and Land-Use Planning, therefore, was dedicated to Hubert van Lier’s accomplished career, his contributions to ISOMUL, and his retirement.
Budd, W.W., Duchhart, I., Hardesty, L.H., Steiner, F.R. (Eds.), 1990. Planning for Agroforestry: Developments in Landscape Management and Urban Planning, Vol. 6C. Elsevier, Amsterdam, 328 pp., ISBN 0-444-886346. Carsjens, G.J. (Ed.), 2000. Fragmentation and Land-Use Planning: Analysis and Beyond. In: Proceedings of the Third International Workshop on Sustainable Land-Use Planning, International Studygroup on Multiple Use of Land (ISOMUL) and Land-Use Planning Group. Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands. Cook, E.A., van Lier, H.N. (Eds.), 1994. Landscape Planning and Ecological Networks: Developments in Landscape Management and Urban Planning, Vol. 6F. Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1994, 368 pp., ISBN 0-444-82084-1. van der Valk, A.J., During, R., Dammers, E., 2001. Deltaonderzoek voor de groene ruimte: de Wageningse School. Wageningen University and Research Centre, Wageningen, The Netherlands. van Lier, H.N., Taylor, P.D. (Eds.), 1993. New Challenges in Recreation and Tourism Planning: Developments in Landscape Management and Urban Planning, Vol. 6D. Elsevier, Amsterdam, 240 pp., ISBN 0-444-89849-2. van Lier, H.N., Jaarsma, C.F., Jurgens, C.R., De Buck, A.J. (Eds.), 1994. Sustainable Land-Use Planning: Developments in Landscape Management and Urban Planning, Vol. 6E. Elsevier, Amsterdam, 376 pp., ISBN 0-444-81835-9.
Fragmentation and Land-Use Planning—An Introduction Gerrit J. Carsjens*, Hubert N. van Lier ISOMUL, Gen. Foulkesweg 13, 6703 BJ Wageningen, The Netherlands
1. Introduction The International Studygroup on Multiple Use of Land (ISOMUL) organized the Third International Workshop on Sustainable Land-Use Planning, ‘‘Fragmentation and Land-Use Planning: Analysis and Beyond’’ that was held on 19–21 June 2000. The workshop brought into focus, the challenges that spatial fragmentation within different land-uses poses and the innovative approaches required, through proper methods of land-use planning. This special issue presents a selected group of papers that were discussed at the workshop.
2. ISOMUL ISOMUL was formed during the 1970s by a small group of scientists from various nations, all having an interest in the field of rural land-use planning. Since that time, ISOMUL has encouraged and guided the international exchange of knowledge and experience in land-use planning, particularly encouraging studies that addressed those rural areas most vulnerable to the dynamic forces of technology, socio-economic development, and metropolitan influences. ISOMUL encourages studies focusing on multiple land-use planning methods, forecasting and prediction methods, evaluation methods, and impact analyses. * Corresponding author. Tel.: þ31-317-4848-40; fax: þ31-317-4821-66; URL: http://www.wau.nl/rpv/isomul. E-mail addresses: [email protected] (G.J. Carsjens), [email protected] (H.N. van Lier).
0169-2046/02/$20.00 # 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. PII: S 0 1 6 9 - 2 0 4 6 ( 0 1 ) 0 0 2 1 0 - 9
Each country, dealing with its own problems, possesses specific experience and knowledge that can be valuable to others. The major objective of ISOMUL is to provide for the exchange of these experiences and knowledge. ISOMUL has published books on several topics, that include planning for agroforestry (Budd et al., 1990), new challenges in recreation and tourism planning (van Lier and Taylor, 1993), sustainable land-use planning (van Lier et al., 1994), and landscape planning and ecological networks (Cook and van Lier, 1994). ISOMUL has also organized international symposia, addressing such topics as sustainable land-use planning (The Netherlands, 1992), landscape-nature farming (Hungary, 1996), multiple land uses in urbanized areas (Japan, 1996), and decision support systems in multiple land-use planning (USA, 1998). This special issue presents a selected group of papers from the workshop on fragmentation and land-use planning (The Netherlands 2000 (see also Carsjens, 2000)). The topic of the next workshop, to be held on 20–22 June 2002 in Bellingham, WA, USA, will be Collaborative Planning for the Metropolitan Landscape.
3. Fragmentation and Land-Use Planning Fragmentation is the process that spatially segregates those entities that belong together in order to function optimally. It is a land-use phenomenon so significant that it influences agriculture, native systems, outdoor recreation, and even the quality of urban life. The third ISOMUL workshop on Sustainable
80
G.J. Carsjens, H.N. van Lier / Landscape and Urban Planning 58 (2002) 79–82
Land-Use Planning in Wageningen, The Netherlands had, as its focus, identifying the problems of spatial fragmentation and innovative approaches and solutions. The objective of this workshop was to demonstrate the spatial processes and effects of fragmentation, that along with the theory, methods and procedures of land-use planning are necessary to ameliorate fragmentation’s impact. Therefore, the workshop featured two themes: 1. the magnitude, causes and types of fragmentation, and their resulting problems; 2. the methods of land-use planning necessary to control or correct these problems. Several papers in this special issue focus on fragmentation of habitats in rural landscapes. This refers to the separation of landscape elements into smaller parts. Habitat fragmentation has several negative effects, that include the loss of original habitat, a decrease in size of habitat patches, and an increasing isolation of habitat patches. Habitat fragmentation also has an immediate impact upon populations of flora and fauna. At the moment, habitat fragmentation is believed to be one of the most urgent challenges facing environmental planners. The topic has been discussed in the ISOMUL book, Landscape Planning and Ecological Networks (Cook and van Lier, 1994). Human activities that influence habitat fragmentation include agricultural development, urban development, and transportation infrastructure development. Other aspects of spatial fragmentation, in addition to habitat fragmentation are equally important to landuse planners. They too are dealt with in these papers, and they include causes and effects of urban sprawl, the impacts of fragmentation upon agricultural efficiency, landscape deterioration, and the loss of cultural historic sites. Often, solutions for a specific type of land-use fail, or they may even result in problems for other types of land use. Recently, new approaches to multiple landuse planning have been developed that focus on an interdisciplinary approach of the ‘‘green environment’’. Such an approach, addressed as the delta approach (van der Valk et al., 2001), tries to find innovative solutions that combine several types of land use, thus stimulating a multiple land-use approach. Problems occur because current scientific knowledge
is very often diffused. Each field of scientific research has its own language, its own characteristics, and its own networks. Researchers are unable to integrate different fields of science, with ongoing specialization. Therefore, present science is often unable to find innovative solutions. The delta approach of the Wageningen University and Research Centre aims to create a platform for communication that includes the integration of design and communication sciences (a sciences), the technical and environmental sciences (b sciences), and the human and social sciences (g sciences). The delta philosophy endeavors to search for the lost paradise of universal knowledge, the world of Leonardo da Vinci. As the ‘‘uomo universale’’, he developed concepts of flying machines that bears resemblance to the modern delta wing (see Fig. 1). The delta approach is both an interdisciplinary, and a participatory approach. Its philosophy is based on scientists of different disciplines creating innovation through intercommunication. The delta program focuses on research themes, that include: urbanization of the countryside and the town–countryside relationship; multifunctional land uses; ecological and economical sustainable solutions; managing processes in the green environment; interdisciplinary, area- and design-oriented research.
Fig. 1. The delta (wing) approach of Wageningen University and Research centre (van der Valk et al., 2001).
G.J. Carsjens, H.N. van Lier / Landscape and Urban Planning 58 (2002) 79–82
81
The aims of ISOMUL and the topics of this special issue on fragmentation are strongly interrelated to these themes.
Kim and his co-authors examine the land-use changes in the Chubu and Kinki regions in Japan, by showing how land-use change systems can be analyzed using the species competition concept.
4. The papers
4.2. Part 2
This special issue is organized in two parts, each with eight papers. The first part contains papers that focus on the analysis of fragmentation, including the magnitude, causes and different types of fragmentation, with their resulting problems. The papers that make up the second part bring focus to the methods and concepts of land-use planning necessary to control or correct these problems. Both parts are introduced with a keynote paper. The keynote paper of Han Olff and Mark Ritchie introduces the papers of part 1. In it, they discuss how fragmentation of resources and habitat operate differently on species diversity across spatial scales. The keynote paper of Pat Taylor introduces part 2, by addressing the misuse of the concept of fragmentation in planning and design fields.
Arnold van der Valk describes the driving forces and new trends in spatial planning in The Netherlands. He characterizes one of those driving forces, the fear of urban sprawl. Rob Jongman describes the homogenization and fragmentation processes of the rural landscapes of Europe. He presents concepts to deal with these processes. Finally, he discusses the changing role of the landscape planner from designer to negotiator working with stakeholders. Katarina Lo¨ fvenhaft and her co-authors consider a model to address the spatial aspects of biodiversity in urban planning, and use Stockholm, Sweden, as the study area. Lene Moller Madsen outlines the goals of the new post-industrial forestry and with the Danish afforestation program as an example, highlights the importance of the spatial configuration of new woodlands in the landscape. Elizabeth Brabec and Chip Smith address the effects of urban sprawl on fragmentation of agricultural land. They analyze three land protection strategies in the eastern United States. Edward Cook examined the viability of an ecological network in the Phoenix, Arizona urban area, illustrating the importance of ecological network plans. Frank van Langevelde and his co-authors discuss the modeling of two strategies for conservation planning in humandominated landscapes, that include the enlargement of existing reserve sites and the allocation of stepping stones between these sites. Marjan Hidding and Andre´ Teunissen describe the widening gap between leading spatial concepts and spatial reality. They advocate the use of process-oriented concepts, such as network concepts, to make the argument for the reconsideration of the idea of fragmentation.
4.1. Part 1 Donna Erickson and her co-authors describe the motivations of landowners in their efforts to retain and manage their forests as a way to understand increasing landscape fragmentation. Miriam Serrano and her co-authors study the resulting landscape fragmentation in Navarra, Spain arising from the development of the transportation network. The role of minor rural roads upon fragmentation is the focus at the work by Rinus Jaarsma and Geert Willems. They present two case studies with methods to quantify fragmentation. Hubert Gulinck and Tim Wagendorp analyze the fragmentation of the rural matrix in rapidly changing cultural landscapes that occurs in such areas as Flanders in Belgium. Petr Sklenicka and Tomas Lhota use landscape heterogeneity as a quantitative criterion to reconstruct the landscape of open-cast coal mining areas in the Czech Republic. Se´ verine Vuilleumier and Roland Pre´ laz-Droux present a model for analyzing and understanding the impact of human activities on wildlife dispersal. Gerrit Jan Carsjens and Wim van der Knaap utilize a computer model to support local and regional land-use allocation issues, that focuses especially on the spatial fragmentation of Dutch agriculture. Dae Sik
Acknowledgements We are grateful to all the authors from various countries who have contributed their specific ideas, experiences and talents to the workshop and this special issue. The philosophy and concepts that
82
G.J. Carsjens, H.N. van Lier / Landscape and Urban Planning 58 (2002) 79–82
created ISOMUL become reality through this sharing of knowledge and understanding.
Gerrit Jan Carsjens is Secretary and Treasurer of ISOMUL. He is also a senior staff member of the Land-Use Planning Group, at the Department of Environmental Sciences of Wageningen University.
References
Hubert N. van Lier is Chairman of ISOMUL and Professor Emeritus in Rural Engineering and Land-Use Planning. Hubert van Lier started his professional career in 1967 at the Institute of Land and Water Management. In 1976, he was appointed as Associate Professor (Lecturer) of Land and Water Use in the University’s Department of Land and Water Use. Four years later, in 1980, he was named full Professor. Then, between 1981 and 1986, Professor van Lier served as Chair of the Department, and between 1988 and 1993, as a member of the Board of Deans of Wageningen University. In 1990, he became Head of the reorganized Land and Water Use section in the Department of Physical Planning and Rural Development, serving as Chair between 1991 and 1993. In 1996, he became Head of the Land-Use Planning Group of Wageningen University. Hubert van Lier has also been an active member or past member of more than 20 organizations outside Wageningen University, including the Dutch Council for Agricultural Research (member), the Dutch Research Institute for Tourism (Vice-Chair), the Section of Land and Water Use of CIGR (International Commission on Agricultural Engineering (Chair)), and Chair of ISOMUL. In all cases, his professional career has been very much dedicated to the similar scientific topics on which ISOMUL focuses. He has also been the driving force behind all of the organization’s previous workshops. On the 23rd of June 2000, Hubert van Lier gave his professional farewell speech at Wageningen University. The workshop on Fragmentation and Land-Use Planning, therefore, was dedicated to Hubert van Lier’s accomplished career, his contributions to ISOMUL, and his retirement.
Budd, W.W., Duchhart, I., Hardesty, L.H., Steiner, F.R. (Eds.), 1990. Planning for Agroforestry: Developments in Landscape Management and Urban Planning, Vol. 6C. Elsevier, Amsterdam, 328 pp., ISBN 0-444-886346. Carsjens, G.J. (Ed.), 2000. Fragmentation and Land-Use Planning: Analysis and Beyond. In: Proceedings of the Third International Workshop on Sustainable Land-Use Planning, International Studygroup on Multiple Use of Land (ISOMUL) and Land-Use Planning Group. Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands. Cook, E.A., van Lier, H.N. (Eds.), 1994. Landscape Planning and Ecological Networks: Developments in Landscape Management and Urban Planning, Vol. 6F. Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1994, 368 pp., ISBN 0-444-82084-1. van der Valk, A.J., During, R., Dammers, E., 2001. Deltaonderzoek voor de groene ruimte: de Wageningse School. Wageningen University and Research Centre, Wageningen, The Netherlands. van Lier, H.N., Taylor, P.D. (Eds.), 1993. New Challenges in Recreation and Tourism Planning: Developments in Landscape Management and Urban Planning, Vol. 6D. Elsevier, Amsterdam, 240 pp., ISBN 0-444-89849-2. van Lier, H.N., Jaarsma, C.F., Jurgens, C.R., De Buck, A.J. (Eds.), 1994. Sustainable Land-Use Planning: Developments in Landscape Management and Urban Planning, Vol. 6E. Elsevier, Amsterdam, 376 pp., ISBN 0-444-81835-9.