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Free-walking and synchronized Rhythmic Auditory Stimulation: Effects of individual differences in beat perception, dance and music training on gait
Abstracts
Rating Scale (HDRS; Hamilton, 1960) to fifty-seven depressed outpatients and they completed The Scale of Expectation of Change (Echeburúa & Corral, 1987). All patients attended a group-based CBT program for depression. After treatment we evaluated treatment outcomes comparing post and pre HDRS scores. We found that Expectation of change correlated positively with reduction on HDRS scores (post-treatment HDRS scores minus pre-treatment HDRS scores). Expectation of chance emerged as a predictor of treatment outcomes (reduction of depressive symptoms). Our findings stress the importance of individual differences, specifically expectation of change, on depressed outpatients and their influence on treatment outcomes. An individual with low expectation of chance may become sceptical and believe that “treatment isn't working” or that “my therapist won't be able to help me”. This belief may lead to emotions of apathy, discouragement, shame or guilt. These emotions may lead to missed sessions, noncompliance with treatment, and to the client does not improve his depressive symptoms.
doi:10.1016/j.paid.2016.05.271
Free-walking and synchronized Rhythmic Auditory Stimulation: Effects of individual differences in beat perception, dance and music training on gait E.A. Ready, L.M.J. McGarry, C. Rinchon, J.D. Holmes, J.A. Grahn The present study evaluates how beat perception skills influence gait responses to RAS when instructed to synchronize steps with the beat and when permitted to walk freely. In addition, it examines the effects of musical familiarity and groove (music’s tendency to induce movement) and music or dance training. In both RAS conditions, healthy young participants walked on a sensor walkway to music ranging in individually-rated levels of familiarity and groove. Beat perception was evaluated using the Beat Alignment Test. As predicted, free-walking data indicates that benefits of RAS on gait are present and do not differ based on individual differences in beat perception – specifically, high groove music positively influenced walking speed. Dance training was also associated with faster stride time. We predict that instructions to synchronize will reveal deficits in weak beat perceivers that interfere with the benefits of RAS. Results support the premise that RAS may benefit weak beat perceivers if there is no pressure to synchronize steps to the music.
509
found a negative correlation between the N170 latency and face cognition abilities, indicating that participants creating fast structural representations of faces are likely to perform more accurately in tasks involved in face perception and identity recognition. Emotionspecific individual differences emerged for the early posterior negativity (EPN), a correlate of sensory encoding, in the form of two separable dimensions for positive and negative expressions. The EPN amplitude correlated with emotion perception abilities, reflecting that participants allocating more processing resources and attention to dynamic facial expressions tend to decode more accurately emotional information.
doi:10.1016/j.paid.2016.05.273
A new measurement for the revised reinforcement sensitivity theory: psychometric criteria and genetic validation M. Reuter, A. Cooper, L.D. Smillie, S. Markett, C. Montag Jeffrey Gray’s Reinforcement Sensitivity Theory (RST) represents one of the most influential biological personality theories describing individual differences in approach and avoidance tendencies. The most prominent self-report inventory to measure individual differences in approach and avoidance behaviour to date is the BIS/BAS scale by Carver & White. As Gray & McNaughton revised the RST after its initial formulation in the 1970/80s, and given the Carver & White measure is based on the initial conceptualization of RST, there is a growing need for self-report inventories measuring individual differences in the revised behavioural inhibition system (BIS), behavioural activation system (BAS) and the fight, flight, freezing system (FFFS). Therefore, we present a new questionnaire measuring individual differences in the revised constructs of RST in N = 1814 participants (German sample). An English version of the new measure is also presented and tested in N = 299 English language participants. A large number of German participants (N = 1090) also filled in the BIS/BAS scales by Carver & White and the correlations between these measures are presented. Finally, in this same subgroup of participants we investigated the AVPR1a gene. Here, a functional genetic polymorphism (rs11174811) was shown to be associated with individual differences in both the revised and classic BIS dimensions.
doi:10.1016/j.paid.2016.05.274 doi:10.1016/j.paid.2016.05.272
Individual Differences in Brain Responses to Dynamic Facial Expressions and their Relationship to Face Cognition Abilities G. Recio, A. Hildebrandt, W. Sommer, O. Wilhelm Individuals differ in their emotional responses and their abilities to interpret affective information. Such differences may underlie social communication and are in part mediated by variability in biological aspects such as genes, gender, or activation in brain systems. We applied a latent difference score modeling approach to investigate individual differences in event-related potentials (ERPs) elicited while classifying dynamic facial expressions of emotion. We focused on possible emotional specificity and estimated brainbehavior relationships with face cognition abilities. Early visual ERPs reflecting the processing of basic visual features (P1), and the structural encoding (N170) showed little emotion specificity. We
Synthetic Aperture Personality Assessment: An old technique applied with modern technology W. Revelle Partially incomplete block designs and random sampling of items have been used in large scale assessments (e.g., by ETS or PISA) for many years. The basic concept is simple: every participant is given a (small) random subset from a much larger pool of items. The SAPAProject uses temperament items taken from the International Personality Item Pool (IPIP), and ability items developed as part of the International Cognitive Ability Resource (ICAR-project.com) and uses a semi-popular web site (originally the personality-project.org and now sapa-project.org) that gives personality feedback based upon participants’ responses. The data are collected using standard open source web based applications (Apache, HTML, PHP, mySQL) and analyzed using open source software (R). Although each item is given to 10-15% of the entire sample, pairwise correlations are based
Rating Scale (HDRS; Hamilton, 1960) to fifty-seven depressed outpatients and they completed The Scale of Expectation of Change (Echeburúa & Corral, 1987). All patients attended a group-based CBT program for depression. After treatment we evaluated treatment outcomes comparing post and pre HDRS scores. We found that Expectation of change correlated positively with reduction on HDRS scores (post-treatment HDRS scores minus pre-treatment HDRS scores). Expectation of chance emerged as a predictor of treatment outcomes (reduction of depressive symptoms). Our findings stress the importance of individual differences, specifically expectation of change, on depressed outpatients and their influence on treatment outcomes. An individual with low expectation of chance may become sceptical and believe that “treatment isn't working” or that “my therapist won't be able to help me”. This belief may lead to emotions of apathy, discouragement, shame or guilt. These emotions may lead to missed sessions, noncompliance with treatment, and to the client does not improve his depressive symptoms.
doi:10.1016/j.paid.2016.05.271
Free-walking and synchronized Rhythmic Auditory Stimulation: Effects of individual differences in beat perception, dance and music training on gait E.A. Ready, L.M.J. McGarry, C. Rinchon, J.D. Holmes, J.A. Grahn The present study evaluates how beat perception skills influence gait responses to RAS when instructed to synchronize steps with the beat and when permitted to walk freely. In addition, it examines the effects of musical familiarity and groove (music’s tendency to induce movement) and music or dance training. In both RAS conditions, healthy young participants walked on a sensor walkway to music ranging in individually-rated levels of familiarity and groove. Beat perception was evaluated using the Beat Alignment Test. As predicted, free-walking data indicates that benefits of RAS on gait are present and do not differ based on individual differences in beat perception – specifically, high groove music positively influenced walking speed. Dance training was also associated with faster stride time. We predict that instructions to synchronize will reveal deficits in weak beat perceivers that interfere with the benefits of RAS. Results support the premise that RAS may benefit weak beat perceivers if there is no pressure to synchronize steps to the music.
509
found a negative correlation between the N170 latency and face cognition abilities, indicating that participants creating fast structural representations of faces are likely to perform more accurately in tasks involved in face perception and identity recognition. Emotionspecific individual differences emerged for the early posterior negativity (EPN), a correlate of sensory encoding, in the form of two separable dimensions for positive and negative expressions. The EPN amplitude correlated with emotion perception abilities, reflecting that participants allocating more processing resources and attention to dynamic facial expressions tend to decode more accurately emotional information.
doi:10.1016/j.paid.2016.05.273
A new measurement for the revised reinforcement sensitivity theory: psychometric criteria and genetic validation M. Reuter, A. Cooper, L.D. Smillie, S. Markett, C. Montag Jeffrey Gray’s Reinforcement Sensitivity Theory (RST) represents one of the most influential biological personality theories describing individual differences in approach and avoidance tendencies. The most prominent self-report inventory to measure individual differences in approach and avoidance behaviour to date is the BIS/BAS scale by Carver & White. As Gray & McNaughton revised the RST after its initial formulation in the 1970/80s, and given the Carver & White measure is based on the initial conceptualization of RST, there is a growing need for self-report inventories measuring individual differences in the revised behavioural inhibition system (BIS), behavioural activation system (BAS) and the fight, flight, freezing system (FFFS). Therefore, we present a new questionnaire measuring individual differences in the revised constructs of RST in N = 1814 participants (German sample). An English version of the new measure is also presented and tested in N = 299 English language participants. A large number of German participants (N = 1090) also filled in the BIS/BAS scales by Carver & White and the correlations between these measures are presented. Finally, in this same subgroup of participants we investigated the AVPR1a gene. Here, a functional genetic polymorphism (rs11174811) was shown to be associated with individual differences in both the revised and classic BIS dimensions.
doi:10.1016/j.paid.2016.05.274 doi:10.1016/j.paid.2016.05.272
Individual Differences in Brain Responses to Dynamic Facial Expressions and their Relationship to Face Cognition Abilities G. Recio, A. Hildebrandt, W. Sommer, O. Wilhelm Individuals differ in their emotional responses and their abilities to interpret affective information. Such differences may underlie social communication and are in part mediated by variability in biological aspects such as genes, gender, or activation in brain systems. We applied a latent difference score modeling approach to investigate individual differences in event-related potentials (ERPs) elicited while classifying dynamic facial expressions of emotion. We focused on possible emotional specificity and estimated brainbehavior relationships with face cognition abilities. Early visual ERPs reflecting the processing of basic visual features (P1), and the structural encoding (N170) showed little emotion specificity. We
Synthetic Aperture Personality Assessment: An old technique applied with modern technology W. Revelle Partially incomplete block designs and random sampling of items have been used in large scale assessments (e.g., by ETS or PISA) for many years. The basic concept is simple: every participant is given a (small) random subset from a much larger pool of items. The SAPAProject uses temperament items taken from the International Personality Item Pool (IPIP), and ability items developed as part of the International Cognitive Ability Resource (ICAR-project.com) and uses a semi-popular web site (originally the personality-project.org and now sapa-project.org) that gives personality feedback based upon participants’ responses. The data are collected using standard open source web based applications (Apache, HTML, PHP, mySQL) and analyzed using open source software (R). Although each item is given to 10-15% of the entire sample, pairwise correlations are based