Frequency and temperature dependence of shear wave attenuations in Bausch and Lomb T40 glass

of 1250kHz a n d a c o u s t i c w a v e s of 100Hz w e r e used. R e s u l t s s h o w t h a t the c r y s t a l s t r u c t u r e of e l e c t r o l y t i c a l l y d e p o s i t e d m e t a l d e p e n d s on w h e t h e r t h e m e t a l is d e p o s i t e d a t the n o d e s o r a n t i n o d e s of t h e field. T h i s d i f f e r e n c e d e p e n d s on the c o m p o s i t i o n of the e l e c t r o l y t e , t h e d e p o s i t e d m e t a l a n d the m e a n c u r r e n t d e n s i t y . ( U l t r a s o n i c s 1969, a b s t r a c t 861)

BRINKMANN, VON K. The i n t e r a c t i o n b e t w e e n two p l a n e sound w a v e s of finite amplitude and propagated in the s a m e directiun. Acustica, Vol 20, No 2 (1968) pp 9 2 - 1 0 0 Two highly intensive sound waves are superi m p o s e d . As t h e y a r e p r o p a g a t e d In the same direction and have different frequencies, combination waves result. Investigat i o n s a r e m a d e to d i s c o v e r the d e p e n d e n c e of the s o u n d p r e s s u r e of the c o m b i n a t i o n w a v e s on f r e q u e n c y a n d p r o p a g a t i o n d i s tance; theoretical and experimental appr o a c h e s a r e p r e s e n t e d . T h e v a r i a t i o n of s o u n d p r e s s u r e in the p r i m a r y w a v e s i s a l s o p r e s e n t e d . P r o d u c t i o n of the p r i m a r y w a v e s is d o n e w i t h a St C l a i r r e s o n a n t v i b r a t o r . It i s o p e r a t e d to p r o d u c e f r e q u e n c i e s of 2 0 . 7 k H z a n d 3 0 . 5 k H z s i m u l t a n e o u s l y . ( U l t r a s o n i c s 1969, a b s t r a c t 862)

BUDENKOV, B. A., et al. A r e s o n a n c e method u s i n g r e f l e c t e d p u l s e s . D e f e k t o s k o p i y a , No 1 (1968) pp 3 3 - 3 9 E x p r e s s i o n s a r e d e r i v e d f o r t h e s h a p e of the e n v e l o p e of a p u l s e r e f l e c t e d by a p l a t e w h e n the i n c i d e n t p u l s e h a s a r e c t a n g u l a r e n v e l o p e a n d i t s c a r r i e r f r e q u e n c y is e q u a l to t h e n a t u r a l f r e q u e n c y of m e c h a n i c a l o s c i l l a t i o n s of the p l a t e . The f o l l o w i n g s p e c i a l c a s e s a r e c o n s i d e r e d : 1 thIn p l a t e , 2 p l a t e in a l i q u i d a n d 3 p l a t e s e p a r a t i n g liquid a n d gas. A simple experiment was performed, s h o w i n g g e n e r a l a g r e e m e n t w i t h the t h e o r y . ( u l t r a s o n i c s 1969, a b s t r a c t 863)

C A M P B E L L , J . J., JONES, W. R. A m e t h o d of e s t i m s H n g o p t i c a l c r y s t a l cuts and propagation directions for e x c i tation of p i e z o e l e c t r i c s u r f a c e w a v e s . I n s t i t u t e of E l e c t r i c a l a n d E l e c t r o n i c s E n g i n e e r s T r a n s a c t i o n s on Sonics a n d U l t r a s o n i c s , V o l SU-15, No 4 ( O c t o b e r 1968) pp 2 0 9 - 2 1 7 A c r i t e r i o n is d e v e l o p e d to j u d g e the r e l a t i v e e f f i c i e n c y of e x c i t a t i o n of p i e z o e l e c t r i c s u r f a c e w a v e s a s a f u n c t i o n of c r y s t a l p l a t e orientation and propagation direction. This c r i t e r i o n is b a s e d on a v e l o c i t y c h a n g e u p o n a p p l i c a t i o n of a t h i n c o n d u c t i n g s h e e t to the s u r f a c e . P l o t s of s u r f a c e w a v e v e l o c i t y f o r v a r i o u s o r i e n t a t i o n s of t h e c r y s t a l s u r f a c e a r e p r e s e n t e d a s a f u n c t i o n of p r o p a g a t i o n d i r e c t i o n f o r the c o n d u c t i n g s h e e t in c o n t a c t w i t h a n d i n f i n i t e l y f a r r e m o v e d f r o m the c r y s t a l s u r f a c e . A p l o t of a t y p i c a l v e l o c i t y v a r i a t i o n a s a f u n c t i o n of h e i g h t of t h e c o n d u c t i n g s h e e t is a l s o p r e s e n t e d . E v i d e n c e in s u p p o r t of t h e c r i t e r i o n of u s i n g v e l o c i t y c h a n g e s a s a n i n d i c a t o r of e f f i c i e n c y is p r e s e n t e d in the f o r m of m e c h a n i c a l d i s p l a c e ment and electric potential plots for several o r i e n t a t i o n s a n d p r o p a g a t i o n d i r e c t i o n s . All velocity displacements and potential calcul a t i o n s w e r e c a r r i e d out u n d e r t h e a s s u m p t i o n t h a t the c r y s t a l m e d i u m w a s l i t h i u m n i o b a t e . ( U l t r a s o n i c s 1969, a b s t r a c t 864)

CHAPIN, D. E. Frequency and t e m p e r a t u r e dependence of s h e a r w a v e a t t e n u a t i o n s in B a u s c h and Lomb T40 g l a s s . I n s t i t u t i o n of E l e c t r i c a l and Electronics Engineers Transactions on Sonics a n d U l t r a s o n i c s , Vol SU-15, No 3, ( J u l y 1968) pp 1 7 8 - 1 8 1 Detailed results are presented for the freq u e n c y a n d t e m p e r a t u r e d e p e n d e n c e of l o s s 78

ULTRASONICS J a n u a r y 1969

in a t y p i c a l l o w - t e m p e r a t u r e c o e f f i c i e n t of d e l a y g l a s s . A f r e q u e n c y r a n g e of 25MHz to 300MHz is u s e d . Y - c u t q u a r t z p l a t e s a n d evaporated-layer cadmium sulphide transd u c e r s m e a s u r e the high f r e q u e n c y l o s s e s . The t e c h n i q u e i n v o l v e s a s i n g l e - e n d e d p u l s e echo: the l o s s is r e a d f r o m a c a l i b r a t e d a t t e n u a t o r w h i c h i s u s e d to r e t u r n e a c h e c h o to a r e f e r e n c e point. A D y m e c q u a r t z thermometer monitors sample temperature. A plot of l o s s v e r s u s f r e q u e n c y f o r i n c r e a s ing t e m p e r a t u r e s h o w s a d e c r e a s e of 0 . 3 % / °C. H e n c e T 4 0 g l a s s i s w e l l s u i t e d f o r h i g h f r e q u e n c y d i g i t a l d e l a y l i n e s of m o d e r a t e s t o r a g e c a p a c i t y . ( U l t r a s o n i c s 1969, a b s t r a c t 865)

DUNSIGER, A. D. A study of acoustic e c h o e s f r o m solid c y l i n d r i c a l t a r g e t s of s q u a r e a n d c i r c u l a r section. J o u r n a l of Sound a n d V i b r a t i o n , Vol 8, No 2 ( S e p t e m b e r 1968) pp 2 2 9 - 2 3 9 R e c o g n i t i o n of the s h a p e of a m e t a l l i c t a r g e t w i t h 6 p s p u l s e s at 2 . 5 M H z is d i s c u s s e d in t e r m s of j u s t n o t i c e a b l e d i f f e r e n c e s (JND). T h e o r e t i c a l a s p e c t s of i n t e r n a l r e f l e c t i o n s a r e c o n s i d e r e d . P h o t o g r a p h s s h o w the e c h o v a r i a t i o n w i t h t h e a n g l e of s o u n d i n c i d e n c e a n d t h e i r p o s i t i o n on a p l a n p o s i t i o n i n d i c a t o r (PPI) c o m p a r e d with t h e o r e t i c a l p r e d i c tions. Photographic comparisons are also made between linear and logarithmic responses for a solid aluminium rectangular b l o c k . T h e t r a n s d u c e r b e a m w i d t h is b r i e f l y t a k e n into a c c o u n t . ( U l t r a s o n i c s 1969, a b s t r a c t 866)-

EKNADIOSYANTS, O. K. R o l e of c a v i t a t i o n in the p r o c e s s of l i q u i d a t o m i z a t i o n in a n u l t r a s o n i c f o u n t a i n . Soviet P h y s i c s - - A c o u s t i c s , Vol 14, No 1 ( J u l y - S e p t e m b e r 1968) p p 8 0 - 8 4 R e s u l t s a r e c i t e d to i l l u s t r a t e how the a t o m i z a t i o n of a liquid in an u l t r a s o n i c f o u n t a i n c a n o n l y o c c u r u n d e r the c o n d i t i o n of the f o r m a t i o n of a c a v i t a t i o n r e g i o n in the a c t u a l jet of the f o u n t a i n . F r o m m e a s u r e m e n t s it is d e d u c e d t h a t m o s t of the a c o u s t i c e n e r g y a d m i t t e d to the j e t i s d i s s i p a t e d in c a v i t a t i o n in the f o u n t a i n jet. By s i m p l e c a l c u l a t i o n s , the n u m b e r of c a v i t a t i o n n u c l e i p e r c u b i c c e n t i m e t e r of s t a n d i n g d i s t i l l e d w a t e r is shown to be a p p r o x i m a t e l y 1400. T h e v o l u m e of liquid is a s e g m e n t of the jet s p r a y a n d t h o u g h t to be r e l a t e d to the l a r g e v a l u e f o r the n u m b e r of c a v i t a t i o n n u c l e i . ( U l t r a s o n i c s 1969, a b s t r a c t 867)

G A L ' P E R I N , Yu. M., KAGAN, V. D. Acoustoeleutric effect in a m a g n e t i c f i e l d . F i z i k a T v e r d o g o T e l a , Vol 10, No 7 (1968) pp 2 0 3 7 - 2 0 4 2 T h e a c o u s t o e l e c t r i c e f f e c t is a n a l y z e d f o r s t r o n g m a g n e t i c f i e l d s w h e r e the w a v e l e n g t h is m u c h s m a l l e r t h a n the e l e c t r o n m e a n f r e e path. Semiconductors and polymetals with an isotropic carrier spectrum are discussed. W h e n the w a v e v e c t o r i s p e r p e n d i c u l a r to a s t r o n g c l a s s i c a l m a g n e t i c field, the a c o u s t o e l e c t r i c c u r r e n t c a n b e e x p r e s s e d in t e r m s of the a b s o r p t i o n c o e f f i c i e n t . T h e c u r r e n t in the d i r e c t i o n of the m a g n e t i c f i e l d is t h e n z e r o . W h e n t h e w a v e v e c t o r a n d the m a g n e t i c f i e l d a r e not p e r p e n d i c u l a r , m o s t of the c u r r e n t f l o w s in the d i r e c t i o n of the field. In the n o n - c l a s s i c a l (quantum) c a s e , the a c o u s t o electric current undergoes oscillations w h i c h a r e s i m i l a r to the g i a n t q u a n t u m o s c i l l a t i o n s in s o u n d a b s o r p t i o n . ( U l t r a s o n i c s 1969, a b s t r a c t 868) G A N A P O L ' S K I L E. M. T r a n s f o r m a t i o n of e l e c t r o m a g n e t i c a n d u l t r a s o n i c w a v e s in p i e z o e l e c t r i c c r y s t a l s . Soviet P h y s i c s - - S o l i d State, Vol 10, No 4 ( O c t o b e r 1968) pp 7 7 7 - 7 8 4 ( T r a n s l a t e d f r o m F i z i k a T v e r d o g o T e l a Vol 10, No 4 ( A p r i l 1968) pp 982-992)

Expressions are obtained for the amplitude of u l t r a s o n i c w a v e s in a p i e z o e l e c t r i c c r y s t a l in a q u a s i s t a t i o n a r y e l e c t r i c f i e l d a n d t h e f i e l d of a r e t a r d e d e l e c t r o m a g n e t i c s u r f a c e w a v e . If ~ <~ k ( w h e r e ~ i s the c h a r a c t e r i s t i c r e c i p r o c a l l e n g t h of the f i e l d n o n uniformity, and k is the ultrasonic wave v e c t o r ) , f o r a q u a s i s t a t i o n a r y field, o r if h <~ k ( w h e r e h is the w a v e v e c t o r of the r e t a r d e d wave) f o r a r e t a r d e d e l e c t r o m a g netic surface wave, boundary effects are i m p o r t a n t in the e x c i t a t i o n of u l t r a s o n i c waves. The inverse problem is also treated a n d e x p r e s s i o n s o b t a i n e d f o r the a m p l i t u d e of the shf e l e c t r i c f i e l d e x c i t e d b y u l t r a s o n i c w a v e s . (8 r e f e r e n c e s ) ( U l t r a s o n i c s 1969, a b s t r a c t 869)

GITIS, M. B., K I - I I M ~ , A. S. Diffraction c o r r e c t i o n s to m e a s u r e m e n t s of sound absorption coefficient and the velocity of sound. A k u s t i c h e s k i i Z h u r n a l , Vol 14, No 3 (1968) pp 3 6 3 - 3 7 0 An a n a l y t i c a l e x p r e s s i o n is d e r i v e d f o r the m e a n p r e s s u r e on a r e c e i v i n g t r a n s d u c e r a s a f u n c t i o n of the l i n e a r d i m e n s i o n s of t h e s o u r c e a n d r e c e i v e r , the d i s t a n c e b e t w e e n t h e m , a n d the f r e q u e n c y . T h e effect of the finite d i m e n s i o n s of s o u r c e a n d r e c e i v e r is calculated for a plane wave. The associated d i f f r a c t i o n c o r r e c t i o n s to a b s o r p t i o n a n d velocity measurements are estimated. ( U l t r a s o n i c s 1969, a b s t r a c t 870)

GITIS, M. B., MIKHAILOV, I. G., NIYAZOV, S. Sound a b s o r p t i o n in s o m e l i q u i d m e t a l s . Soviet P h y s i c s - A c o u s t i c s , Vol 14, No 1 ( J u l y - S e p t e m b e r 1968) pp 4 2 - 4 5 Sound a b s o r p t i o n is m e a s u r e d in m o l t e n i n d i u m zinc, c a d m i u m a n d l e a d . T e m p e r a Lures r a n g e f r o m the m e l t i n g p o i n t s of the m e t a l s to 850°C a n d the a p p l i e d f r e q u e n c i e s f r o m 6 0 - 1 0 0 M B z . It is s h o w n t h a t the t e m p e r a t u r e d e p e n d e n c e of the a b s o r p t i o n c o e f f i c i e n t is not l i n e a r . T h i s is t a k e n a s an i n d i c a t i o n of the e x i s t e n c e of a d i l a t a t i o n a l v i s c o s i t y in the m e t a l s i n v e s t i g a t e d . T h e t e m p e r a t u r e d e p e n d e n c e of the a d d i t i o n a l a b s o r p t i o n c a n n o t be a c c o u n t e d f o r on the b a s i s of e x i s t i n g t h e o r i e s of s t r u c t u r a l r e l a x a t i o n . ( U l t r a s o n i c s 1969, a b s t r a c t 871)

G L A D W E L L , G. M. L. T h e c a l c u l a t i o n of m e c h a n i c a l impedances r e l a t i n g to an indenter vibrating on the s u r f a c e of a s e m i - i n f i n i t e e l a s t i c b o d y . J o u r n a l of Sound a n d V i b r a t i o n , Vol 8, No 2 ( S e p t e m b e r 1968) pp 2 1 5 - 2 2 8 U s i n g l i n e a r e l a s t i c i t y t h e o r y , a r e v i e w of m e t h o d s and r e s u l t s is p r e s e n t e d f o r c o n t a c t i m p e d a n c e s in u l t r a s o n i c h a r d n e s s t e s t i n g f o r m o v e m e n t s of the c o n t a c t a r e a in f o u r w a y s . T h e s e a r e 1 r o t a t i o n , 2 t r a n s l a t i o n n o r m a l to t h e p l a n e f a c e of the m e d i u m 3 r o t a t i o n a n d 4 t r a n s l a t i o n p a r a l l e l to the f a c e - - 3 a n d 4 a r e new r e s u l t s . Both s t a t i c and dynamic results are considered. (Ultras o n i c s 1969, a b s t r a c t 872)

GOBRAN, N. K., YOUSSEF, B. Ultrasonic a n o m a l i e s in n i c k e l a n d c o b a l t a t elevated t e m p e r a t u r e s . T h e P h i l o s o p h i c a l M a g a z i n e , Vol 18, No 154 ( O c t o b e r

1968) U s i n g a p u l s e m e t h o d , the a t t e n u a t i o n a n d v e l o c i t y of u l t r a s o n i c w a v e s in n i c k e l a n d c o b a l t a r e m e a s u r e d f o r f r e q u e n c i e s 2, 3 a n d 6MHz f r o m 78°C up to the C u r i e t e m p e r a t u r e r a n g e . At c e r t a i n i n t e r m e d i a t e temperatures, peculiar peaks are observed in a t t e n u a t i o n a n d a r e a c c t , m p a n i e d by a n o m a l i e s in v e l o c i t y . As the s p e c i m e n is m o r e a n d m o r e m a g n e t i z e d , the p e a k s a r e f o u n d to d i m i n i s h in h e i g h t a n d s u f f e r a s l i g h t s h i f t a t h i g h e r t e m p e r a t u r e s . At t e c h n i c a l m a g n e t i c s a t u r a t i o n , the p e a k s do not collapse completely, a fact which different i a t e s the o b s e r v e d a n o m a l i e s f r o m t h o s e