From geoheritage inventory to geoeducation and geotourism implications: Insight from Jbel Amsittene (Essaouira province, Morocco)

Journal Pre-proof From geoheritage inventory to geoeducation and geotourism implications: Insight from Jbel Amsittene (Essaouira province, Morocco)

Arrad Taha Younes, Errami Ezzoura, Ennih Nasser, Ouajhain Brahim, Ettachfini El Mosatafa, Bouaouda Mohamed Said PII:

S1464-343X(19)30311-5

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2019.103656

Reference:

AES 103656

To appear in:

Journal of African Earth Sciences

Received Date:

30 March 2019

Accepted Date:

27 September 2019

Please cite this article as: Arrad Taha Younes, Errami Ezzoura, Ennih Nasser, Ouajhain Brahim, Ettachfini El Mosatafa, Bouaouda Mohamed Said, From geoheritage inventory to geoeducation and geotourism implications: Insight from Jbel Amsittene (Essaouira province, Morocco), Journal of African Earth Sciences (2019), https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2019.103656

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Journal Pre-proof From geoheritage inventory to geoeducation and geotourism implications: Insight from Jbel Amsittene (Essaouira province, Morocco) Arrad Taha Younes, Errami Ezzoura, Ennih Nasser, Ouajhain Brahim, Ettachfini El Mosatafa, Bouaouda Mohamed Said

Equipe de Géodynamique, Géoeducation et Patrimoine Géoheritage (EGGPG), Département de Géologie, Faculté des Sciences, Université Chouaïb Doukkali, El Jadida, Morocco. Emails: [email protected]; [email protected] Abstract The present paper provides the first comprehensive analysis of Jbel Amsittene’s geoheritage based on quantitative and qualitative assessment of its geological and geomorphological sites, in order to promote their values and their geoconservation. Based on the analysis of twentytwo geosites, the methodology of central and additional values was adopted and adapted to match the regional and geological context of Morocco. Thus, the scientific and additional values were considered as main criteria for the assessment of the geosites. We used this methodology based on the identification and assessment of values related to geomorphological features, to survey all the geological components of the area and we adopted the term "Geosite" instead of "Geomorphosite". Collected data from literature, field work, and values’ assessment were stored and managed in a geodatabase. The output results are illustrated in tables and synthetic maps, which show that the study area has a very high scientific value and a very significant educational and touristic potential. Accordingly, protection and promotion propositions through geoeducation and geotourism are presented. This inventory is an important issue for the worldwide researchers working on geoheritage to take in consideration the local and regional context in the geosite classification and assessment, as well as a decision-making tool for local and regional authorities to promote rural socio-economic development through geoheritage linked activities such as geoeducation and geotourism. Key words: Jbel Amsittene, Morocco, Geoheritage, Primary geosite, Secondary geosite, Tertiary geosite, Sustainable development.

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Journal Pre-proof 1 - INTRODUCTION Interest in the geoheritage, as component of natural heritage, has been increased worldwide during the last decades and has triggered a deep reflection on geoconservation (Martini, 1994; Wimbledon et al, 1995; 1999; 2011; Sharples, 2002; Gray, 2008; Carcavilla et al., 2008; Zouros et al., 2008; Lima et al., 2010; Plyusnina et al., 2016; Sallam and Ruban, 2017; Mikhailenko et al., 2017; Sallam et al., 2018a, b; Reynard and Brilha, 2018;Gordon et al., 2018; Gray, 2018; Brocx et al., 2019; Semeniuk, 2019). To protect and promote this geoheritage, a large number of inventory and assessment methodologies were developed (Panizza, 2001; Coratza and Giusti, 2005; De Wever et al., 2006; Reynard et al., 2007, Ruban, 2010; 2015; Brilha, 2016; Henriques, 2017; Bruschi et Coratza, 2018; Zwoliński et al., 2018). Geotourism, which is a form of tourism that focuses on geology and landscapes (Hose, 1995, 2000, 2008; Dowling and Newsome, 2006; Newsome and Dowling, 2010 ; Grant, 2010; Megerle, 2011, De Wever et al., 2017; Štrba, 2018), and geoeducation, which is a form of education focused on geosciences (Hooke, 1994 ; Jacobi, 1999; Pralong, 2005 ; Berrebi, 2006; Sellier, 2009 ; Cayla et al., 2010 ; Bollati et al., 2011), have become a research field in its own, given the socio-economic development they are likely to create. Despite the high geodiversity of Africa and Middle-East, very limited studies have been performed on the different dimensions of geoheritage, geodiversity and geotourism in these regions (Tahiri et al., 2010; Nahraoui et al., 2011, El Hadi et al., 2011; Errami et al., 2013a,b,c; Errami et al., 2015a,b; Saddiqi et al., 2015; Enniouar et al., 2015; Bourchich et al., 2015; Beraaouz et al., 2017; El Hassani et al., 2017; Sallam et al., 2018a,b; Bouzekraoui et al., 2018; Khoukhouchi et al., 2018; Arrad et al., 2018; Oukassou et al., 2018; Youm et al., 2017; Aoulad-Sidi-Mhend et al., 2019; Chenchouni et al., 2019). Essaouira province, located on the Atlantic coast of Morocco, belongs to Essaouira Basin that it is situated in latitude between 30° 50’ et 32° 00’. This latter is a part of the great basin of El Jadida - Agadir (Bouaouda, 2004). It is limited to the north-east by Jbilet massif, to the south by the north atlasic front and to the west by the Atlantic coast. The province hosts a large number of sites of geological and geomorphological importance. Despite their importance for geosciences, this geoheritage has never been inventoried and do not yet benefit from any protection status worthy of its national and international relevance. To contribute filling this gap, our research project focuses on the establishment of a detailed inventory of Essaouira province geoheritage. However, this work focuses on Jbel Amsittene geosite, one of the main geosites of the studied area. This latter occupies a strategic 2

Journal Pre-proof geographical position that dominates the entire area especially Essaouira and Haha basins. It constitutes a recognized witness of the geological history of the area. In addition to its numerous outcrops, which range in age from the Triassic to Quaternary, its unique shape, its fossil content and its geological features, it is endowed with remarkable ecological and cultural assets, which fit harmoniously into the regional landscape. In spite of this diversity, it is the first time that a geological research work with heritage purpose is carried in the area and takes as space reference the Essaouira province. 2 - GEOGRAPHICAL AND GEOLOGICAL SETTING 2.1 Geographical setting Jbel Amsittene, the highest peak in Essaouira province (912 m), is situated 58 km south of Essaouira city, 130 km north of Agadir city and 2 km from Smimou village. Geographically, Jbel is an Arabic word that refers to a mountain. For the purposes of this study, we refer to the entire structure from the village of Imin'tlit in the East to Cap Tafelnay in the West. Jbel Amsittene is under the administrative jurisdiction of Essaouira Province, Circle of Tamanar, and covers 5 rural communes: Imin'tlit, Smimou, Imgrad, Ida Ouazza and Tafedna (Fig. 1). As far as the forest is concerned, Jbel Amsittene depends on the High Commission for Water and Forests and the Fight against Desertification, Essaouira Provincial Directorate, Imgrad Sector.

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Figure 1: Administrative situation of Jbel Amsittene This area is inhabited by the Haha tribe of Amazigh origin established on approximately 2/3 of the province. Amazigh are the first inhabitants of Morocco. According to the latest national census, conducted in 2014, the population of the study area (5 communes) is of ca 36 108 inhabitants (According to 2014 General Population and Housing Census). The climate is generally temperate arid, warm semi-arid in areas close to the Atlantic Ocean and very locally sub-humid towards the summit of Jbel Amsittene (Benabid, 1976). The rainfall is very irregular and does not exceed an average of 300 mm/year, while the average temperature oscillates around 20°C. Summer is a hot and dry season and the region is impacted by tropical influences from the south and southeast. While winter is a cold and rainy season and it is under the influence of winds from north or northwest. 4

Journal Pre-proof 2.2 Geological setting Within the great Moroccan Atlantic Basin (MAB) that extends from El Jadida city in the North of Dakhla city in the South, the Essaouira sedimentary basin is a key area for the understanding of major Meso-Cenozoic geological events (Fig. 2): the rifting and kinematics of the Central Atlantic and the Atlasic orogenesis (Michard et al., 2011). The geological history of the study area could be summarized in three major geodynamic phases:

Figure 2: Simplified geological map of Essaouira province (Based on geological map of Morocco 1/1 000 000, modified) i) The rifting of the central Atlantic, during the Middle Triassic, related to the dislocation of Pangea supercontinent, gives a basement structured in horsts, grabens and half grabens bordered by reactivated late Hercynian faults (Brown, 1980; Manspeiser, 1988; Medina, 1994; Hafid, 1999; Sahabi, 2004; Ouajhain et al., 2009). ii) A passive margin was developed during the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The post-rift phase is characterized by a general subsidence and an essentially evaporate and carbonate sedimentary filling (Le Roy et al., 1997; Ellouze et al., 2003; Sahabi, 2004; Bouatmani et al., 2007). iii) The convergence between Africa and Europe during the Late Cretaceous is responsible for the Atlasic orogenesis, which paroxysm is located in the Neogene (Medina, 1994; Sebrier et 5

Journal Pre-proof al., 2006). Jbel Amsittene is the most representative structure of the Cenozoic tectonics, of the effect of the diapiric ascent of the Triassic salt and of the east-west axial folds (Zouhri, 2003). It belongs to the Haha-Ida Ou Bouzia plateau. This geomorphological landscape, which stands out in the regional landscape, shelters a wide diversity of landforms, in particular a salt core. This core outcrops in two zones along two axes, N20 for the Arigh Ouzella saltworks and N70 for the Ida Ou Azza saltworks. It should be noted that Jbel Amsittene was subjected of numerous stratigraphic, sedimentological, palaeontological, tectonic and geodynamic studies (Roch, 1930, 1950 ; Duffaud, 1960 ; Ambroggi, 1963; Duffaud et al., 1966 ; Ager, 1974 ; Adams, 1979 ; Adams et al., 1980; Souid, 1983; Jaffrezo et al., 1985; Du Dresnay, 1988; Medina, 1989; Amrhar, 1995; Le Roy et al., 1997; Piqué, 1998; Hafid, 1999, 2000; Labbassi et al., 2000; Mehdi, 2004; Bouaouda, 2004; 2006a/b; 2007; Ouajhain et al., 1999; 2011). Geologically, Jbel Amsittene includes rocks’ formations that span in age from the Triassic to the Quaternary (Fig. 3a, and 3b).

Figure 1a: Geological map of Jbel Amsittene (Based on geological map of Morocco 1/100 000, Tamanar sheet)

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Figure 3b: Stratigraphic succession of Jurassic units at Jbel Amsittene (Modified after Bouaouda, 2007; Ouajhainet al., 2011) Structurally, it belongs to what is called the "outer northern pre-Atlasic zone", where the major deformations affect only the eastern edge, while to the west the deformations have lesser magnitude (Ambroggi, 1963). Its formation was discussed for a long time; it goes back to the late Jurassic (146 Ma) following a NNW-SSE shortening which turned to take a NNESSW direction. This explains the different level of deformation that affects Jbel Amsittene. Its western part is subjected to the paroxysm of the NNW-SSE shortening where the deformation reaches it maximum, while in its eastern part, that underwent a NNE-SSW shortening, had a minimal effect. The sedimentary rocks consist of two deposits types; i) the syn-rift formations that include the Triassic fluvio-lacustrine and Jurassic marine deposits and ii) the post-rift formations that are composed of transgressive marine limestones, alternating with dolomite, anhydrite, grey limestone and marls. Three typical formations were defined in Jbel Amsittene

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Journal Pre-proof (Duffaud, 1960; Ambroggi, 1963; Duffaud et al., 1966, Bouaouda, 2004; 2007), which gives this site an important scientific value. Chronologically, they are: 

The Arich Ouzla formation, which is the first marine lithostratigraphic unit of the post-

rift series (Bouaouda, 2004). 

The detritic formation of Amsittene Sandstones (Duffaud et al., 1966).



Id Ou Moulid's heterogeneous formation that was defined by Bouaouda in 1987, includes several terms previously defined by Duffaud (1966).

Jbel Amsittene has a high paleontological diversity composed of genera and species of great biostratigraphic importance, some of which are very good stratigraphic fossils, ranging from microfossils to macrofossils (Bouaouda, 2006). They have a scientific and educational importance recognized trough research and pedagogic activities. 14 biozones have been described (Bouaouda, 2007), as well as very good stratigraphic markers, notably microfossils specific to Jbel Amsittene: Involutina liasica, Sievoides kocyigiti that were known only in the Tethysian domain (Turkey, Western Taurides) and T. pseudoperplexa specific to the Tethysian domain and which testifies the existing connection between the perithysian and the Atlantic domains. The macrofauna is characteristic of marine and fluvio-deltaic deposit environments

(Brachiopods,

ammonites,

benthic

foraminifera,

limestone

algae,

lamellibranchs, madreporaria, gastropods, oysters, sea urchins and terebratulas). In addition, archaeological evidence was found in Arich Ouzla cave margins (IberoMaurusian lithic material). This suggests that further excavations could have decisive results in reconstructing the history of human occupation of Jbel Amsittene and of the Moroccan Atlantic coast (Bouzouggar et al., 2008). 3 - METHODOLOGY With the aim to protect, valuate and promote this heritage, a large number of inventory and assessment methodologies were developed (Wimbledon et al, 1995, 2011; Grandgirard, 1995; 1996; 1999; Rivas et al., 1997; Alexandrowicz and Kozlowski, 1999 ; Panizza, 2001 ; Coratza and Giusti, 2005 ; De Wever, et al.,2006 ; Zouros, 2007; Ruban, 2010 ; Lima et al., 2010 ; Fuertes-Gutierrez and Fernandez-Martinez, 2010 ; Fassoulas et al., 2012 ; Sellier, 2016 ; Brilha, 2016). A site of interest for geoscience could be assessed in several ways, depending on the fixed objectives. In 2007, Reynard proposed a new approach focused on both scientific and additional values to inventory and assess geomorphosites (Reynard et al., 2007). However, other authors consider assessing new values such as use, management and

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Journal Pre-proof protection values (Serrano & González-Trueba, 2005; Pralong & Reynard, 2005; Bruschi & Cendrero, 2005; Pereira et al., 2007). Aware of this complexity, we have opted for the systematic methodology developed at the Institute of Geography of the University of Lausanne (IUGL) (Reynard et al., 2007; 2016), which considers the scientific value as a central value, defined by four criteria: integrity, representativeness, rarity and palaeogeographic value (Table 1). While additional values (ecological, aesthetic and cultural) are essential to complete the overall value. A set of criteria allows to quantitatively and qualitatively evaluate each of the values considered (Reynard, 2004c; Maillard, 2009). However, this relevant, reproducible and objective methodology particularly concerns geomorphological phenomena. It was designed to inventory and evaluate landforms according to the context in which they were created and the landscape data available, while retaining the possibility of adapting it for use with other types of geosites (Reynard et al., 2016). The aim of this approach is to identify geosites of high scientific value, to assess and benchmark them in order to select those which have priority in the geoheritage inventory of Essaouira province. At the same time, geosites with low scientific value and significant additional values will be classified according to their potential use and will be proposed for educational and tourism promotion. A new inventory and assessment methodology that is being developed by the Research Group "Géodynamique, Géoeducation, et Patrimoine Géologique (EGGPG)" of the Sciences Faculty, Chouaïb Doukkali University, El Jadida (Morocco) is being tested in the studied geosite. Jbel Amsittene is, in its entirety, a site of major interest for Earth sciences. At the same time, it hosts sites of scientific, ecological, aesthetic and cultural values due to its important size. It will be considered in this work as a primary geosite. The included geosites will be considered as secondary geosites. Secondary geosites may or may not host tertiary geosites. This hierarchy makes it possible to draw attention to all the geological and geomorphological assets by considering their size and their geographical situation, not only their importance or relevance. The primary geosites code will be as defined in the initial methodology but the secondary and tertiary geosites code will be proposed in this work. The values of the tertiary geosites are depending on the secondary geosites from where they are declined. The secondary geosites values will be compared to the value of the primary geosites. The result of this new methodology will be discussed at the end of the paper. The overall inventory and assessment process follows the same procedure as the IUGL methodology, which focuses on two phases, inventory and management (Fig. 4):

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The inventory data are integrated into the standard identification records, which

include the presentation, description and evaluation of each site. Composed of six central sections (General data, description and morphogenesis, scientific value, additional values, synthesis, bibliographical references), each sheet highlights the major assets of the site. 

The evaluation of intrinsic values, scientific and additional values, is carried out in a

qualitative and quantitative manner. The assignment of scores, ranging from 0 to 1, in steps of 0.25, to the various parameters allows having an overall value relative to each geosite. The quantitative scientific value is equal to the total of the estimated value of each parameter (Criteria) divided by the number of the used parameters (in this case four parameters, Table 1). 

The evaluation of use and management characteristics is done qualitatively.



The elaboration of a descriptive synthesis (global value, current use, preservation and

promotion measures) allows having a global idea on the site.

Figure 4: Assessment procedure proposed by Reynard et al. (2007; 2016); modified

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Values

Parameters

Scientific value

(Integrity+ Representativeness + Rareness + Palaeogeographical value) / 4

Ecological value

(Ecological Influence + Protected Site) / 2

Aesthetic value

(Viewpoints + Landscape effect) / 2

Cultural value

The highest score of the five criteria is retained (historical, artistic, economic, religious, geohistorical) Table 1. Geosite assessment parameters (Reynard et al., 2016)

Use and management characteristics The management of each geosite, is based on the proposal of a protection and promotion strategy according to the results of the evaluation. It is clear that there are geosites more suitable for geoeducation than others, because of their didactic potential. At the same time, some geosites are more suitable for geotourism purposes than others, because of their aesthetic or panoramic assets. These characteristics are not evaluated numerically as they are not considered as intrinsic values of the geosites. They can change according to the adopted promotion strategy. The parameters for describing the current state of protection are the existence of protection status, the degree of geosite degradation, and threats due to human and/or natural actions. Based on the analysis of those parameters, the best use of the selected geosites is defined. In this article, we will not discuss the issue of assessment by potential users. According to the United Nations World Tourism Organization (UNWTO), Sustainable tourism is a "tourism that meets the need of present tourists and host regions while protecting and enhancing opportunities for the future". Therefore, Geotourism is a form of sustainable tourism that focuses on geology and landscapes (Dowling & Newsome, 2010), and that aims to sustain and enhance the identity of a territory taking in consideration all its heritage components such as cultural, biological, aesthetic…etc and allows the well-being of its residents.

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Journal Pre-proof 4 - RESULTS During the preliminary inventory, it has been noted that some geosites host several other geosites of different types and sizes. Taking in consideration these observations, the inventoried geosites were classified into three hierarchical levels: Primary, secondary and tertiary geosites (Table 2). Jbel Amsittene geosite, the study area, is considered as a primary geosite that includes six (6) secondary geosites; these latter were subdivided into fifteen (15) tertiary geosites (Fig. 5).

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Secondary géosites

Primary geosite Jbel Amsittene

Code

AMS-gmr-001

AMS-gmr-002

Name

Arich ouzella Saltworks

Ida ou Azza Saltworks

Tertiary géosites Type

Geomorphological

Geomorphological

Code

Name

Type

AMS-sed-1-1

Arich OuzellaFm

Sedimentological & Palaeontological

AMS-sed-1-2

Amsittene Fm

Sedimentological

AMS-sed-1-3

Id ou Moulid Fm

Sedimentological & Palaeontological

AMS-gmr-1-4

Arich Ouzella cave

Geomorphological

AMS-str-2-1

Subvertical strata

Structural

AMS-sed-2-2 AMS-sed-3-1 AMS-str-3-2

ESS-gmr-001 (Geomorphological)

AMS-gmr-003

AMS-str-004

AMS-str-005 AMS-sed-006

Cap Tafelnay

Irhil Oustane folded structures

Amsittene folded structures Alluvial cone

AMS-sed-3-3

Geomorphological

Structural

Triassic-Quaternary contact Quaternary-Jurassiccontact Fold hinge CretaceousQuaternary contact

Sedimentological Structural Sedimentological

AMS-str-3-4

Triple point

Structural

AMS-pal-3-5

Macrofossils

Palaeontological

AMS-pal-3-6

Fossiliferous dunes

Palaeontological

AMS-str-4-1

Folded structure1

Structural

AMS-str-4-2

Folded structure 2

Structural

AMS-str-4-3

Folded structure 3

Structural

Structural Sedimentological

Table 2. Proposed hierarchy of geosites in Jbel Amsittene

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Sedimentological

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Figure 5: Primary, secondary and tertiary geosites mapping Identification The identification of the geosites is based on the most relevant information such as name, location, coordinates…). A code is then attributed to each geosite. It includes the initials of the reference area, the type and the number of the geosite. The mapping of the geosites has been done according to the topographic and geological maps (Table 3). Identification code :

Name :

Location :

ESS-gmr-001

Amsittene anticline

Jbel Amsittene

Coordinates :

Minimum altitude :

31°08’32’’N ; 09°42’28’’W

0 m (Cap Tafelnay)

Type :

Size :

Property :

Surface

60 km2

Public, Common & Private

Maximum altitude : 912 m (Amadel Wamsiten) Amadel = Mountain

Map Scale Topographic : Tamanar Pictures : Schemes, maps : 1/50000 Figures 8, 9, 10,11 Figures 1, 2, 3a, 3b, 5, 7 Geological : Tamanar 1/100000 Table 3. Identification data of Jbel Amsittene geosite 14

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Scientific value As a central value, the scientific interest has to be well described before the assessment. Therefore, a global description and morphogenesis process are presented in the table 4. The qualitative description of the scientific value including the four criteria (Integrity, representativity, rarity and paleogeographic value) of Jbel Amsittene primary geosite is detailed in table 5, and the results of its quantitative assessment based on the allowance of numeric scores (from 0 to 1, by 0.5 steps), are presented in table 6. Jbel Amsittene that culminates at 912 m consists of a long asymmetrical anticlinal structure with a salt core (20 km by 3 km, a total area of 35 km²). Its axis stretches longitudinally in an East-West direction, and its altitude contrasts clearly with the flat relief of the surrounding areas. The good visibility of its shapes and the detail of its contours, shaped by the different geological events and tectonic phases, make it a geosite of Description

major importance within the Essaouira basin. It offers an important stratigraphic succession of formations, including a complete section of Jurassic deposits. It is situated at the top of the Taghzoute fault, a Triassic E-W oriented transfer palaeofault that marks the boundary between the Neknafa depression in the Essaouira basin and the less subsident Haha basin. Its central part is a depression which has given rise to important salt exploitations, while its eastern part is a mountain with several peaks, more or less with equal altitudes. The architecture of the Mesozoic basin of Essaouira was influenced by the reactivation of the Hercynian basement faults, during several tectonic phases, starting from the Triassic which is characterized by an important subsidence period. The subsidence is compensated by uplift

Morphogenesis

accompanied by intense erosion. The Triassic-Lower Jurassic time interval characterizes the beginning of the Atlantic rifting together with the continental deposits filling the grabens. Jurassic deposits (marine carbonates, clay and evaporate sediments) are mainly affected by distensive

tectonics,

represented

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by

syn-sedimentary

faults

Journal Pre-proof corresponding to the replay of previous or neoformed faults, reactivated during the Upper Jurassic. Two main phases of compression affect Jurassic deposits. The first phase takes place at the end of the Cretaceous, with a NE-SW shortening; the second phase, post-Eocene, corresponds to a NNW-SSE compression, responsible for numerous map scale structures in Amsittene anticline which is oriented East-West. Table 4. Description and morphogenesis of Jbel Amsittene

Scientific values

Description Geological and geomorphological features are well preserved and the site is in a good state of preservation. The number of roads is limited to three (3), a national road at the western limit of Arich Ouzella

Integrity

saltworks, a regional road at the northern limit of Jbel Amsittene and a track that leads to its summit. On the other hand, there is an active traditional exploitation of salt deposits. In general, the integrity of the site is maintained and does not suffer from access and operational infrastructures. The site is the witness of the opening and kinematics of the Atlantic Ocean, as well as the events related to the Alpine orogenesis. It also

Representativeness

exhibits a Triassic-Jurassic contact and a singular and complete Jurassic section of Essaouira basin. The sedimentary formations, of the most subsident regions of the basin, are mainly located in Jbel Amsittene (Bouaouda, 2007). Some outcrops are unique to this anticline, exceptional, and provide a main value to Jbel Amsittene geosite, which constitutes the best site for the description of the carbonate formation of the Early Jurassic of the

Rareness

Moroccan Atlantic Basin (Bouaouda, 2007). Geologically, Jbel Amsittene geosite is characterized by three (3) typical formations (Arich Ouzla Fm, Amsittene Fm and Id Ou Moulid Fm) that are rare and limited to the geosite. Geomorphologically, Jbel Amsittene stands as the highest mountain in

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Journal Pre-proof Essaouira basin and also offers an important speleological potential, to be protected and developed. The study of the geological formations makes it possible to reconstruct the paleogeographic, tectonic, climatic and eustatic conditions under which the sediments were deposited. Thus, different environments were highlighted successively in time: a distal platform, a fluvial and a deltaic environment, a distal carbonate ramp, a coral reef and finally and a lagoon environment. This is due to variations in the eustatic level and to the tectonic activity alternated with phases of slowing Palaeogeographical value

subsidence that allow the establishment, in a warm climate, of a specific soil cover (Ouajhain et al., 2009). Also, the study area represents the passive margin of the Atlantic Ocean, thus a contemporary witness that provides information on the different phases of the opening ocean and its accretion kinematics. In general, great similarities have been highlighted between the peritethysian and Atlantic domains, especially at Jbel Amsittene. This mixing and biological homogenization testifies of the presence, at least from the Upper Oxfordian, of interconnections between these two domains (Bouaouda, 2006).

Table 5. Qualitative description of the scientific value of Jbel Amsittene primary geosite Jbel Amsittene primary

Scientific value

geosite Code

Name

ESS-gmr-

Amsittene

001

Anticline

Integrity

Representativeness

Rareness

1

1

1

Palaeogeographical

Tota

value

l

1

1

Table 6. Quantitative evaluation of the scientific value of Jbel Amsittene primary geosite Additional values The additional values (ecological, aesthetic and cultural) of a geosite make it possible to highlight the relationship between geology and natural and human environment. The assignment of scores to these values allows us to highlight the role that geosites could play in

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Journal Pre-proof the social and economic development of the studied area. The results of the qualitative and quantitative assessment of the additional values are given respectively in tables 7 and 8. Additional

Description

values Jbel Amsittene that can be classified as one of the very important and rarest area in Morocco belongs to the Arganeraie Biosphere Reserve, an ecosystem classified of global importance since 1998. It is a home to the Argan tree (Argania spinosa), an endemic specie in need of conservation and valuation. Being a relic of the Tertiary Era, this forest species is extremely well adapted to environmental difficult conditions, such as drought, and constitutes a buffer Ecological

zone against the desertification coming from the Sahara. It is currently under

value

threat by excessive human exploitation. The Argan tree is traditionally used for pastoralism, food and cosmetics. The area is designated as Site of Biological and Ecological Interest (SIBE), and is also home to very important ecosystems of thuja, holm oak (northern slope), red Juniper… including a very high number of aromatic and medicinal plants. Also, 20 mammal species, 32 bird species (9 threatened species), 27 reptile species (13 endemic species) were recorded in the study area. Due to its imposing size and altitude, which clearly contrasts with the surrounding topography, Jbel Amsittene is recognizable from several points

Aesthetic

of view. It is also very easy to identify from satellite map and has an excellent

value

vertical and longitudinal development. The set of forms and diversity of vegetation and rocks of which it is composed allows having important visual contrasts, which gives it great aesthetic value. The Amazigh cultural heritage of the Haha tribe is very rich (songs, poetry, weaving, embroidery, fantasia…). The historical heritage relates to their role in controlling trade throughout the region and in liberating the occupied

Cultural value

territories from the French occupation. The exploitation, of saline diapirs, is an essential source of income for the local population. The Argan tree plays a major socio-economic role; it serves the production of aromatic extracts intended essentially for the perfumery and cosmetic industry as well as for the preparation of hygiene products. Due to their diversity, 18

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aromatic and medicinal plants represent an important economic income for local populations. These trees constitute a major economic resource for local inhabitants as the principal source of Argan oil, which has multiple uses such as food stuffs, medicines, cosmetics... The trees are also used as fuelwood for cooking and heating. Table 7. Qualitative description of the additional values of Jbel Amsittene geosite Jbel Amsittene primary geosite

Additional values

Code

Name

Aesthetic value

Ecological value

Cultural value

Total

ESS-gmr-001

Amsittene Anticline

1

1

1

1

Table 8. Quantitative evaluation of the additional values of Jbel Amsittene primary geosite Jbel Amsittene geosite has a high scientific value. Therefore, it represents an example for the study and understanding of geological and geomorphological processes that shaped the region. Also, the additional values are high especially its ecological value. The fact that the geosite benefits from a double protection (SIBE and RBA) gives it a maximum ecological value. Its aesthetic value is high, due to its size, height and the resulting visual contrasts. Its cultural value is as important as the rich Amazigh’s cultural heritage of the Haha tribe. Its economic value is high (salt extraction, Argan products, Thyua industry); the products from this site are of local, national or even international importance. Similarly, each secondary geosite was assessed independently, according to its type and interest to earth sciences. Additional values were quantitatively evaluated for each geosite. It should be noted that, the status of protection related to the biodiversity guarantees the protection of a large number of the inventoried geosites. Scientific value and additional value comparison The results of the assessment show that the majority of the secondary inventoried geosites are of high scientific value (Fig. 6). We also note that the additional values are not concordant with the scientific value. Indeed, geosites with high scientific value have, in average, low additional values (Table 9).

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Secondary geosite

Scientific value

Additional values

Potential Existing Protection

Code

Name

Integ.

Repre.

Rari.

Pal. V.

Total

Aesth. v.

Ecol. v.

Cult. v.

Total

AMS-gmr-001

Arich Ouzella Saltworks

0.75

1

0.75

1

0.875

1

0

1

0.66

AMS-gmr-002

Ida ou Azza Saltworks

0.75

1

0.75

1

0.875

1

0

1

AMS-sed-003

Cap Tafelnay

0.5

0.75

0.75

0.75

0.6875

1

0

AMS-str-004

Irhil Oustane folded structures

1

1

0.75

1

0.9375

1

AMS-str-005

Amsittene folded structures

1

1

0.75

0.75

0.875

AMS-sed-006

Alluvial cone

1

1

0.75

0.75

0.875

Touristic

Educative

Weak

High

High

0.66

Weak

High

High

0

0.33

Weak

High

High

0

0

0.33

Weak

High

High

1

1

0

0.66

Weak

High

High

0.5

0.5

0

0.33

Weak

Medium

High

Table 9. Quantitative assessment of the scientific and additional values of secondary geosites.

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Figure 6: Comparison of scientific and additional values of secondary geosites Use and management characteristics The data on the protection and potential use of Jbel Amsittene geosites are detailed in a database and presented in tables and synthetic maps (Table 9). Proposal of promotion tools Jbel Amsittene is easily accessible via a road network linking it to major cities (Essaouira and Agadir). However, tourist infrastructures are very rare and limited to the large neighbouring villages. In general, Jbel Amsittene geosite has the potential to become a geopark where numerous geoeducation and geotourism activities could be conducted (Fig. 7).

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Figure 7: Touristic infrastructure’s map of Jbel Amsittene 22

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Protection To highlight and protect this geoheritage, all tools that take into consideration the sustainability of geosites should be considered. Therefore, protection remains a sine-qua-non condition for the promotion and valuation of geoheritage. It is accordingly proposed to: - Consider in-situ protection measures of the geosites. - Create geo-museums in rural and urban areas (ex-situ protection) to inform visitors and also to encourage them to discover the hinterlands where the samples are collected - Engage in science popularization projects in collaboration with the scientific community. - Mark out educational trails created within the SIBE and RBA protected areas. - Create and install indicative and interpretative panels. - Produce flyers and promote the creation of geosite label products. Geoeducation The educational potential of Jbel Amsittene primary geosite and of its secondary and tertiary geosites, is reflected by the great scientific interest of the geological and geomorphological communities. Thus, we are proposing two geo-didactic trails for primary, secondary and high school students in the Essaouira Province, in order to introduce them to the geoheritage of their province. The first geotrail (Fig. 8) allows to understand a set of geological concepts in the field (stratigraphic scale, karst, anticline, diapir) and to see several types of rocks, from different ages and aspects. Especially the three (3) formations defined and described (typical sections) in this locality (typical locality), which are: marine Arigh Ouzella's Fm, fluvio-deltaïc Amsittene's Fm and marine dolomitic and evaporitic Id Moulid's Fm. It also gives the opportunity to understand and see the different techniques of traditional and continental salt exploitation. Panoramic viewpoints allow the reading of the geological landscape and the understanding of the arrangement of its components.

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Figure 8a: Geotour at the secondary geosite "Arigh Ouzella saltworks".

Figure 8b: Pictures from the Arigh Ouzella saltworks secondary geosite 24

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A - Viewpoint from road N1 (view to the east); B - Panorama on saltworks basins; C Base of Arigh Ouzella fm. (rich in marine fossils, Hettangian-Sinemurian) , D - "Arigh Ouzella" cave; E - Base of Id Moulid fm. (Toarcian); F - Base of Amsittene fm. (Pliensbachian); G - Network of caves used by salt workers. The second geotrail along the N1 roadside is an open-air structural geology course. It allows geologists and non-experts who are not well informed to understand the deformation phenomena of rocks, as well as the reactions of the latter according to their nature and hardness. Cuts of different types of folds can be observed and discussed. All structures are due to Atlasic tectonics and affect limestone strata interspersed by red clay levels (Fig. 9).

Figure 9a: Geotour at the Irhil Oustane Folded Structures secondary geosite

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Figure 9b: Pictures from the Irhil Oustane folded structures secondary geosite. A Disharmonic folds in clays and dolomites; B - Section view of a fold flank affected by a second fold due to collapse; C - Section view of collapse structures; D - Section view of a straight fold; E - Calcite minerals; F - Section view of a spilled fold Geotourism Tourism is one of the key sectors in the Moroccan economy and it has also multiplier effects on all other economy sectors. It is an important tool for human and socio-economic development. It is the top foreign exchange earner, the 2nd biggest contributor to Gross Domestic Product and the 2nd biggest creator of jobs (Tourism ministry website). Moroccan adopted a national strategy "Vision 2020" that aims to raise the country, by 2020, to be one of the world’s top twenty tourist destinations and a model of sustainability in the Mediterranean destination. Because of its geographical situation, Essaouira province, that hosts Jbel Amssitene, has a varied and rich natural and cultural heritage and a very welcoming population. In the framework of this national tourism strategy, the province oriented it territorial marketing 26

Journal Pre-proof towards its cultural and natural heritage (beaches, mountains...). To help promoting geotourism as a component of nature tourism, two geotrails that are combining geological discovery and landscape interpretation are proposed in Jbel Amssitene. The first geotrail makes it possible to visit the largest saltworks in Essaouira province. The Ida Ouazza salt mine, which has been in operation for a long time and was mechanized in the 1980s. The extraction consists in circulating water in wells dug through the Triassic salty clays, pumping it and letting it settle in basins festinated to this purpose. The action of the sun is responsible for the water evaporation and the decantation of salt crystals. The southern side of the saline exposes Jurassic carbonate rocks, which have been ascended and straightened vertically by the combined action of tectonics and diapiric ascent. Panoramic viewpoints make it possible to differentiate the Triassic salt body from the Quaternary cover by a remarkable contrast of colours (Fig. 10).

Figure 10a: Geotour at Ida Ouazza saltworks secondary geosite

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Figure 10b: Pictures of POIs at the secondary geosite "Ida Ouazza saltworks". A Panoramic view from the access to the saltworks ; B - Section showing the TriassicJurassic contact as well as the forms of erosion due to the stream ; C - Straightened late Lower Jurassic strata (sandstone and red clay); D - Marine limestones with Lamellibranchs ; E - Direct Triassic (Red Clay) - Jurassic passage (Limestone with lamellibranch debris, inks, belemnites and foraminifers); F - Panoramic view showing the encirclement of the saltworks by the Quaternary deposits. The second geotrail combines science and pleasure through a series of educational stops and panoramic views. It gives an overview on the Jurassic-Cretaceous-Quaternary contacts. However, this secondary geosite is under very strong tourist pressure during summer periods, which increases its risk of degradation and thus its vulnerability (Fig. 11).

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Figure 11a: Geotour at Cap Tafelnay secondary geosite

Figure 11b: Pictures from the Cap Tafelnay secondary geosite. 29

Journal Pre-proof A - Trace of shells in limestones (Lamellibranchs and Oysters); B - Fold hinge in cretaceous limestone formations; C - Contact between Cretaceous clays and Quaternary deposits; D - Abnormal faulted contact (between Cretaceous grey clays and Jurassic yellow marls); E - Macrofossil debris (Oysters) in undulating cretaceous limestones; F Macrofossils in Quaternary formations (Gastropods, Bivalves); G - Plio-quaternary formations (consolidated dunes and fossilised chanels); H - Discordant contact between plio-quaternary and marine quaternary formations; I - Terrier trace in consolidated dunes; J - Discordance between Jurassic limestones and Quaternary formations. 5 - DISCUSSION & CONCLUSION Jbel Amsittene records an almost 250 Ma geological history of the Moroccan Atlantic Basin. Although, its biodiversity richness is well known and was since long-time a subject of national and international conservation programmes (e.g., Site of Biological and Ecological Interest and Arganeraie Biosphere Reserve), its geodiversity, substrate of its biodiversity, is poorly known by the general public. This geological component is not taken in consideration in the development policy; even if, this area has been well studied by numerous scientists. The inventory and assessment of the geoheritage components of Jbel Amsittene is an effective spreading knowledge tool on this geological richness and a way to include the geosites into the local development dynamic. The three-scale hierarchy, adopted by our research Group EGGPG, made it possible to classify each geosite according to its size and location. This approach led us identifying, within the Jbel Amsittene primary geosite, 6 secondary geosites and 15 tertiary geosites. Each site has been evaluated separately according to its own characteristics. The results of the assessment confirm the scientific importance of the primary and secondary geosites. Their scientific value’s scores are higher than their additional value’s scores. These geological assets are reinforced by the biodiversity protection statutes of national and international relevance. However, no status or protective measure of the geodiversity was established. This gap should be filled through geoeducation and geotourism activities that will encourage the different stakeholders of the region (associations, administrations, local communities, tourism stakeholders, academics ...) toward the establishment of a legal framework to protect and promote the area’s geoheritage. Especially when geodiversity constitutes the support of the biodiversity that is assuring the worldwide attractiveness of Essaouira province. It is important to include, first, Essaouira’s geoheritage in the educational curricula of schools based in the province in order to make the youth aware and responsible regarding 30

Journal Pre-proof their geoheritage. The second step will be creating a set of income-generating activities based on the tourism attraction potential of the studied geosites. Currently, the study area is experiencing a significant tourist flow due to its landscape and environmental appeal, but not to its geoheritage. It appears clearly that geoheritage concept can be a promising way to improve local communities’ life conditions and protect geological assets, especially in Africa. Accordingly, a special attention should be accorded to researches focused on geoheritage development.

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Journal Pre-proof Hafid, M., 1999. Incidences de l’évolution du Haut-Atlas occidental et de son avant pays septentrional sur la dynamique méso-cénozoïque de la marge atlantique (entre Safi et Agadir). Apport de la sismique réflexion et des données de forages. Unpublished thesis, Université Ibn Tofail, Kenitra, Maroc, 282p. Hafid, M., 2000. Triassic-early Liassic extensional systems and their Tertiary inversion, Essaouira Basin (Morocco). Marine and Petroleum Geology. 17:409-429. Henriques, M. H., Brilha, J., 2017. UNESCO Global Geoparks: a strategy towards global understanding

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Episodes

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The methodology of central and additional values has been adopted and adapted. We adopted the term "Geosite" instead of "Geomorphosite". 3 hierarchical levels: Primary, secondary and tertiary geosites. Jbel Amsittene is a primary geosite that includes 6 secondary and 15 tertiary geosites. The Jbel Amsittene promotion is a way to include geoheritage into development dynamic.