Full-Fat Soybeans for Growing and Finishing Large White Turkeys

1936

A. M. M. ABDELLATIF AND R. O. VLES

eluded that an intake of about 4 cal.% erucic acid is near the no-effect level in ducklings. REFERENCES

Abdellatif, A. M. M., 1972. Cardiopathogenic effects of dietary rapeseed oil. Nutr. Rev. 30: 2-6. Abdellatif, A. M. M., and R. O. Vies, 1970. Patholog-

ical effects of dietary rapeseed oil in ducklings. Nutr. Metabol. 12: 296-305. Abdellatif, A. M. M., and R. 0 . Vies, 1971. Long-term pathological effects of dietary rapeseed oil in rats and rabbits. Voeding, 32: 602-611. Downey, R. K., and B. M. Craig, 1964. Genetic control of fatty acid biosynthesis in rapeseed (Brassica napus L). J. Amer. Oil Chem. Soc. 41: 475-478.

Full-Fat Soybeans for Growing and Finishing Large White Turkeys 1. LIVE PERFORMANCE AND CARCASS QUALITY E. T. MORAN, JR., 1 J. SOMERS' ANDE. LARMOND2

(Received for publication February 14, 1973)

ABSTRACT Large White torn turkeys were fed corn-soybean type rations from 8 to 23 weeks of age. Treatments involved use of ground full-fat soybeans in the raw state and commercially extrusion processed. The 49% protein meal in conjunction with the caloric equivalent of added fat from crude degummed soybean oil and rendered animal tallow served as controls. Final body weight and feed conversion between groups offered either of the control rations and those given the extruded soybean based diet were comparable. Live performance of birds given the raw soybeans was significantly depressed. Although soft depot areas were obvious whenever soybean oil was the primary dietary fat, this feature was not unduely objectionable nor did it affect finish grade. POULTRY SCIENCE 52: 1936-1941, 1973

INTRODUCTION

A

LTHOUGH commercially produced soybean meal can be readily incorporated into most feeds without adverse effect, this has been far from true with ground whole soybeans unless heat treated. Of the several processing techniques available, extrusion is one that finds application on the farm as well as large scale commercial use. White et al. (1967) reported that soybeans which had been extruded supported broiler performance equal to that observed with birds fed the commercial meal with oil added. Additional treatment in the form of steam pelleting, however, was necessary to do so.

1. Department of Animal and Poultry Science, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada. 2. Food Research Institute, Canada Department of Agriculture, Ottawa, Ontario.

Without the benefit of pelleting, Wood et al. (1971) found that extrusion processed soybeans were similar in utilization to control meal by the chick but a pancreatic hypertrophy was always noticeable. Even though extrusion effects a substantial improvement in soybean nutritional value, all indications are that the degree of processing necessary for the less developed digestive system of the young bird is marginal. To avoid undue problems during the starting period, one can eliminate the use of the full-fat meal. With respect to the large turkey the amount of feed eaten initially is particularly small compared to its subsequent needs for growth, development and finishing. It was the purpose of the present investigation to examine the effect that raw and extruded full-fat soybeans would have on the live performance of developing turkeys. Because of the larger than normal amounts of

FULL-FAT SOYBEANS FOR TURKEYS

highly unsaturated dietary fat encountered, particular attention was given to carcass quality. EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE

Male poults of a commercially available Large White strain were raised from day of age to 8 weeks in floor brooding facilities. During this period all birds received cornsoybean meal starting rations (28 and 24% protein each containing 2920 Kcal. metabolizable energy during the 0-4 and 4-8 week periods, respectively) which yielded a cumulative feed-gain ratio of 1.84. The birds were then transferred to experimental pens of a pole-barn type unit (20 toms in 9 x 9 square meters). Due to the nature of barn construction, the turkeys were subjected to natural environmental conditions over the experimental period from August to November (decreasing day length and temperature). There were 2 control treatments both of which relied on the commercially prepared meal. One used crude degummed soybean oil to simulate full-fat conditions while the other employed rendered animal tallow to parallel normal circumstances. The experimental treatments incorporating the ground full-fat soybeans used the raw state at one extreme and the commercially extruded product to represent the opposite. The soybeans were ground in a hammermill prior to extrusion (Model 150 x Wenger Extruder, Kansas City, Mo.). The procedure used entailed preconditioning with live steam (40 p.s.i.) to raise the temperature to 100° C. Subsequent heat from extrusion friction in conjunction with that from barrel steam jacket increased the temperature to 120° C. upon exit. Urease tests on all lots of soybeans processed gave nil values. Composition of the diets employed is illustrated on Table 1. In each case where full-fat soybeans were used, incorporation was to the maximum extent respective of the esti-

1937

mated protein requirements for the period (Summers et al., 1968). Contrary to normal, total caloric concentration of the rations progressively decreased with stage of bird development rather than increasing with grain component. It should be noted that the high levels of soybeans used during the early periods to meet absolute estimates for protein resulted in associated energy being greater than that on which the requirement was originally determined (Summers et al., 1968). All rations were offered in whole pellet form. Because of the large amounts of highly unsaturated dietary fat encountered there was the expectation that finish would be adversely affected. Earlier investigations on this same strain bird indicated that fat was deposited in the critical skin areas only after 20 weeks of age and complete by 23 (Moran et al., 1970). Under these terms of carcass lipid accrual any adverse effects due to previous intake of soybean oil could largely be ameliorated by resorting to a saturated type of fat in the finishing period. To examine the effectiveness of this procedure, half of the toms fed soybeans were changed at the final stage of production to the nutritionally comparable ration containing the commercial meal with tallow. All turkeys were marketed at 23 weeks of age. Half of the 8 replicate pens representing each treatment were kept for slaughter at the University. A federal inspector graded all carcasses following Government regulations (For exact grade definitions refer to SOR/59-368, Live Stock and Live Stock Products Act, Dressed and Eviscerated Poultry Regulations P.C. 1959-1211 obtainable from the Queen's Printer, Ottawa, Ontario). To obtain a greater significance of any grade change, each carcass was assessed on the component aspects of conformation, fleshing, finish on the breast, and finish on the back. For greater accuracy the major grade classifications of A, B and C were sub-divided into A+, A, A—, . . ., C—.

1938

E. T. MORAN JR., J. SOMERS AND E. LARMOND

TABLE 1.—Composition of the control and experimental turkey rations (8-23 weeks of age), % of diet

Ingredients Corn meal Soybean meal (49%) protein Full-fat soybeans Soybean oil2 Animal tallow3 Limestone Dicalcium phosphate DL-methionine Salt Vitamin-mineral mix4 Histomoniad medicant5 Pellet binder6

Comm'l meal Comm'l meal + soybean oil + animal tallow Full-fat soybeans1 8-12 12-16 16-20 20-23 8-12 12-16 16-20 20-23 8-12 12-16 16-20 20-23 wk. wk. wk. wk. wk. wk. wk. wk. wk. wk. wk. wk. 56.35 63.75 70.80 78.30 54.60 62.00 69.80 76.80 55.65 61.80 68.95 76.35 31.00 25.50 20.00 14.50 31.25 25.75 20.00 15.00 — — — — _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 40.50 34.00 27.00 20.00 8.50 6.50 5.00 3.50 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ — — — — 10.00 8.00 6.00 4.50 _ — _ _ 1.10 1.05 1.15 1.15 1.10 1.05 1.15 1.15 1.20 0.85 1.15 1.20 1.60 1.75 1.60 1.10 1.60 1.75 1.60 1.10 1.20 1.90 1.45 1.00 0.10 0.30 0.75 0.05 0.25

Total

100.0% Calculated Analysis

Protein, % 20.04 17.98 16.09 13.98 20.01 17.95 16.00 14.10 19.98 18.06 16.06 14.07 M.E. kcal./kg. 3413 3351 3321 3307 3402 3358 3321 3314 3397 3367 3303 3299 'The same formulations were used for the ground raw soybeans and extruded full-fat soybeans. The "as is" protein content was 37.5% and the M.E. value as based on previous unpublished work from this laboratory was found to be 3633 kcal./kg. for the extruded bean. 2 Raw degummed soybean oil and given the M.E. value of 8588 kcal./kg. 3 Tallow wholly from rendering and given the M.E. value of 7707 kcal./kg. "Supplied the following in g./lOO kg. of complete feed: vit. A (10,000 I.U./g.), 77.1; vit. D3 (20,000 I.C.U./g.), 8.3; choline chloride (25%), 77.1; niacin, 4.4; d-calcium pantothenate, 11.0; vit. B12 (132 |ig./kg.), 6.0; d-alpha tocopherol acetate (44,040 I.U./kg.), 12.6; ethoxyquin (50%), 55.1; menadione sodium bisulfite complex (22.0 g./kg.), 5.1; folic acid (13.3 g./kg.), 5.0; manganous oxide, 9.4; copper sulfate, 3.1; zinc oxide, 6.4; riboflavin (58.2 g./kg.), 7.5; 3-nitrophenylarsonic acid, 50.0; aureomycin (110 g./kg.), 4.0. 5 "Emtryl," May and Baker Ltd., Toronto, Ontario. 6 Collagen based binder, Swifts & Co. Ltd., Ontario.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Regardless of whether the toms received the extruded whole soybean or the commercial meal reconstituted with oil, ultimate body weight at 20 weeks of age was comparable (Table 2). While this equivalence was also found for the cumulative feed conversion there were opposite trends for the 3 successive 4 week intervals. During the 8 to 12 week period, those birds fed the extruded beans had a significantly better feed-gain ratio than if oil was combined with the extracted

meal. From 12 to 16 and 16 to 20 weeks of age this position was reversed and the apparent utilization of the extruded bean was poorer than that of the reconstituted meal. In the absence of carcass analyses over these respective periods the reason(s) for this observation are obscure. If the full-fat soybeans were not processed but included in the diet raw, live performance over the entire experiment was substantially reduced. A significantly poorer body weight and feed conversion was also witnessed with

1939

FULL-FAT SOYBEANS FOR TURKEYS

TABLE 2.—Live performance of Large White torn turkeys fed extruded full-fat soybeans (8-20 weeks of age)' Period weeks Parameter 8 12

16

20

Soybean meal

Full-fat soybeans Raw Extruded

Soy oil

Tallow

Wt.,g. Wt., g. F/G, period

2,780a2

2,780a

2,850a

2,699a

371 (907)

4,497a

4,261b

4,556a

4,756a

413 (905)

Wt.,g. F/G period accum.

7,611a

Wt., g. F/G, period accum.

10,154a

2.77b

2.49b 2.58b

3.57b 2.93b

3.09a 7,478ab 2.33b 2.56b 9.970ab 3.70ab 2.95b

2.79b 7,257b

2.39c 7,596ab

2.88a 2.84a 9.700b

2.80a 2.62b 9.819ab

3.86a 3.18a

3.85a 3.00b

Sx (DF)

0.19(35) 554 (889) 0.21 (35) 0.12(35) 804 (879) 0.18 (35) 0.09 (35)

'All values from the treatments involving the soybean meal are represented by 8 replicate pens of 220 birds while those having the full-fat soybeans are represented by 16 replicate pens. Those treatments not having a common letter are significantly different from each other at the 5% level of significance. (Duncan's multiple range test). those toms receiving the tallow containing meal, however, this was only noted during the 8 to 12 week period. At this time these birds excreted a dropping that was considerably wetter than observed with any of the other treatments and ultimately created a litter problem. Because this excreta problem was rectified and performance greatly improved with subsequent periods it is tempting to accuse the tallow which was then being used at an inordinately high rate. Many similar field obser-

vations with the large turkey at the same age have been noted in this area of Canada. Pathology reveals a "nutritional enteritis" to which the general response has been a reduction in tallow to minimal levels (1-2%) for this specific period of production. The fact that soybean oil at similar levels failed to elicit a comparable problem would tend to vindicate fat per se as the culprit. During the finishing period from 20 to 23 weeks of age when lipid is expected to occupy a larger than normal proportion of

TABLE 3.—Live performance of Large White torn turkeys fed full-fat soybeans as opposed to commercial meal with added fat (20-23 weeks) Weight'

*V

Carcass

20-23 wk. 8-23 wk. yield, % 2 Treatment g. 3 Meal + soy oil (8-23 wks.) 3.62b 82.8 12,518a 3.09a Meal + tallow (8 -23 wks.) 3.59b 3.10a 82.1 12,099c Beans - raw (8-23 wks.) 4.01a 3.35c 82.0 ll,900d Beans (8-20) - meal + tallow (20-23) 3.32c 3.22b 82.1 12,295b Beans - extruded (8-23 wks.) 3.58b 3.14a 82.3 12,504a Beans (8-20) - meal + tallow (20-23) 82.1 12,516a 3.36c 3.10a Sx (DF) 0.18(35) 0.08 (35) 1.7(420) 1107(879) ' All values are represented by 8 replicate pens of 20 birds per pen. 2 As determined from 4 of 8 replicate pens of 20 birds. Full-fat live weight versus chilled eviscerated carcass less lower legs and giblets. 'Those treatments without a common letter are significantly different from each other at the 5% level of significance (Duncan's multiple range test).

1940

E. T. MORAN JR., J. SOMERS AND E. LARMOND

growth, no differences in live production evolved that were not witnessed between treatments earlier (Table 3). Performance alterations were forthcoming, however, when those birds receiving full-fat soybeans were changed to the corresponding finishing ration having the meal with added animal tallow. Both weight gain and feed efficiency of those groups previously fed the raw beans were significantly improved over those continued on the same regimen.

Although there was no weight advantage resulting upon feeding the tallow containing control if the soybeans previously fed were processed, a definite conversion improvement was measured. This value was equal to that found with the parallel treatment involving the raw bean and significantly better than observed if either tallow or oil in conjunction with the meal was offered continuously. Because the calories contributed by either fat source were both high and qualita-

TABLE 4.—Carcass grades of Large White torn turkeys fed full-fat soybeans as opposed to commercial meal with added fat (%) Grade distribution, % of total'

Total grade A

A+

A

A-

B+

B-C

90.1 94.4 93.7

0 0 0

4.2 ± 2.5 4.2 ± 2.4 5.1 ± 0.1

95.9 ± 4.9 90.2 ± 5.7 88.6 ± 2.1

28. ,± 1.6 4.3 ± 2.5 2.6 ± 1.5

7.0 ± 0.8 1.4 ± 0.8 3.7 ± 4.3

93.4

0

3.8 ± 2.2

89.6 ± 0.1

0

6.7 ± 1.6

92.0

0

5.0 ± 2.9

87.0 ± 1.7

1.4 ± 0.8

6.7 ± 3.5

93.0

0

4.2 ± 2.4

2.8 ± 1.4

Meal + soy oil (8-23 wks.) Meal + tallow (8-23 wks.) Beans—raw (8-23 wks.) Beans (8-20)—meal + tallow (20-23) Beans—extruded (9-23 wks.) Beans (8-20)—meal + tallow (20-23)

76.4 83.3 62.5

0 1.5 ± 0.8 0

12.9 ± 7.5 80.1 ± Fleshing 19.3 ± 1.5 57.1 ± 36.9 ± 8.4 44.9 ± 13.5 ± 0.9 49.0 ±

54.8

0

16.0 ± 6.0

66.3

1.4 ± 0.8

19.2 ± 3.4

65.6

0

Meal + soy oil (8-23 wks.) Meal + tallow (8-23 wks.) Beans—raw (8-23 wks.) Beans (8-20)—meal + tallow (20-23) Beans - extruded (8-23 wks.) Beans (8-20)—meal + tallow (20-23)

92.9 98.6 98.7

Meal + soy oil (8-23 wks.) Meal + tallow (8-23 wks.) Beans—raw (8-23 wks.) Beans (8-20)—meal + tallow (20-23) Beans - extruded (8-23 wks.) Beans (8-20)—meal + tallow (20-23)

Treatment Meal + soy oil (8-23 wks.) Meal + tallow (8-23 wks.) Beans—raw (8-23 wks.) Beans (8-20)—meal + tallow (20-23) Beans—extruded (8-23 wks.) Beans (8-20)—meal + tallow (20-23)

1

8.4

11.9 23.6 ± 10.4 9.4 14.1 ± 1.5 0.6 30.9 ± 0.5

38.8 ± 4.2

0 2.8 ± 1.6 6.5 ± 0.9

41.2 ± 0.6

4.1 ± 2.3

45.7 ± 12.0 31.0 ± 11.0

2.9 ± 0.8

16.9 ± 0.6 48.7 ± 0.8 Breast finish

34.5 ± 1.4

0

31.3 ± 1.2 34.1 ± 6.8 22.9 ± 1.2

43.3 ± 0.7 43.6 ± 5.9 45.5 ± 6.1

18.3 ± 0.9 20.9 ± 13.6 30.3 ± 5.6

7.1 ± 0.9 1.4 ± 0.8 1.3 ± 0.8

0 0 0

96.2

24.0 ± 4.7

46.4 ± 9.7

25.8 ± 5.8

3.8 ± 0.8

0

96.0

24.4 ± 3.3

49.2 ± 0.5

22.4 ± 4.3

4.0 ± 0.6

0

98.6

30.8 ± 8.8

45.8 ± 0.9 22.0 ± 5.5 Back finish

1.3 ± 2.3

0

85.9 87.3 88.5

9.5 ± 2.3 9.9 ± 0.7 8.8 ± 3.6

28.6 ± 0.5 47.8 ± 1.3 40.9 ± 10.8 36.5 ± 1 1 . 0 28.1 ± 7.6 51.6 ± 2.0

11.2 ± 3.2 9.8 ± 0.8 11.5 ± 2.0

2.9 ± 1.7 2.9 ± 1.7 0

81.3

5.4 ± 2.9

27.1 ± 8.7

48.8 ± 10.0

17.3 ± 3.9

1.3 ± 2.3

82.0

4.9 ± 3.0

36.3 ± 0.8

40.8 ± 9.1

18.0 ± 6.9

0

82.3

4.2 ± 2.4

32.0 ± 0.2

46.1 ± 2.3

17.8 ± 4.9

0

All data are the average from 4 of 8 replicate groups of 20 birds per pen ± standard deviation.

1941

FULL-FAT SOYBEANS FOR TURKEYS

tively far separated perhaps this advantage was the consequence of a change in fatty acid profile and allowed a greater flexibility in meeting "needs." The percentage carcass yield was not affected by any of the treatments tested (Table 3), however, grade profiles indicated that quality was altered in one instance (Table 4). Both fleshing and back finish of those groups receiving the commercial meal with animal tallow throughout the experimental period were of a noticeably higher quality compared to any other treatment. Whether this result was due to the dietary variable per se, a reduced growth occasioned by earlier adverse conditions or both, cannot be determined. However, a comparable feed efficiency along with better weight gain when soybean oil was used suggests a difference in utilization between these 2 type fats. De Groote et al. (1971) using the chick, observed similar results. While it was concluded that there were no differences between beef tallow and soybean oil in the utilization of their energy for growth or maintenance, the former was noted to promote significantly greater tissue energy gains than the latter. This was interpreted as a more efficient use of tallow for growth purposes. While an adverse effect on finish was anticipated with use of high dietary levels of soybean oil this did not affect assessment when chilling requirements for grading were met (4° C ) . A soft fat was apparent as the carcasses warmed giving a "pulpy" feel to depot areas and an "oily" cast over the skin; however, these conditions were not objectionable. No differences in appearance were noted between treatments involving full-fat soybeans and meal where oil was added.

Feeding of the more saturated animal tallow during the finishing period noticeably reversed these features.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

This research was supported by the Ontario Ministry of Agriculture and Food. The technical assistance of Miss Ann Bell and Mr. Jack Bishop is greatly appreciated. The senior author is indebted to Drs. E. L. Stephenson and P. W. Waldroup of the University of Arkansas for their many helpful suggestions and information of on-the-farm extruders while visiting Fayetteville. Also deserving of gratitude are the persons on the Editorial Board who reviewed the original manuscript. Their many comments were helpful in subsequent revision.

REFERENCES

DeGroote, G., N. Reyntens and J. Amich-Gali, 1971. Fat studies. 2. The metabolic efficiency of energy utilization of glucose, soybean oil and different animal fats by growing chicks. Poultry Sci. 50: 808819. Moran, E. T., Jr., H. L. Orr and E. Larmond, 1970. Production efficiency, grades and yields with the Large White turkey as related to sex and age. Poultry Sci. 49: 475-493. Summers, J. D., W. F. Pepper, E. T. Moran, Jr. and J. D. McConachie, 1968. Protein requirements of fast growing strains of Large White and boiler type turkeys. Poultry Sci. 47: 536-541. White, C. L., D. E. Greene, P. W. Waldroup and E. L. Stephenson, 1967. The use of unextracted soybeans for chicks 1. Comparison of infra-red cooked, autoclaved and extruded soybeans. Poultry Sci. 46: 1180-1185. Wood, A. S., J. D. Summers, E. T. Moran, Jr., and W. F. Pepper, 1971. The utilization of unextracted raw and extruded full-fat soybeans for the chick. Poultry Sci. 50: 1392-1399.

MARCH 4-9, 1974. PACIFIC EGG AND POULTRY ASSOCIATION CONVENTION AND EXPOSITION, DISNEYLAND HOTEL AND CONVENTION CENTER, ANAHEIM, CALIFORNIA.