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Fumigant toxicity of essential oil from Artemisia sieberi Besser against three stored-product insects
ARTICLE IN PRESS
Journal of Stored Products Research 43 (2007) 123–128 www.elsevier.com/locate/jspr
Fumigant toxicity of essential oil from Artemisia sieberi Besser against three stored-product insects Maryam Negahbana, Saeid Moharramipoura,, Fatemeh Sefidkonb a
Department of Entomology, College of Agriculture, Tarbiat Modarres University, P.O. Box 14115-336, Tehran, Iran b Research Institute of Forests and Rangelands, P.O. Box 13185-116, Tehran, Iran Accepted 21 February 2006
Abstract Artemisia sieberi is a widely distributed plant in Iran. Because some species of Artemisia are insecticidal, experiments were conducted to investigate fumigant toxicity of the essential oil. Dry ground leaves were subjected to hydrodistillation using a modified Clevenger-type apparatus and the resulting oil contained camphor (54.7%), camphene (11.7%), 1,8-cineol (9.9%), b-thujone (5.6%) and a- pinene (2.5%). The mortality of 7 days old adults of Callosobruchus maculatus, Sitophilus oryzae, and Tribolium castaneum increased with concentration from 37 to 926 mL/L and with exposure time from 3 to 24 h. A concentration of 37 mL/L and an exposure time of 24 h was sufficient to obtain 100% kill of the insects. Callosobruchus maculatus was significantly more susceptible than S. oryzae and T. castaneum; a second more detailed bioassay gave estimates for the LC50 of C. maculatus as 1.45 mL/L, S. oryzae 3.86 mL/L and T. castaneum 16.76 mL/L. These results suggested that A. sieberi oil may have potential as a control agent against C. maculatus, S. oryzae and T. castaneum. r 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Keywords: Stored-product insects; Artemisia sieberi; Botanical insecticides; Fumigant toxicity
1. Introduction Pest control in many storage systems depends on fumigation with either methyl bromide or phosphine. The use of methyl bromide is being restricted because of its potential to damage the ozone layer (Butler and Rodriguez, 1996; MBTOC, 1998). The future use of phosphine could be threatened by the further development of resistant strains (Bell and Wilson, 1995; Daglish and Collins, 1999). Many alternatives have been tested to replace methyl bromide fumigation for stored product and quarantine uses. During recent years, some plants have been receiving global attention and their secondary metabolites have been formulated as botanical pesticides for plant protection since they do not leave residues toxic to the environment, have lower toxicity to mammals and medicinal properties for humans (Duke, 1985). Artemisia species (Asteracae) are Corresponding author. Tel.: +98 21 44196522; fax: +98 21 44196524.
E-mail address: [email protected] (S. Moharramipour). 0022-474X/$ - see front matter r 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. doi:10.1016/j.jspr.2006.02.002
widely used medicinal plants in folk medicine. Some species such as A. absinthium L., A. annua L. or A. vulgaris L. have been incorporated into the pharmacopoeias of several European and Asian countries (Proksch, 1992). Many of the substances elaborated by the genus are toxic to pathogens or show other significant physiological activity and may be used in human diets or for animal fodder (Heywood and Humphries 1977; Janssen et al., 1987). For example, the essential oil of A. herba-alba Asso inhibited the asexual reproduction of Aspergillus niger Tiegh, Penicillium italicum Wehmer and Zygorrhychus sp. (Tantaoui-Elaraki et al., 1993). Moreover, Artemisia species may possess insecticidal, repellent or antifeedent properties (Grainge and Ahmed, 1988; Arnason et al., 1989; Jacobson, 1989; Shakarami et al., 2004a, b, c). Artemisia scoparia Waldst and Kit showed fumigant activity against several stored-product pests (Negahban et al., 2004; Negahban and Moharramipour, 2005). Extracts of A. absinthium L. have been shown to possess a range of biological activities, including insecticidal action as an
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alcoholic extract against the storage pest Sitophilus granarius L. (Ignatowicz and Wesolowska, 1994) and nematocidal action against Meloidogyne incognata (Kofoid and White) (Walker, 1995). Artemisia sieberi Besser (Asteraceae) is a typical desert plant that grows in Iran, Palestine, Syria, Iraq, Turkey, Afghanistan and Central Asia (Podlech, 1986). The present study was conducted to determine the efficiency of the essential oil from A. sieberi as a fumigant in the management of Callosobruchus maculatus (F.), Sitophilus oryzae (L.), and Tribolium castaneum (Herbst). 2. Materials and methods 2.1. Insect cultures Callosobruchus maculatus, S. oryzae and T. castaneum were reared on bean grains, whole rice and wheat flour mixed with yeast (10:1, w/w), respectively. Adult insects, 1–7 days old, were used for fumigant toxicity tests. The cultures were maintained in the dark in a growth chamber set at 2771 1C and 6575% r.h. All experiments were carried out under the same environmental conditions. 2.2. Plant materials Aerial parts of A. sieberi were collected at full-flowering stage in December, 2003 from Qom province in Iran. The Research Institute of Forests and Rangelands, Tehran, Iran confirmed the identity of the plant. The plant material was dried naturally on laboratory benches at room temperature (23–24 1C) for 5 days until crisp. The dried material was stored at 24 1C until needed and then hydrodistilled to extract its essential oil. 2.3. Extraction and analysis of essential oil Essential oil was extracted from the plant samples using a Clevenger-type apparatus where the plant material is subjected to hydrodistillation. Conditions of extraction were: 50 g of air-dried sample; 1:10 plant material/water volume ratio, 4 h distillation. Anhydrous sodium sulphate was used to remove water after extraction. Oil yield (2.9% w/w) was calculated on a dry weight basis. Extracted oil was stored in a refrigerator at 4 1C. Gas chromatographic (GC) analysis was performed with a Shimadzu GC-9A with helium as a carrier gas with a linear velocity of 30 cm/s on a DB-5 column (30 m 0.25 mm i.d, 0.25 mm film thickness). The oven was programmed to rise to a 60 1C (3 min) isotherm, and then to 210 1C at a rate of 3 1C/ min. Injector and detector temperatures were 300 and 270 1C, respectively. The GC mass analysis was carried out on a Varian 3400 equipped with a DB-5 column with the same characteristics as the one used in GC. The transfer line temperature was 260 1C. The ionization energy was 70 eV with a scan time of 1 s and
mass range of 40–300 amu. Unknown essential oil components were identified by comparing their GC retention times to those of known compounds and by comparison of their mass spectra, either with known compounds or published spectra. 2.4. Fumigant toxicity To determine the fumigant toxicity of the A. sieberi oil, filter papers (Whatman No. 1, cut into 2 cm diameter pieces) were impregnated with oil at doses calculated to give equivalent fumigant concentrations of 37–926 mL/L in air. The impregnated filter papers were then attached to the screw caps of glass vials with volumes of 27 mL. Caps were screwed tightly on the vials, each of which contained separately 10 adults (1–7 days old) of each species of insect. Each concentration and control was replicated five times. Mortality was determined after 3, 6, 9, 12 and 24 h from commencement of exposure. When no leg or antennal movements were observed, insects were considered dead. Percentage insect mortality was calculated using the Abbott correction formula for natural mortality in untreated controls (Abbott, 1925). Another experiment was designed to assess 50% and 95% lethal doses. A series of dilutions was prepared to evaluate mortality of insects after an initial dose-setting experiment. Ten adult insects were put into 280 mL glass bottles with screw lids, which were dosed as described in the first experiment above. Concentrations of the oil tested on C. maculatus were 0, 0.70, 1.07, 1.43, 1.79, 2.14, 2.50, 2.86 and 3.21 mL/L air. Sitophilus oryzae was evaluated at 0, 1.43, 1.74, 2.14, 2.86, 3.57, 4.29, 5.36, 6.07, 7.14 and 8.93 mL/L air, and Tribolium castaneum at 0, 10.71, 14.29, 17.86, 21.43, 25.00, 28.57 and 32.14 mL/L air. Control insects were kept under the same conditions without any essential oil. Each dose was replicated five times. The number of dead and live insects in each bottle was counted 24 h after initial exposure to the essential oil. The mortality was determined as described in the earlier experiment. The treatment bottles were monitored for at least 48 h after recording the data and no affected insects recovered. Probit analysis (Finney, 1971) was used to estimate LC50 and LC95 values. 3. Results 3.1. Fumigant toxicity In all cases, considerable differences in mortality of insects to essential oil vapour were observed with different concentrations and times. From the graph in Fig. 1 it can be seen that, A. sieberi oil was relatively more toxic to C. maculatus than to S. oryzae and T. castaneum. The lowest concentration (37 mL/L) of the oil yielded 100% mortality of C. maculatus after a 12 h exposure but the mortalities of S. oryzae and T. castaneum at the lowest concentration were 76% and 60% after 12 h,
ARTICLE IN PRESS M. Negahban et al. / Journal of Stored Products Research 43 (2007) 123–128 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0
37 µL/L C. maculatus S. oryzae T. castaneum
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6
9
12
100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0
% Mortality
100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0
15
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24
0
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12
100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0
15
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100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 21
24
21
24
15
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444 µL/L
0
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9
12
100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0
556 µL/L
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185 µL/L
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370 µL/L
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741 µL/L
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Exposure time (hours) 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0
926 µL/L
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24
Exposure time (hours) Fig. 1. Percentage mortality of Callosobruchus maculatus, Sitophilus oryzae and Tribolium castaneum exposed for various periods of time to essential oil from Artemisia sieberi impregnated on filter paper discs and held at 27 1C and 65% r.h.
respectively. Total mortality of all three species was achieved with the lowest concentration after 24 h of exposure. At 444 mL/L air A. sieberi oil against C. maculatus caused about 50% mortality with a 3 h exposure and 100% mortality after 6 h. At this concentration 100% mortality was achieved after 12 h for S. oryzae and T. castaneum. At the highest concentration (926 mL/L air), kills of C. maculatus reached 80% with a 3 h exposure. By contrast only about 20% mortality was achieved for S. oryzae and T. castaneum at the same time exposure. The oil at 556 mL/L air caused 100% mortality for S. oryzae and T. castaneum with 9 and 12 h exposure, respectively. Probit analysis showed that C. maculatus was more susceptible (LC50 ¼ 1.453 mL/L air) to A. sieberi oil than S.
oryzae (LC50 ¼ 3.861 mL/L air) and T. castaneum (LC50 ¼ 16.757 mL/L air). The corresponding LC95 were 7.95, 15.55 and 57.32 mL/L air, respectively (Table 1). The estimate of the LC95 for T. castaneum was higher than that implied by the 100% mortality attained at 37 mL/L in the earlier experiment and reflects experimental variability. The estimate of the LC95 in the later experiment was based on a larger number of test insects. 3.2. Chemical constituents of Artemisia sieberi The oil from A. sieberi contained camphor (54.7%), camphene (11.7%), 1,8-cineol (9.9%), b-thujone (5.6%) and a- pinene (2.5%) (Table 2).
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Table 1 Fumigant toxicity of Artemisia sieberi oil against Callosobruchus maculatus, Sitophilus oryzae and Tribolium castaneum Insect species
LC50a,b
LC95a,b
Slope7SE
Degrees of freedom
Chi square (w2)
C. maculatus
1.45 (1.23–1.66) 3.86 (3.49–4.28) 16.76 (14.64–18.61)
7.95 (5.57–14.75) 15.55 (12.23–21.89) 57.32 (44.27–90.64)
2.2370.32
6
6.11
2.7270.26
8
2.29
3.0870.46
5
2.70
S. oryzae T. castaneum a
Units LC50 and LC95 ¼ mL/L air, applied for 24 h at 27 1C. 95% lower and upper fiducial limits are shown in parenthesis.
b
Table 2 Chemical constituents of the essential oil from Artemisia sieberi Compound
Retention index
% Composition A. sieberi
a-Thujene a-Pinene Camphene Sabinene b-Pinene 3-Octanol a-Terpinene P-Cymene 1,8-Cineole Lavender lactone g-Terpinene Artemisia alcohol a-Thujone b-Thujone Myrcenol Camphor Cis-chrysanthenol Pinocarvone Borneol P-Cymen-8-ol Myrtenol Cis-piperitol Trans-piperitol Piperitone
920 932 942 972 976 990 1015 1019 1027 1049 1057 1081 1103 1114 1123 1139 1160 1162 1165 1176 1190 1194 1207 1260
0.59 2.50 11.73 0.69 1.05 0.68 0.26 0.92 9.91 0.15 0.32 0.13 0.56 5.64 0.37 54.68 0.85 1.57 1.29 1.05 0.26 0.64 0.62 1.15
4. Discussion In this study, the essential oil of A. sieberi demonstrated fumigant toxicity to C. maculatus, S. oryzae and T. castaneum. The insecticidal activity varied with insect species, concentrations of the oil and exposure time. The results showed higher mortality rates in C. maculatus than in S. oryzae and T. castaneum. The slopes of the mortality curve were very steep from 6 to 12 h and after this time the slope leveled off. At 444 mL/L air the mortality was 100% after 6 h for C. maculatus and 12 h for S. oryzae and T. castaneum. Studies have not been reported previously concerning the activity of A. sieberi as a fumigant on insect pests. The
fumigant activity of essential oils from other Artemisia species has been evaluated against a number of storedproduct insects including oils from A. annua against T. castaneum and C. maculatus (Tripathi et al., 2000), and from A. tridentata Nutt. against some stored-grain insects (Dunkel and Sears, 1998). Artemisia aucheri Boiss had fumigant activity against C. maculatus, S. oryzae and T. castaneum (Shakarami et al., 2004a,b,c), and A. scoparia oil against S. oryzae and T. castaneum (Negahban et al., 2004; Negahban and Moharramipour, 2005). Repellent activity of oil from A. verlotiorum Lamotte has been demonstrated for T. castaneum (Novo et al., 1997), and from A. saissanica (Krasch.) Filatova for Sitophilus granarius (Adekenov et al., 1990). The A. sieberi oil described here appears to have greater fumigant toxicity than the oils of related species and plant families. Compared with our data, Artemisia tridentata was less effective against S. oryzae (Weaver et al., 1995). The essential oil from Labiatae species (ZP51) resulted in 85–100% mortality in T. castaneum, S. oryzae, Rhyzopertha dominica (F.) and Oryzaephilus surinamensis (L.) within 4 days exposure at 70 mL/L air (Shaaya et al., 1997). The total mortality of A. sieberi oil, however, was achieved at 37 mL/L air within 24 h. The insecticidal constituents of many plant extracts and essential oils are monoterpenoids. Due to their high volatility they have fumigant activity that might be of importance for controlling stored-product insects (Coats et al., 1991; Konstantopoulou et al., 1992; RegnaultRoger and Hamraoui, 1995; Ahn et al., 1998). The toxic effects of A. sieberi could be attributed to major constituents such as camphor (54.7%), camphene (11.7%), 1,8-cineol (9.9%) and a-pinene (2.5%). The monoterpene camphor might have broad insecticidal activity against stored-product insects and act as the fumigant in A. sieberi oil. In a detailed study, it has been reported that camphor from A. tridentata (Dunkel and Sears, 1998), and 1,8-cineol from Ocimum kenyense (Ayobangira) (Obeng-Ofori et al., 1997) are toxic and repellent against some stored-product beetles. Ojimelukwe and Adler (1999) found a-pinene was toxic to Tribolium confusum du Val.
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The genus Artemisia is a member of the large and evolutionary advanced plant family Asteracae (Compositae). More than 300 different species comprise this diverse genus which is mainly found in arid and semi-arid areas of Europe, America, and North Africa as well as in Asia (Heywood and Humphries, 1977). Artemisia is a genus that grows in many areas of Iran. We have collected A. sieberi from dry lands located in the vicinity of Qom Lake, and as the results showed this genus is highly toxic to storedproduct insects. Iran is situated in arid and semi-arid areas and has many endemic aromatic plants from different families. It therefore seems very worthwhile to mount a comprehensive screening program to determine the insecticidal efficacy of such plants.
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Journal of Stored Products Research 43 (2007) 123–128 www.elsevier.com/locate/jspr
Fumigant toxicity of essential oil from Artemisia sieberi Besser against three stored-product insects Maryam Negahbana, Saeid Moharramipoura,, Fatemeh Sefidkonb a
Department of Entomology, College of Agriculture, Tarbiat Modarres University, P.O. Box 14115-336, Tehran, Iran b Research Institute of Forests and Rangelands, P.O. Box 13185-116, Tehran, Iran Accepted 21 February 2006
Abstract Artemisia sieberi is a widely distributed plant in Iran. Because some species of Artemisia are insecticidal, experiments were conducted to investigate fumigant toxicity of the essential oil. Dry ground leaves were subjected to hydrodistillation using a modified Clevenger-type apparatus and the resulting oil contained camphor (54.7%), camphene (11.7%), 1,8-cineol (9.9%), b-thujone (5.6%) and a- pinene (2.5%). The mortality of 7 days old adults of Callosobruchus maculatus, Sitophilus oryzae, and Tribolium castaneum increased with concentration from 37 to 926 mL/L and with exposure time from 3 to 24 h. A concentration of 37 mL/L and an exposure time of 24 h was sufficient to obtain 100% kill of the insects. Callosobruchus maculatus was significantly more susceptible than S. oryzae and T. castaneum; a second more detailed bioassay gave estimates for the LC50 of C. maculatus as 1.45 mL/L, S. oryzae 3.86 mL/L and T. castaneum 16.76 mL/L. These results suggested that A. sieberi oil may have potential as a control agent against C. maculatus, S. oryzae and T. castaneum. r 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Keywords: Stored-product insects; Artemisia sieberi; Botanical insecticides; Fumigant toxicity
1. Introduction Pest control in many storage systems depends on fumigation with either methyl bromide or phosphine. The use of methyl bromide is being restricted because of its potential to damage the ozone layer (Butler and Rodriguez, 1996; MBTOC, 1998). The future use of phosphine could be threatened by the further development of resistant strains (Bell and Wilson, 1995; Daglish and Collins, 1999). Many alternatives have been tested to replace methyl bromide fumigation for stored product and quarantine uses. During recent years, some plants have been receiving global attention and their secondary metabolites have been formulated as botanical pesticides for plant protection since they do not leave residues toxic to the environment, have lower toxicity to mammals and medicinal properties for humans (Duke, 1985). Artemisia species (Asteracae) are Corresponding author. Tel.: +98 21 44196522; fax: +98 21 44196524.
E-mail address: [email protected] (S. Moharramipour). 0022-474X/$ - see front matter r 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. doi:10.1016/j.jspr.2006.02.002
widely used medicinal plants in folk medicine. Some species such as A. absinthium L., A. annua L. or A. vulgaris L. have been incorporated into the pharmacopoeias of several European and Asian countries (Proksch, 1992). Many of the substances elaborated by the genus are toxic to pathogens or show other significant physiological activity and may be used in human diets or for animal fodder (Heywood and Humphries 1977; Janssen et al., 1987). For example, the essential oil of A. herba-alba Asso inhibited the asexual reproduction of Aspergillus niger Tiegh, Penicillium italicum Wehmer and Zygorrhychus sp. (Tantaoui-Elaraki et al., 1993). Moreover, Artemisia species may possess insecticidal, repellent or antifeedent properties (Grainge and Ahmed, 1988; Arnason et al., 1989; Jacobson, 1989; Shakarami et al., 2004a, b, c). Artemisia scoparia Waldst and Kit showed fumigant activity against several stored-product pests (Negahban et al., 2004; Negahban and Moharramipour, 2005). Extracts of A. absinthium L. have been shown to possess a range of biological activities, including insecticidal action as an
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alcoholic extract against the storage pest Sitophilus granarius L. (Ignatowicz and Wesolowska, 1994) and nematocidal action against Meloidogyne incognata (Kofoid and White) (Walker, 1995). Artemisia sieberi Besser (Asteraceae) is a typical desert plant that grows in Iran, Palestine, Syria, Iraq, Turkey, Afghanistan and Central Asia (Podlech, 1986). The present study was conducted to determine the efficiency of the essential oil from A. sieberi as a fumigant in the management of Callosobruchus maculatus (F.), Sitophilus oryzae (L.), and Tribolium castaneum (Herbst). 2. Materials and methods 2.1. Insect cultures Callosobruchus maculatus, S. oryzae and T. castaneum were reared on bean grains, whole rice and wheat flour mixed with yeast (10:1, w/w), respectively. Adult insects, 1–7 days old, were used for fumigant toxicity tests. The cultures were maintained in the dark in a growth chamber set at 2771 1C and 6575% r.h. All experiments were carried out under the same environmental conditions. 2.2. Plant materials Aerial parts of A. sieberi were collected at full-flowering stage in December, 2003 from Qom province in Iran. The Research Institute of Forests and Rangelands, Tehran, Iran confirmed the identity of the plant. The plant material was dried naturally on laboratory benches at room temperature (23–24 1C) for 5 days until crisp. The dried material was stored at 24 1C until needed and then hydrodistilled to extract its essential oil. 2.3. Extraction and analysis of essential oil Essential oil was extracted from the plant samples using a Clevenger-type apparatus where the plant material is subjected to hydrodistillation. Conditions of extraction were: 50 g of air-dried sample; 1:10 plant material/water volume ratio, 4 h distillation. Anhydrous sodium sulphate was used to remove water after extraction. Oil yield (2.9% w/w) was calculated on a dry weight basis. Extracted oil was stored in a refrigerator at 4 1C. Gas chromatographic (GC) analysis was performed with a Shimadzu GC-9A with helium as a carrier gas with a linear velocity of 30 cm/s on a DB-5 column (30 m 0.25 mm i.d, 0.25 mm film thickness). The oven was programmed to rise to a 60 1C (3 min) isotherm, and then to 210 1C at a rate of 3 1C/ min. Injector and detector temperatures were 300 and 270 1C, respectively. The GC mass analysis was carried out on a Varian 3400 equipped with a DB-5 column with the same characteristics as the one used in GC. The transfer line temperature was 260 1C. The ionization energy was 70 eV with a scan time of 1 s and
mass range of 40–300 amu. Unknown essential oil components were identified by comparing their GC retention times to those of known compounds and by comparison of their mass spectra, either with known compounds or published spectra. 2.4. Fumigant toxicity To determine the fumigant toxicity of the A. sieberi oil, filter papers (Whatman No. 1, cut into 2 cm diameter pieces) were impregnated with oil at doses calculated to give equivalent fumigant concentrations of 37–926 mL/L in air. The impregnated filter papers were then attached to the screw caps of glass vials with volumes of 27 mL. Caps were screwed tightly on the vials, each of which contained separately 10 adults (1–7 days old) of each species of insect. Each concentration and control was replicated five times. Mortality was determined after 3, 6, 9, 12 and 24 h from commencement of exposure. When no leg or antennal movements were observed, insects were considered dead. Percentage insect mortality was calculated using the Abbott correction formula for natural mortality in untreated controls (Abbott, 1925). Another experiment was designed to assess 50% and 95% lethal doses. A series of dilutions was prepared to evaluate mortality of insects after an initial dose-setting experiment. Ten adult insects were put into 280 mL glass bottles with screw lids, which were dosed as described in the first experiment above. Concentrations of the oil tested on C. maculatus were 0, 0.70, 1.07, 1.43, 1.79, 2.14, 2.50, 2.86 and 3.21 mL/L air. Sitophilus oryzae was evaluated at 0, 1.43, 1.74, 2.14, 2.86, 3.57, 4.29, 5.36, 6.07, 7.14 and 8.93 mL/L air, and Tribolium castaneum at 0, 10.71, 14.29, 17.86, 21.43, 25.00, 28.57 and 32.14 mL/L air. Control insects were kept under the same conditions without any essential oil. Each dose was replicated five times. The number of dead and live insects in each bottle was counted 24 h after initial exposure to the essential oil. The mortality was determined as described in the earlier experiment. The treatment bottles were monitored for at least 48 h after recording the data and no affected insects recovered. Probit analysis (Finney, 1971) was used to estimate LC50 and LC95 values. 3. Results 3.1. Fumigant toxicity In all cases, considerable differences in mortality of insects to essential oil vapour were observed with different concentrations and times. From the graph in Fig. 1 it can be seen that, A. sieberi oil was relatively more toxic to C. maculatus than to S. oryzae and T. castaneum. The lowest concentration (37 mL/L) of the oil yielded 100% mortality of C. maculatus after a 12 h exposure but the mortalities of S. oryzae and T. castaneum at the lowest concentration were 76% and 60% after 12 h,
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37 µL/L C. maculatus S. oryzae T. castaneum
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100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 21
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100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0
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926 µL/L
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Exposure time (hours) Fig. 1. Percentage mortality of Callosobruchus maculatus, Sitophilus oryzae and Tribolium castaneum exposed for various periods of time to essential oil from Artemisia sieberi impregnated on filter paper discs and held at 27 1C and 65% r.h.
respectively. Total mortality of all three species was achieved with the lowest concentration after 24 h of exposure. At 444 mL/L air A. sieberi oil against C. maculatus caused about 50% mortality with a 3 h exposure and 100% mortality after 6 h. At this concentration 100% mortality was achieved after 12 h for S. oryzae and T. castaneum. At the highest concentration (926 mL/L air), kills of C. maculatus reached 80% with a 3 h exposure. By contrast only about 20% mortality was achieved for S. oryzae and T. castaneum at the same time exposure. The oil at 556 mL/L air caused 100% mortality for S. oryzae and T. castaneum with 9 and 12 h exposure, respectively. Probit analysis showed that C. maculatus was more susceptible (LC50 ¼ 1.453 mL/L air) to A. sieberi oil than S.
oryzae (LC50 ¼ 3.861 mL/L air) and T. castaneum (LC50 ¼ 16.757 mL/L air). The corresponding LC95 were 7.95, 15.55 and 57.32 mL/L air, respectively (Table 1). The estimate of the LC95 for T. castaneum was higher than that implied by the 100% mortality attained at 37 mL/L in the earlier experiment and reflects experimental variability. The estimate of the LC95 in the later experiment was based on a larger number of test insects. 3.2. Chemical constituents of Artemisia sieberi The oil from A. sieberi contained camphor (54.7%), camphene (11.7%), 1,8-cineol (9.9%), b-thujone (5.6%) and a- pinene (2.5%) (Table 2).
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Table 1 Fumigant toxicity of Artemisia sieberi oil against Callosobruchus maculatus, Sitophilus oryzae and Tribolium castaneum Insect species
LC50a,b
LC95a,b
Slope7SE
Degrees of freedom
Chi square (w2)
C. maculatus
1.45 (1.23–1.66) 3.86 (3.49–4.28) 16.76 (14.64–18.61)
7.95 (5.57–14.75) 15.55 (12.23–21.89) 57.32 (44.27–90.64)
2.2370.32
6
6.11
2.7270.26
8
2.29
3.0870.46
5
2.70
S. oryzae T. castaneum a
Units LC50 and LC95 ¼ mL/L air, applied for 24 h at 27 1C. 95% lower and upper fiducial limits are shown in parenthesis.
b
Table 2 Chemical constituents of the essential oil from Artemisia sieberi Compound
Retention index
% Composition A. sieberi
a-Thujene a-Pinene Camphene Sabinene b-Pinene 3-Octanol a-Terpinene P-Cymene 1,8-Cineole Lavender lactone g-Terpinene Artemisia alcohol a-Thujone b-Thujone Myrcenol Camphor Cis-chrysanthenol Pinocarvone Borneol P-Cymen-8-ol Myrtenol Cis-piperitol Trans-piperitol Piperitone
920 932 942 972 976 990 1015 1019 1027 1049 1057 1081 1103 1114 1123 1139 1160 1162 1165 1176 1190 1194 1207 1260
0.59 2.50 11.73 0.69 1.05 0.68 0.26 0.92 9.91 0.15 0.32 0.13 0.56 5.64 0.37 54.68 0.85 1.57 1.29 1.05 0.26 0.64 0.62 1.15
4. Discussion In this study, the essential oil of A. sieberi demonstrated fumigant toxicity to C. maculatus, S. oryzae and T. castaneum. The insecticidal activity varied with insect species, concentrations of the oil and exposure time. The results showed higher mortality rates in C. maculatus than in S. oryzae and T. castaneum. The slopes of the mortality curve were very steep from 6 to 12 h and after this time the slope leveled off. At 444 mL/L air the mortality was 100% after 6 h for C. maculatus and 12 h for S. oryzae and T. castaneum. Studies have not been reported previously concerning the activity of A. sieberi as a fumigant on insect pests. The
fumigant activity of essential oils from other Artemisia species has been evaluated against a number of storedproduct insects including oils from A. annua against T. castaneum and C. maculatus (Tripathi et al., 2000), and from A. tridentata Nutt. against some stored-grain insects (Dunkel and Sears, 1998). Artemisia aucheri Boiss had fumigant activity against C. maculatus, S. oryzae and T. castaneum (Shakarami et al., 2004a,b,c), and A. scoparia oil against S. oryzae and T. castaneum (Negahban et al., 2004; Negahban and Moharramipour, 2005). Repellent activity of oil from A. verlotiorum Lamotte has been demonstrated for T. castaneum (Novo et al., 1997), and from A. saissanica (Krasch.) Filatova for Sitophilus granarius (Adekenov et al., 1990). The A. sieberi oil described here appears to have greater fumigant toxicity than the oils of related species and plant families. Compared with our data, Artemisia tridentata was less effective against S. oryzae (Weaver et al., 1995). The essential oil from Labiatae species (ZP51) resulted in 85–100% mortality in T. castaneum, S. oryzae, Rhyzopertha dominica (F.) and Oryzaephilus surinamensis (L.) within 4 days exposure at 70 mL/L air (Shaaya et al., 1997). The total mortality of A. sieberi oil, however, was achieved at 37 mL/L air within 24 h. The insecticidal constituents of many plant extracts and essential oils are monoterpenoids. Due to their high volatility they have fumigant activity that might be of importance for controlling stored-product insects (Coats et al., 1991; Konstantopoulou et al., 1992; RegnaultRoger and Hamraoui, 1995; Ahn et al., 1998). The toxic effects of A. sieberi could be attributed to major constituents such as camphor (54.7%), camphene (11.7%), 1,8-cineol (9.9%) and a-pinene (2.5%). The monoterpene camphor might have broad insecticidal activity against stored-product insects and act as the fumigant in A. sieberi oil. In a detailed study, it has been reported that camphor from A. tridentata (Dunkel and Sears, 1998), and 1,8-cineol from Ocimum kenyense (Ayobangira) (Obeng-Ofori et al., 1997) are toxic and repellent against some stored-product beetles. Ojimelukwe and Adler (1999) found a-pinene was toxic to Tribolium confusum du Val.
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The genus Artemisia is a member of the large and evolutionary advanced plant family Asteracae (Compositae). More than 300 different species comprise this diverse genus which is mainly found in arid and semi-arid areas of Europe, America, and North Africa as well as in Asia (Heywood and Humphries, 1977). Artemisia is a genus that grows in many areas of Iran. We have collected A. sieberi from dry lands located in the vicinity of Qom Lake, and as the results showed this genus is highly toxic to storedproduct insects. Iran is situated in arid and semi-arid areas and has many endemic aromatic plants from different families. It therefore seems very worthwhile to mount a comprehensive screening program to determine the insecticidal efficacy of such plants.
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