- Email: [email protected]
Functional importance of the plant microbiome: Implications for agriculture, forestry and bioenergy: A book review
Journal of Cleaner Production 178 (2018) 877e879
Contents lists available at ScienceDirect
Journal of Cleaner Production journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/jclepro
Book Review
Functional importance of the plant microbiome: Implications for agriculture, forestry and bioenergy: A book review
a b s t r a c t Keywords: Plant microbiome Endophytes Functional importance Nutrient acquisition Plant growth and health Sustainable agriculture
The global demand for agricultural production will assume increased due continuous increase of worldwide populations. Therefore, there is need for enhancing farm production in sustainable way within the cultivable land and horrible climate conditions with gradually decreasing nutritional quality of food, soil fertility, health and water quality. Others, problem is green revolution which causes the similar problem of soil fertility loss and pesticide contamination in environment. So scientific communities are thinking and doing research for sustainable development. In that case, plant microbiome can be one sustainable approach for enhancing agricultural productivity and food quality as well as soil quality. It is involved a potential role to reduce the occurrence of plant disease, increase agricultural production, reduce chemical inputs, and reduce emissions of greenhouse gases resulting in more sustainable agricultural practices. In this book review, we attempt to explore about functional importance of plant microbiome in term of sustainable development. © 2018 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Functional Importance of the Plant Microbiome: Implications for Agriculture, Forestry and Bioenergy Edited by Sharon Lafferety Doty, published by Springer, 2017, Price:91,62V; eBook ISBN 9783-319-65897-1; doi:10.1007/978-3-319-65897-1; Page No. 111 (Fig 1). In future for food and nutrient security, the global demand for agricultural production will suppose increased due to enhancing populations. Therefore, there is need for enhancing farm production within the cultivable land and horrible climate conditions with gradually decreasing soil and water quality. Currently, plant microbiome is the one alternative to solve the environmental issues and challenges i.e., increase farm productivity and soil fertility and health to provide healthy and nutrient rich food for every person. While, the microbiome of human is essential for our health (Quiza et al., 2015), consequently also the plant microbiome is essential for plant health, however maybe more so. Meanwhile plants may not move that's why plants suffer with new challenges in getting adequate nutrients from a limited area, protecting beside insecticidal, bacterial and fungal pathogen, and bearing multiple stresses i.e., temperature, drought, salinity, pesticides and other pollutants. The plant microbiome can support plants overwhelmed environmental challenges. Subsequent inherent alteration is * Present address: Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Hawkesbury Campus, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, NSW 2750, Sydney, Australia.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.01.043 0959-6526
comparatively sluggish in plants, there is a diverse benefit in acquiring an effective microbiome that can be adapted faster in a changing climate. Although rhizosphere microbes studied widely for decades, it has recently been investigated that plants are having living microorganisms in their body which is more intimately associated with endophytes. However, it is perfect that plant microbiome can play as significant role in enhancing plant growth and health. By developing ecosystems inside plants, endophytic microbes are elaborate in the acquisition of nutrients and cycling, intermingling through complex ways between both. Microbiome specific members may differ dependent on the climatic factors, genotype and species of plant (Bonito et al., 2014; Edwards et al., 2015). Microbiomes is crucial for the survival of plants, as microorganisms in plants describe more or more than phenotypic variations as plant genotype. In plant ecology study, therefore, individual plant would be measured by way of plant with microbiome closely linked microbiota (“holobiont”) which plays an important role for adaptation of plant to the environmental Challenges (Vandenkoornhuyse et al., 2015). So that plant microbiome may be novel tools and techniques for boosting the cleaner and sustainable production of agriculture under changing the climate (Singh and Trivedi, 2017). The plant microbiome plays a significant role in supporting plant health and it serves as a pool of additional genes that plants can access when required. Plant microbiome is the most suitable option for improving agricultural productivity and food quality in
878
Book Review / Journal of Cleaner Production 178 (2018) 877e879
Fig. 1. Cover page of book.
a sustainable way. The plant microbiome is involved in enhancing nutrient acquisition, plant growth, agriculture production, stress tolerance reduces chemical input, and reduce emissions of greenhouse gases. Modification of the plant microbiome play a potential role to reduce the occurrence of plant disease, increase agricultural production, reduce chemical inputs, and reduce emissions of greenhouse gases resulting in more sustainable agricultural practices. Through a good understanding of beneficial plant-microbiome interactions, enhancements in the economic and ecological sustainability of agriculture, forestry, and bioenergy may be succeeded. Now all three of these industries, a decrease in inputs, whether it be chemical fertilizer, water, or pesticides, would lead to major cost savings. The application of biofertilizers and bio-inoculants has currently increased acceptance among agricultural biotechnology companies, with the global market for bio-stimulants for plants estimated to rise to USD 3.6 billion by 2022 (Timmusk et al., 2017). Furthermore, the financial profits of suitable endophyte inoculations, significant improvements in the environmental sustainability of these industries can be made by reducing the effects to aquatic ecosystems from chemical run-off, decreasing greenhouse gas emissions, and reducing the depletion rate of groundwater reserves. However, the positive implications of endophyte inoculations for agriculture have been well studied
(Timmusk et al., 2017; Mahanty et al., 2017; Lugtenberg et al., 2016; Le et al., 2017), fewer attention has been assumed to possible impacts on forestry (Germaine et al., 2010; Santoyo et al., 2016). By supplementing the microbiome of nursery stock at the greenhouse stage, foresters and restoration experts can be competent to decrease the mortality rate during formation and adaptation. Through the augmented incidence and a period of drought, and the enhanced cost of fertilizers, the improved flexibility and growth of trees from microbial inoculants would be a financial benefit for the forestry industry. By inadequate arable lands and resources for both agriculture and bioenergy production, biomass for bioenergy would perfectly be produced with less inputs and on marginal lands without challenging with agriculture. Plant-microbe's interaction as symbiosis can allow for the survival of plants to overwhelm the challenges faced with environmental stress, including low-nutrient soils with limited water. Overwhelming such challenges may be smooth more critical while they are challenged with the augmented temperatures and re-localization of precipitation seen with climate change. Through considerate the natural plant-microbe interactions at work to upsurge plant stress tolerance in biomass crops, symbiosis based technologies will be established with enhanced biomass production. Populus is a common plant for biomass production for cellulosic ethanol (Germaine et al., 2010). Diazotrophic endophytes can be increase drought tolerance ability which could consequently be accustomed enhance the biomass production. In this book review, we have attempted to summarize the description of all book chapters regarding plants microbiome and its application for enhancing sustainable agricultural production as well as soil fertility and health under changing climate. In continuation, this book highlights the details about plant microbiome and their functional importance for enhancing agricultural productivity. Others importance of this book is to focus for increasing biomass of grass and forestry for bioenergy production because more biomass can be used as bioethanol production by application of cellulose degrading microbes. Also this book describes about current knowledge of endophyitc microbes and their characterization and screening, and how this differs from free-living soil microbial communities, which factors drive microbiomes within and between species and how plant microbiome variety and significant impact on the host. Endophytic microbes present inside the body of plant which increase the overall growth and health of plant in direct and indirect mechanism e.g., biological nitrogen fixation, nutrient solubilization, phytophormones production, siderophore production and enhance photosynthetic efficiency and, pathogen resistance (Turner et al., 2013). In other words, the main aim of this book is to compile and present a basic understanding of plant microbiome and its significant role in nitrogen fixation, phosphate solubilization, production of plant hormones and siderophore for enhancing plant growth and yields as well as soil fertility and health under climate change. The book is comprised of six chapters, covering plant microbiome as key subject areas. Each chapter is divided into sections, and then sections are divided into topical subsections, each of them dealing with a different aspect of plant microbiome and its application for human being as sustainable manner. The first chapter focuses on the functional importance of endophytes to increase plant growth and health. The second and third chapters discuss about the key role of endophytic microbes of increasing the nutrient availability for plants through N2-fixation, P- solubilization and production of siderophore and ammonia. In chapter fourth describes how the phytobiome can improve photosynthetic and water use efficacy in helping plant growth and productivity. The fifth
Book Review / Journal of Cleaner Production 178 (2018) 877e879
chapter emphases briefly about stress tolerance endophytes and its major role to promote plant growth attributes under abiotic stresses including temperature, drought, and salinity. In the last, the chapter six describes details about plant hormones producing endophytes and its implication to synthesis, multiple plant hormones or modulating the host phytohormones for improving both plant growth and stress tolerance ability to sustain under changing climate. To make best use of the benefits of these symbioses, further research is needed for understanding at the mechanistic level how endophytes perform all of these integral roles for the host plant. It is time for a greener revolution, not based on chemical applications but only based on natural plant-microbe partnerships. Finally, this book describes key importance of plant microbiome for enhancing plant growth attributes and yields with minimal use of fertilizers, and irrigation. The major benefits of endophytic microbes for making symbiosis association with plant for providing nutrients which is an alternative to chemical inputs for agriculture, forestry, and bioenergy have been discussed briefly in this book. The drawback of this book is that editor not given any chapter regarding molecular characterization and diversity analysis of plant microbiome and their molecular mechanism of host interaction with the environment. Others future prospective and challenges should be considered at the end of each chapter. Otherwise, this book is good for a general understating about plant microbiome and its mechanism and significant role in enhancing plant growth and productivity under changing the climate. This book is beneficial for the multidisciplinary aspect for scientists and researchers and industry expert who is working in the field of plant microbiome, soil microbiology, plant-microbe interaction, food microbiology, sustainable agriculture and industrial microbiology. Acknowledgment Author are grateful to DBT for providing the fellowship of IndoAustralia Carrier Boosting Gold Fellowship to me for working on microbiome research with colloboartion of Prof. Brajesh Kumar Singh for provide laboratory and infrastructure at Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western, Sydney University, Penrith, NSW, Australia.
879
References Bonito, G., Reynolds, H., Robeson, M.S., Nelson, J., Hodkinson, B.P., Tuskan, G., Schadt, C.W., Vilgalys, R., 2014. Plant host and soil origin influence fungal and bacterial assemblages in the roots of woody plants. Mol. Ecol. 23, 3356e3370. Edwards, J., Johnson, C., Santos-Medellin, C., Lurie, E., Podishetty, N.K., Bhatnagar, S., Eisen, J.A., Sundaresan, V., 2015. Structure, variation, and assembly of the rootassociated microbiomes of rice. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 112, E911eE920. Germaine, K.J., Chhabra, S., Song, B., Brazil, D., Dowling, D.N., 2010. Microbes and sustainable production of biofuel crops: a nitrogen perspective. Biofue 1, 877e888. Le, C.K., Gurr, S.J., Hirsch, P.R., Mauchline, T.H., 2017. Exploitation of endophytes for sustainable agricultural intensification. Mol. Plant Pathol. 18, 469e473. Lugtenberg, B.J., Caradus, J.R., Johnson, L.J., 2016. Fungal endophytes for sustainable crop production. FEMS Microbiol. Ecol. 92. Mahanty, T., Bhattacharjee, S., Goswami, M., Bhattacharyya, P., Das, B., Ghosh, A., Tribedi, P., 2017. Biofertilizers: a potential approach for sustainable agriculture development. Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. Int. 24, 3315e3335. Quiza, L., St-Arnaud, M., Yergeau, E., 2015. Harnessing phytomicrobiome signaling for rhizosphere microbiome engineering. Front. Plant Sci. 6, 507. Santoyo, G., Moreno-Hagelsieb, G., Del, C.M., Glick, B.R., 2016. Plant growthpromoting bacterial endophytes. Microbiol. Res. 183, 92e99. Singh, B.K., Trivedi, P., 2017. Microbiome and the future for food and nutrient security. Microb. Biotech. 10 (1), 50e53. Timmusk, S., Behers, L., Muthoni, J., Muraya, A., Aronsson, A.C., 2017. Perspectives and challenges of microbial application for crop improvement. Front. Plant Sci. 8, 49. Turner, T.R., Euan, K.J., Poole, P.S., 2013. The plant microbiome. Gen. Biol. 14, 209. Vandenkoornhuyse, P., Quaiser, A., Duhamel, M., Le, V.A., Dufresne, A., 2015. The importance of the microbiome of the plant holobiont. New Phytol. 206, 1196e1206.
Jay Prakash Vermaa,b,* Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Hawkesbury Campus, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, NSW 2750, Sydney, Australia a
b
Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, Uttar Pradesh, India * Present address: Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Hawkesbury Campus, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, NSW 2750, Sydney, Australia. E-mail addresses: [email protected], [email protected], [email protected].
Contents lists available at ScienceDirect
Journal of Cleaner Production journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/jclepro
Book Review
Functional importance of the plant microbiome: Implications for agriculture, forestry and bioenergy: A book review
a b s t r a c t Keywords: Plant microbiome Endophytes Functional importance Nutrient acquisition Plant growth and health Sustainable agriculture
The global demand for agricultural production will assume increased due continuous increase of worldwide populations. Therefore, there is need for enhancing farm production in sustainable way within the cultivable land and horrible climate conditions with gradually decreasing nutritional quality of food, soil fertility, health and water quality. Others, problem is green revolution which causes the similar problem of soil fertility loss and pesticide contamination in environment. So scientific communities are thinking and doing research for sustainable development. In that case, plant microbiome can be one sustainable approach for enhancing agricultural productivity and food quality as well as soil quality. It is involved a potential role to reduce the occurrence of plant disease, increase agricultural production, reduce chemical inputs, and reduce emissions of greenhouse gases resulting in more sustainable agricultural practices. In this book review, we attempt to explore about functional importance of plant microbiome in term of sustainable development. © 2018 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Functional Importance of the Plant Microbiome: Implications for Agriculture, Forestry and Bioenergy Edited by Sharon Lafferety Doty, published by Springer, 2017, Price:91,62V; eBook ISBN 9783-319-65897-1; doi:10.1007/978-3-319-65897-1; Page No. 111 (Fig 1). In future for food and nutrient security, the global demand for agricultural production will suppose increased due to enhancing populations. Therefore, there is need for enhancing farm production within the cultivable land and horrible climate conditions with gradually decreasing soil and water quality. Currently, plant microbiome is the one alternative to solve the environmental issues and challenges i.e., increase farm productivity and soil fertility and health to provide healthy and nutrient rich food for every person. While, the microbiome of human is essential for our health (Quiza et al., 2015), consequently also the plant microbiome is essential for plant health, however maybe more so. Meanwhile plants may not move that's why plants suffer with new challenges in getting adequate nutrients from a limited area, protecting beside insecticidal, bacterial and fungal pathogen, and bearing multiple stresses i.e., temperature, drought, salinity, pesticides and other pollutants. The plant microbiome can support plants overwhelmed environmental challenges. Subsequent inherent alteration is * Present address: Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Hawkesbury Campus, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, NSW 2750, Sydney, Australia.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.01.043 0959-6526
comparatively sluggish in plants, there is a diverse benefit in acquiring an effective microbiome that can be adapted faster in a changing climate. Although rhizosphere microbes studied widely for decades, it has recently been investigated that plants are having living microorganisms in their body which is more intimately associated with endophytes. However, it is perfect that plant microbiome can play as significant role in enhancing plant growth and health. By developing ecosystems inside plants, endophytic microbes are elaborate in the acquisition of nutrients and cycling, intermingling through complex ways between both. Microbiome specific members may differ dependent on the climatic factors, genotype and species of plant (Bonito et al., 2014; Edwards et al., 2015). Microbiomes is crucial for the survival of plants, as microorganisms in plants describe more or more than phenotypic variations as plant genotype. In plant ecology study, therefore, individual plant would be measured by way of plant with microbiome closely linked microbiota (“holobiont”) which plays an important role for adaptation of plant to the environmental Challenges (Vandenkoornhuyse et al., 2015). So that plant microbiome may be novel tools and techniques for boosting the cleaner and sustainable production of agriculture under changing the climate (Singh and Trivedi, 2017). The plant microbiome plays a significant role in supporting plant health and it serves as a pool of additional genes that plants can access when required. Plant microbiome is the most suitable option for improving agricultural productivity and food quality in
878
Book Review / Journal of Cleaner Production 178 (2018) 877e879
Fig. 1. Cover page of book.
a sustainable way. The plant microbiome is involved in enhancing nutrient acquisition, plant growth, agriculture production, stress tolerance reduces chemical input, and reduce emissions of greenhouse gases. Modification of the plant microbiome play a potential role to reduce the occurrence of plant disease, increase agricultural production, reduce chemical inputs, and reduce emissions of greenhouse gases resulting in more sustainable agricultural practices. Through a good understanding of beneficial plant-microbiome interactions, enhancements in the economic and ecological sustainability of agriculture, forestry, and bioenergy may be succeeded. Now all three of these industries, a decrease in inputs, whether it be chemical fertilizer, water, or pesticides, would lead to major cost savings. The application of biofertilizers and bio-inoculants has currently increased acceptance among agricultural biotechnology companies, with the global market for bio-stimulants for plants estimated to rise to USD 3.6 billion by 2022 (Timmusk et al., 2017). Furthermore, the financial profits of suitable endophyte inoculations, significant improvements in the environmental sustainability of these industries can be made by reducing the effects to aquatic ecosystems from chemical run-off, decreasing greenhouse gas emissions, and reducing the depletion rate of groundwater reserves. However, the positive implications of endophyte inoculations for agriculture have been well studied
(Timmusk et al., 2017; Mahanty et al., 2017; Lugtenberg et al., 2016; Le et al., 2017), fewer attention has been assumed to possible impacts on forestry (Germaine et al., 2010; Santoyo et al., 2016). By supplementing the microbiome of nursery stock at the greenhouse stage, foresters and restoration experts can be competent to decrease the mortality rate during formation and adaptation. Through the augmented incidence and a period of drought, and the enhanced cost of fertilizers, the improved flexibility and growth of trees from microbial inoculants would be a financial benefit for the forestry industry. By inadequate arable lands and resources for both agriculture and bioenergy production, biomass for bioenergy would perfectly be produced with less inputs and on marginal lands without challenging with agriculture. Plant-microbe's interaction as symbiosis can allow for the survival of plants to overwhelm the challenges faced with environmental stress, including low-nutrient soils with limited water. Overwhelming such challenges may be smooth more critical while they are challenged with the augmented temperatures and re-localization of precipitation seen with climate change. Through considerate the natural plant-microbe interactions at work to upsurge plant stress tolerance in biomass crops, symbiosis based technologies will be established with enhanced biomass production. Populus is a common plant for biomass production for cellulosic ethanol (Germaine et al., 2010). Diazotrophic endophytes can be increase drought tolerance ability which could consequently be accustomed enhance the biomass production. In this book review, we have attempted to summarize the description of all book chapters regarding plants microbiome and its application for enhancing sustainable agricultural production as well as soil fertility and health under changing climate. In continuation, this book highlights the details about plant microbiome and their functional importance for enhancing agricultural productivity. Others importance of this book is to focus for increasing biomass of grass and forestry for bioenergy production because more biomass can be used as bioethanol production by application of cellulose degrading microbes. Also this book describes about current knowledge of endophyitc microbes and their characterization and screening, and how this differs from free-living soil microbial communities, which factors drive microbiomes within and between species and how plant microbiome variety and significant impact on the host. Endophytic microbes present inside the body of plant which increase the overall growth and health of plant in direct and indirect mechanism e.g., biological nitrogen fixation, nutrient solubilization, phytophormones production, siderophore production and enhance photosynthetic efficiency and, pathogen resistance (Turner et al., 2013). In other words, the main aim of this book is to compile and present a basic understanding of plant microbiome and its significant role in nitrogen fixation, phosphate solubilization, production of plant hormones and siderophore for enhancing plant growth and yields as well as soil fertility and health under climate change. The book is comprised of six chapters, covering plant microbiome as key subject areas. Each chapter is divided into sections, and then sections are divided into topical subsections, each of them dealing with a different aspect of plant microbiome and its application for human being as sustainable manner. The first chapter focuses on the functional importance of endophytes to increase plant growth and health. The second and third chapters discuss about the key role of endophytic microbes of increasing the nutrient availability for plants through N2-fixation, P- solubilization and production of siderophore and ammonia. In chapter fourth describes how the phytobiome can improve photosynthetic and water use efficacy in helping plant growth and productivity. The fifth
Book Review / Journal of Cleaner Production 178 (2018) 877e879
chapter emphases briefly about stress tolerance endophytes and its major role to promote plant growth attributes under abiotic stresses including temperature, drought, and salinity. In the last, the chapter six describes details about plant hormones producing endophytes and its implication to synthesis, multiple plant hormones or modulating the host phytohormones for improving both plant growth and stress tolerance ability to sustain under changing climate. To make best use of the benefits of these symbioses, further research is needed for understanding at the mechanistic level how endophytes perform all of these integral roles for the host plant. It is time for a greener revolution, not based on chemical applications but only based on natural plant-microbe partnerships. Finally, this book describes key importance of plant microbiome for enhancing plant growth attributes and yields with minimal use of fertilizers, and irrigation. The major benefits of endophytic microbes for making symbiosis association with plant for providing nutrients which is an alternative to chemical inputs for agriculture, forestry, and bioenergy have been discussed briefly in this book. The drawback of this book is that editor not given any chapter regarding molecular characterization and diversity analysis of plant microbiome and their molecular mechanism of host interaction with the environment. Others future prospective and challenges should be considered at the end of each chapter. Otherwise, this book is good for a general understating about plant microbiome and its mechanism and significant role in enhancing plant growth and productivity under changing the climate. This book is beneficial for the multidisciplinary aspect for scientists and researchers and industry expert who is working in the field of plant microbiome, soil microbiology, plant-microbe interaction, food microbiology, sustainable agriculture and industrial microbiology. Acknowledgment Author are grateful to DBT for providing the fellowship of IndoAustralia Carrier Boosting Gold Fellowship to me for working on microbiome research with colloboartion of Prof. Brajesh Kumar Singh for provide laboratory and infrastructure at Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western, Sydney University, Penrith, NSW, Australia.
879
References Bonito, G., Reynolds, H., Robeson, M.S., Nelson, J., Hodkinson, B.P., Tuskan, G., Schadt, C.W., Vilgalys, R., 2014. Plant host and soil origin influence fungal and bacterial assemblages in the roots of woody plants. Mol. Ecol. 23, 3356e3370. Edwards, J., Johnson, C., Santos-Medellin, C., Lurie, E., Podishetty, N.K., Bhatnagar, S., Eisen, J.A., Sundaresan, V., 2015. Structure, variation, and assembly of the rootassociated microbiomes of rice. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 112, E911eE920. Germaine, K.J., Chhabra, S., Song, B., Brazil, D., Dowling, D.N., 2010. Microbes and sustainable production of biofuel crops: a nitrogen perspective. Biofue 1, 877e888. Le, C.K., Gurr, S.J., Hirsch, P.R., Mauchline, T.H., 2017. Exploitation of endophytes for sustainable agricultural intensification. Mol. Plant Pathol. 18, 469e473. Lugtenberg, B.J., Caradus, J.R., Johnson, L.J., 2016. Fungal endophytes for sustainable crop production. FEMS Microbiol. Ecol. 92. Mahanty, T., Bhattacharjee, S., Goswami, M., Bhattacharyya, P., Das, B., Ghosh, A., Tribedi, P., 2017. Biofertilizers: a potential approach for sustainable agriculture development. Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. Int. 24, 3315e3335. Quiza, L., St-Arnaud, M., Yergeau, E., 2015. Harnessing phytomicrobiome signaling for rhizosphere microbiome engineering. Front. Plant Sci. 6, 507. Santoyo, G., Moreno-Hagelsieb, G., Del, C.M., Glick, B.R., 2016. Plant growthpromoting bacterial endophytes. Microbiol. Res. 183, 92e99. Singh, B.K., Trivedi, P., 2017. Microbiome and the future for food and nutrient security. Microb. Biotech. 10 (1), 50e53. Timmusk, S., Behers, L., Muthoni, J., Muraya, A., Aronsson, A.C., 2017. Perspectives and challenges of microbial application for crop improvement. Front. Plant Sci. 8, 49. Turner, T.R., Euan, K.J., Poole, P.S., 2013. The plant microbiome. Gen. Biol. 14, 209. Vandenkoornhuyse, P., Quaiser, A., Duhamel, M., Le, V.A., Dufresne, A., 2015. The importance of the microbiome of the plant holobiont. New Phytol. 206, 1196e1206.
Jay Prakash Vermaa,b,* Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Hawkesbury Campus, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, NSW 2750, Sydney, Australia a
b
Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, Uttar Pradesh, India * Present address: Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Hawkesbury Campus, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, NSW 2750, Sydney, Australia. E-mail addresses: [email protected], [email protected], [email protected].