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Fungi on submerged wood in the Palmiet River, Durban, South Africa
s. AfT. J. Bot.
1998,64(3) 151-162
151
Fungi on submerged wood in the Palmiet River, Durban, South Africa K.O. Hyde", T.K. Goh' and T.O. Steinke' 'Department of Ecology and Biodiversity, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong 20 epa rtment of Botany, University of Durban-Westville, Durban, Republic of South Africa
Received 1J AuguS11997; revised 29 October 1997 Results of an investigation into the fungi associated w ith submerged wood in the Palmiet River, Durban, South Africa are reported . Fifty eight fung i were identified including 28 Ascomycetes and 30 Hyphomycetes. Three are species new to science, including Annulatascus palmietensis K.D. Hyde, Goh & T.O. Steinke, EndophragmieJla bitriseptata Goh,
K.O. Hyde & T.O. Steinke , and Phialogeniculala africana Goh. K.O. Hyde & T.O. Steinke. and are described in this paper. The percentage occurrence of the fungi on wood is given and this is compared with other studies. Keywords ; Ascomycetes, aquatic fung i, freshwater, Hyphomycetes, taxonomy . *To whom correspondence shou ld be addressed .
Introduction The earliest research on aquatic fungi in southern Africa was conducted by Ingold (1958, 1960, 1973) who reported fungi from decaying leaves and foam in streams in Rhodesia (now Zimbabwe) and Swaziland. Thirteen known species and several undescribed species were recorded from Zimbabwe, while in Swaziland five known species. and three undescribed species were collected. The first study of aquatic Hyphomycetes in South Africa was conducted by Greathead (1961) who isolated 18 species, including two new species, from decaying leaves, mainly of indigenous trees, in inland streams in the Eastern Cape Province. Ferreira el al. (1981) studied the aquatic Hyphomycetes on decaying leaves of indigenous stream bank vegetation along the Apies River, near Pretoria, Transvaal. This led to the identification of 18 species representing 10 genera. Following this study, Sinclair et at. ( 1983) reported on a similar investigation along the Hennops river, also near Pretoria. In this study 36 species from 17 genera, and three undescribed species, were isolated. Sinclair and Eicker (1983) also recorded 10 species of aquatic Hyphomycetes isolated from foam recovered from rivers mainly in the Transvaal with occasional collections from other provinces, while Sinclair and Eicker (1981) introduced a new species of Tricladiurn. Webster el al. (1994) isolated over 100 aquatic Hyphomycetes and other conidial fungi from foam in rivers in the Transvaal and inland Natal. Many of these were unidentified and possibly undescribed. Van der Merwe and Jooste ( 1988) carried out a taxonomic and synecological study of aquatic Hyphomycetes in the Mooi River (western Transvaal). This study involved a comparison of leaf litter decomposition between an unpolluted and a polluted locality on the river and was the first study in South Africa to concentrate on the ecological role of these aquatic fungi. In 1994 on the sub-tropical Kwazulu-Natal coast Steinke initiated a taxonomic and ecological study in the Palmiet River to determine the significance of aquatic Hyphomycetes in the decomposition of litter from indigenous stream bank trees (Steinke, in prep.). From this brief review several points emerge: 1. Little research has been conducted on freshwater fungi in South Africa; 2. Most of this research has been concentrated in the former Transvaal Province; 3. Perhaps significantly, the rivers on the warm temperate and subtropical east coast have received little attention; and 4. Most studies have ignored woody vegetation. In this study we have examined the Palmiet River on the sub-
tropical coast of Kwazulu-N atal, i.e. one of the areas that have recieved scant attention in the past.
Materials and Methods Collections of submerged woody material were made from the Palmiet River, Durban by K.D. Hyd e and T.D Steinke during November 1994. They were placed in plastic bags and returned 10 the laboratory, where they were incubated in plastic boxes (Jones & Hyde 1988). Material was examined within two weeks and sporulating fungi were identified. All measurements were made in water. Material is deposited at the Department of Ecology and Biodiversity. The University of Hong Kong herbarium (HK U (M)). The frequency of occurrence is calculated as in Hyde and Goh ( 1997a).
Results and Discussion Notes on selected species Ascomycetes I. Annulafascus palmiefensis K.D. Hyde, Goh & TD. Steinke. sp. nov. lllustrations: Figures 1- 10.
Ascomata 150--440 ).lm diam ., ellipsoidea vel subglobosa, brunnea vel nigra, immersa, semi- imm ersa, vel superficiaies, coriacea, solitia, ostiolata, papillata. Asci 98- 142 x 7- 10.5 ~m , 8-spori, cylindrici, pedicellati, apparatu apicali, 4-4.5 pm diam , 3--4 pm alti praediti. Ascosporae 20-26 x 6- 7 pm, 1- 2 seriatae, fusiformes. 3-septatae, hyalinae. Ascomata 150-440).lm diam ., ellipsoidal or subglobose, dark-brown to black, immersed, semi-immersed, occ as ionally superficiaL coriaceous, solitary, ostio late and beaked. Beak up to 200!Jm long. 70!J111 wide and periphysate. Peridium up to 20 !Jm \vide. comprising several rows of bro\vn-walled. irregu lar, angular ceUs. Paraphyses to 3 !Jm diam at the base, septate. sparse, tapering. Asci 98- 142 x 7- 10.5 !Jm, 8-spored, cylindrical. thin-\va][ed, pedice ll ate. with a relat ively massive refractive J-subglobose apical ring. 4--4.5 ).lm diam. 3-4!Jm high. Ascospores 20--26 x 6-7 IJ.m, 1-2 seriate. short fusiform. t:nd s blunt. 3-septate in mature specimens. hyaline. appearing smooth-wal led.
Holotype; SOUTH AFRICA, Durban, Palmiet River, on submerged wood, Nov. 1994, KD Hyde & TD. Sieinke. SAPR 43 (HKU(M) 2206). Notes: This species resembles Annulalascus velatisporus K.D . Hyde, but differs in that the ascospores are smaller (20- 26 x 6- 7 ~lm, vs 26--42 x 9-12 ~m) , differently shaped (short-fusiform with blunt ends, vs. fusiform ) and lack a mucilaginous sheath. In
152
s. Arr. 1. Bot. 1998. 64( 3)
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.
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15
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Figures 1-19 1-10 Annulalascus palmietellsis (from holotype). 1. Section of ascoma. 2. Neck. 3. Pcridium, 4. Ascus. 5. Apical ring (arrowed). 6-10. Ascospores , 11 ~'erticillium sp. Conidiophorcs bearing verticillate phial ides. 12- 19 Astrosphaeriella lrochus (from HKU(M) 2170). 12, 13. Ascomata on host surface. 14, 15. Asci and trabeculae. 16-]9. Ascospores. Bars : 12 = SOD )Jm: 1,2, 13 = 100 )Jm: 3 ~ 50~m: 4.IJ.I4.15 ~ 211~m: 5 ~ 1O . 1&-19 ~IO ~m .
..1 . vefati.\port/s ascospores are unicellular (except when old) and
are provided with a distinct sheath (Hyde, 1992b).
2. Astrosplzaeriella trochus (Pcnz. & Sace) D . Hawksw., Botanical lournal of the Linnean Society 82: 46 (1981). Illustrations: Figures 12- 19,
Notes: This collection conforms to A. trochus as it has similar sized, brown, 5-septate ascospores, and superficial ascomata. This species is previously known from Uganda, also probably
from a stout grass (Hawksworth, 1981).
3.
Ca~vospora
minima leffers, Mycologia 32: 561. 1940. Illus-
trations: Figures 20- 28. Ascomata arising singly, scattered. immersed on ly at the base. erumpent when young. with remnants of host remaining at the base. forming tee th-likt: flanges. conicaL brown or black. carbonaceous, papil1
Aseomata 400-450)..tm high, 380- 560 )lm diam ., erumpent, conical, carbonaceous. black, ostiolate, solitary or clustered. Interascal tissue composed of trabeculae, to 1 )lm diam, anastomosing. in a gelatinous matrix. Asei 125-160 x 42- 52 )lm, 8-spored, short pedicellate, bitunicate, fissitunicate. Ascospores (36--)42- 50 x ( 19- )20-26 )..tm, 2-3-seriate, broad-fusiform or irregularly diamond shaped, hyaline. then brown at maturity, relatively thick-walled, mostly I-scpate. somt: developing 3 septa. with apical germ pores, and surrounded by a mucilagino us sheath.
Matt:rial examined: KD. Hyde & TO. Steinke SAPR 56 (HKU(M)
Material examined: KD. l(vde & 7'0. Steinke SAPR 60 (HKU(M)
2rO).
2141).
153
s. AIr. 1. Bot. 1998,64(3)
22
21
27 23
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26
25
24
28
31
29
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32
Figures 20-32 20-28 Caryospora minima (HKU(M) 2141). 20. Ascomata. 21, 22 . Asci. 23-28. Ascospores. Note tht: \vidc sheath in 28 (arrowed) . 29- 32 Caryospora caflicarpa (HKU(M) 2224). 29. Ascoma. 30-32 . Ascosport:s. Bars: 20 = 200 f-lm. 21 , 22 = 20 !Jm: 23-2X = 10 ~m: 29 ~ 100 ~m.
4. Caryospora callicarpa (Currey) Nitschke ex Fuckei, Symbolae Mycologicae: 163. 1870. Illustrations: Figures 29- 32.
Notes: The ascospores in the South African collection arc smaller than those reported for America and Europe (Barr 1979).
Ascomata 560--840 /lID high. 650- 100 /lITI diam ., erumpcnt. hcmisphacrical or conical, carbonaceous, hlack, ostiolatc. solitary or clustered. lnterascal tissue composed of trabeculae. to 2 /lITI diam, anastomosing, in a gelatinous matrix. Asci 170- 222 x 54-60 /l1TI. S-spored, short pedicellate, bitunicate, tissitunicate. Ascospores 5866 x 27- 34 ).1lTI. 2- 3 seriate, broad-fusiform or irregularly diamond-shaped. hyaline, then bro\vn at maturity, relatively thick\valled, mostly l-scpatc, some developing 3 septa, with apical germ pores. and surrounded by a mucilaginous sheath.
5. Ophioboilis sp. rllustrations: Figures 33- 36,
Material examined: KD. Hyde & TD. Steinke SAPR 68 (HKU(AI) 222<1).
Ascomata 490--630 I-tm high. 350--630 ~m diam, pyreniform or subglobose. bro\vn to dark-brown. immersed or sem i- immersed , becoming erumpcnt, coriaceous. solitary or gregarious. ostiolatc and papillate. Papilla central. hairy and pcriphysatc. Peridium comprising compressed angular brown-\valled cells, Pseudoparaphyses to 3 !Jm diam, hypha-like, filamentous. septate. n umerous, highl~ branched and anastomosing above the asci. Asci 200-250 x 10- 12: ~m, 8-spored. cylindricaL bitunicatc. tissituni cate. pedice llate. \vith an ocular chamber. Ascospores 190-260 x 2-2.5 )lm. multi seriate. fi liform. one-celled. hyaline.
154
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Figures 33-43 33--36 Ophiobolus sp. (HKU(M) 2170). 33. Ascomata on host surface. 34. Immature ascus. 35, 36. Ascosporcs. 3743 Saccardoella aquatica. 37,38. Asci . 39. Narrow pseudoparaphyses. 40-43. ASG:ospores. Bars: 33 = 500 )lm; 34-43 = 10 ).lm. Material examined: KD. Hyde & TD. Steinke SAPR 47 (HKU(M) 2170).
Notes : Filiform ascospores in bitunicate asci are reminiscent of Ophiobo/us Reiss, although ascospores are multiseptate (Shoemaker 1976). This species has rather long and narrow ascospores for an Ophiobolus species and lacks septa. It is tentatively placed in Ophiobolus, but further collections are needed before it can be . formally described.
6. Saccardoella aquatica K.M. Tsui, K.D. Hyde, U. Hodgkiss & Goh, Mycologi a (In press). Illustrations: Tsui el at. (1998), Figures 37-43. Ascomata immersed, papilla appearing as black. shiny, erumpent, conical, protrusions on the host surface; in section 450--700 )lm di
7()
(HKU(M)
Material examined: on submerged Phragm ites, KD. Hyde & TD. Steinke SAPR 58 (HKU(M) 2129)
8. Bactrodesmium /ongisporum M .B. Ellis, More Dematiaceous Hyphomycetes. CM.I. Kew, England: 68. 1976. Illustration: Figures 69- 73 . Colonies scattered and inconspicuous. Conidiophores 2-4 11m wide, septate, smooth, pale to medium brown, aggregated into erect, dark brown synnemata of 100-400 x 25- 35 j..lm. Conidiogenous cells monoblastic, integrated, terminal, determinate, cylindrical. Conidia phragmosporous, subulate or fusiform, truncate at the base, with the apex often enveloped by a thin spherical mucilaginous sheath, yellowish brown, smooth, 30-60 x 7- 8 ~m .
Material examined: KD. Hyde & (HKU(M) 2224).
TD. Steinke SAPR 67
N otes: B. longisporum was described as a sporodochial fungus
by Ellis (1976) and Hughes (1978). but synnematal forms are accepted by Castaneda Ruiz and Arnold (1985) and Rao and de Hoog (1986).
2202)
9. Camposporium an(ennatum Harkn., Bulletin. California
Hyphomycetes
Academy of Science 1: 37-38. 1951. Illustrations: Figures 5053.
7. AcrodiccVs erecta (Ellis & Everh.) M.B. Ellis, Mycol. Pap. 79: 12. 1961. Illustrations: Figures 44-49. Colonies on wood, black, effuse. Mycelium mostly superficial, com posed of a network of branched, septate, brown, smooth hyphae. Conidiophorcs solitary or in groups of 2-3, straight or slightly flexuous, brown to dark brown, paler at the apex, smooth, septate, 17-80 x 4-7 ~m. Conidiogenous cells monoblastic, integrated, terminal, pro liferating pcrcurrently. Conidia solitary, acrogenous, subsphacricalor slightly obovate, dark brown and opaque, smooth-walled, dictyosporous. 24-40 x 15-22 ~m.
Colonies effuse, olivaceous brown. hairy, somewhat glistening. Mycelium partly immersed and partly superficial. Conidiogenous cells integrated, terminal, polyblastic, sympodial, cylindrical, denticulate. Conidiophores up to 150 ~m long, 5- 8 ~m wide , Conidia solitary, acropleurogenous, smooth, 4- 15 septate, pale brown. end cells paler, 45-75 x 7-9 j..lm, cy li ndrical, obconically truncate at the base, apex rounded or slightly attenuated and bears 1-3 divergent, non-septate, hyaline, up to 40 ~m long appendages.
Material examined: KD. Hyde & TO. Steinke SAPR 13 (HKU(M) 2153,2174 & 2200)
155
S. Afr. 1. Bot. 1998, 64(3)
46
48
47
49
56
58 59
50
51
52
60
53
61
62/"
Figures 44-62 44-49 Acrodictys erecla (HKU(M) 2199). 44, 45. Conidiophores with developing conidia .. 46-49. Conidia. 50-53 Camposporium antennatllm (HKU(M) 2153). SO, SI. Conidiophores and developing conidia. 52, 53. Mature conidia with apical appendages. 5462 PhialogeniclIlata africana (HKU(M) 2 122). 54-57. Conid iophore, and developing conidia. 5~2. Conidia. Bars: 44-53 = 10 ~m, 54 = 50 ~m, 55- 57 = 20 ~m ; 58-j)2 = 5 ~m .
S. Afr. J. Dot. 1998. 64(3)
[56
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curved, 20- 33 x 3-4 1J-111, thick-\valled. smooth, 2-3 -septatc, with thi ck (1-2 ~m wide) septa, so metimes slig htly const ri cted at th e septa, ye llowish brown, uniform in colour, ap ical ce ll usually attl.!nuated to the narrowly rounded ap~~, truncate at the base, with a dis~ tinct basal fri ll derived from thl.! distal cnd orthc conidiogcnous cell.
Holotype: SOUTH AFR [CA, Durban, Pa[miet River, on submerged wood, Nov. 1994, KD. Hyde &- TO. Sleinke, SAI'R 35 (HKU(,'vI) 5184}. Notes: £ndophragmiella B. Sutton presently has 70 members and has been revised by Hughes ([979), Kirk (1985) and Ho[ubova-Jechova (1986) with keys to species. E. bi(J"iseplala is unique in the genus. It is com parable w ith E. cortieola P.M. Ki rk (1982) which is also 1igni co[ous, wit h simple or branched coni diophores arising from superficial hyphae, producing conidia with a distinct basal frill. The latter, however, differs in havin g obel avate, [-3(-4) septate, broader (5-6.5 [lm) conidia, with paler api-
cal cell . Figure 63 Phialogeniculata ajricana (HKU(M) 2 122). Diagrammatic repre sen tation of conidiophorcs and conidia. Bar: 10 llm.
10. Diclyochaelalerlilis (S. Hughes & W.B. Kendr.) Ho[-lech., Fo[ia Geobotanica et Phytotaxonomica 19: 426 ( 1984). [liustrations: Figures 74-79.
Co loni es effuse, brown. Setae fertile, crect, straight or slightly fl exuous, medium brown, smooth, thick-walled, up to 350 11m long, 4--6 /lm wide, more or less cylindrical, with apical region developing into a polyph ia lide. Conidiophores erect, unbraoched, ari sing in fascicles from bases of setae, up to 300 Ilnl long, 4~5 ~lIn, pale brown, paler towards th e apex. Conidiogenous cells polyphialidic, integrated, terminal and otten becoming intercalary, sympodiaJ, with conspicuous co llarettes; co llarettes funnel-shaped, 2.5-4 IJ.m wide, 1.5- 2.5 IJ.m deep. Conid ia form in sli my massess, hyali ne, unicellul ar, sausage-shaped, tapered towards both ends, 12- 15 x 2-3 IJ.m, with a single setula at each end.
Material exam ined : KD. Hyde & TO. Steinke SAPR 12 (HKU(M) ]153) [ [. Elldophragmiel/a bilriseplata Goh, KD. Hyde & TD. Steinke, sp. nov. J\lustrations: Figures 80-86, 96. Coloniae pilosae, atrobrunneae vel fuscae. Mycelium partim superfidale. partim in substrato imm ersum , ex hyphi s, ramosi s, laevibu s, pa ll ide brunneis vel brunneis, septatis, 2-3 .5 IJ.m latis composilum, Conidiophora sc mi-macronemata vel macro nemala, mononemata. I.!X mycelio su perficiali termina liter ve l latcraliter oriunda, erecta vel rc(umbcntia. septata, pall ide brunnnea vel rnodice brunnea, apicem wrsus palJ idiora, 45 - 100 x 2.5- 3.5 IJ-m, per 1-4 regenerations perr.:urrcntcs elongantes. Cellulae con idiogenae monoblasticae, term ina les. determin atae. Conidiorum secessio rhexolytica. Conid ia subcylindrica, recta ve l rari ssime curvata, 20-33 x 3-4 IJ- In , crassitunicata, Jacvia, 2- 3-crassiseptata, interdum ad septa leniler constricta, tlavidobrunm:a, in coloratione uniformia, ad apicem attenuata, ad basem di stinctc fractam ob partem cellulae conidiogenae superiorem lihriata . Colon ies hairy, dark brown to blackish brown. Mycelium partly supcrfici al , partly imm ersed in the substratum , composed of branche'd, smooth, pale brown to brown, septate. 23.5 J.l.m wide hyphae. Conidi ophores semi-maeronematous to macronematous, mononematous. arising termi nally and laterall y from the superficial myceli um . erect or recumbent, septate, pale brown to medium . brown, paler towards the apex, 45- 100 x 2.5-3.5 ~m , regenerating percurrently 1--4 times. Conidiogcnous cells monoblastic, integrated, terminal. dderminate . Conidia subcylindrical, straight or very rarely
12. Phialogeniclliala alricalla Goh, K.D. Hyde & T D . Steinke, sp. nov , Illustrations : Figures 54-62, 63. Coloniae in substrata naturali effusae, brunneae. Setae nullae. Conidiophora macron em ata, solitari a, erecta, simplic ia , recta vel geniculata, septata, interdum ad septa co nstricta, laevia, olivaceobrunnea, apicem versus pa llidi o ra, 35- 70 ~lrn longa, 3-4 .5 ).tm lata, ad apicem atte nuata. Cell ul ae co nidiogenae m onoblasticae vel polyblasticae, in conidiophoris in corporatae, terminales ve l intercalares, colla infu ndibuliformi 3-4 x 1.5- 2.5 l.lITI ferentes, tum sympodialiter repetite proliferatae. Conidia hyali lla, laevia, obclavata, ad basem obcon ica, ad apicem acumi nata, obscure I-septata, septum apicem vers us propinqua, g uttu lala, 11 - 16 x 2.5- 3 [lm, non-setulata. Coloni es on natural substrate effuse, brown. Setae absent. Conid iophores macronematous, solitary, crect, simpl e, straight or repealt:dly genic ul ate, septate, someti mes slightly constricted at tht! septa. smooth-walled, olivaceous brown, paler towards the apex. 35- 70 J.l.m long, 3-4.5 J.l.m wide, attenuated at the apex, sympodially proliferating with persistent coll arettes. Conidiogenous cells monoblastic or polyphialidic, integ rated , term inal and oilen becoming intercalary after sympodial proliferation, with conspicuous collarettes: co ll areLtes funn el-shaped, 3-4 J.lm wide, 1.5- 2.5 J.l.m deep . Conidia fo rmed in co lourl ess slimy masses, hyaline, smooth-walled, obclavate, pointed al the apex, obconic and slightly pap illate at th e base, indistinctly I-septate, with the septum closer to the apex (i.e. at about one quarter length of the conidium from the pointed tip), guttu latc, 1116 x 2.5-3 J.lm , non-setulate.
Holotype: SOUTH AFR[CA, Durban, Pa[miet River, on su bmerged wood, Nov. 1994, K.D. Hyde & TD. Sleinke, SA I'll 54 (HKU(M) 2122). Notes: Matsushim a ( 1971) introduced th e genus PhialogeniclIlata Matsus h. based on P. glladalcanalensis Matsush. to include taxa lacking setae, with e rect, simple, septate, gen iculate conidiophores bearing funne l-shaped collarettes and conidiogeno us
cells proliferating sympodiall y. The conidia are hyalin e, obelavate, septate and non-setulate. P. glladalcanalensis was transferred to Dictyochaela guadalcanalensis by Kuthubutheen and Nawawi ( 199 1) who treated Dictyoehaeta Speg. in a wide sense. Despite the transfer, two further speci es were described by Mat-
sushima ( 1993) namely P. dimorpha Matsush. and P. mulliseplata Matsush ., both of which produced obclavate. septate conidia . A revision of the genu s Dictyochaeta is needed. We feel that species of Phialogeniclilata are di stinct from Dictyochaela at least in the comb inatio n of the following characters: setae lacking, sympodially proliferating, gen icu late conidiophores. and
S.
Mr. J. Bot. 1998, 64(3)
157
66-
67 -
68-
70
~
J
72
-
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., .~
73
1
75 _ _
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.I
79
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Fig ures 64-79 64-68 Sporidesmiella hyalospermllnl vaT. novae-zealandiae (HKU(M) 2155). 64. Conid iophore beari ng conid ia. 65. Con idiophore after conid ia have dt::tachcd show ing a wavy apex due to sllccess ive sympodia l pro li ferations . 66--68. Conid ia. 69-73 Bactrodesmium fongisporum (HKU(M) 2224). 69. A synnema on wood . 70. Apica l portion of synnema showing conidiog~nous ce lls and con idia. 71. Squash mount of synnema showing the apical region of a conidiophore. 72, 73. Conidia with a globose, thin. hyaline, mucilagen. ous sheath at th e apex (arrowed). 74-79 Dic/Yochoetafertilis (HKU(M) 2153).74-76. Conidiophores. 77, 78. Close-up of apical po rtion of eonid iophores showing funne l·shaped philid es. 79. Con idia with setulae (arrowed). Bars: 64-68, 70- 73, 77- 79 = 10 llm . 69 = 40 llm, 74 = 50 ~m,
75, 76
~
20 ~m .
obclavate, septate, nonsetulate conid ia, and prefer to maintain both genera. P. ofricana is si milar to P. guadalcanalensis which also produces uniseptate conidia. The latter diffe rs in having broader conidiophores (4-{i ~m wide) and larger conidia (18-27 x 4.5- 5.5 )1111) . The septum in conidia of P. africana is c loser to the poi nted tip whereas th at in P. guadalcanalensis it is median,
13. Sporidesmie/la /ryalospermum var. novae~zeala"diae (S. Hughes) P.M. K irk. T ra nsactions ' of the Briti sh Myco logical
Soc iety 79: 479. 1982. Illu strations: Figures: 64-68 . Colonies effuse, hairy, brown. Conidiophores sol itary. unbranched. straight or slightly flexuolls, smooth. septate. brown. paler towards th e apex, up to 200 llm long, 3-6 llm wide. Conidiogenolls cells in tegrated, terminal , proliferate sympodially and percurently. Conidia ho loblastic, monobla stic, aerogenous, so litary, dry, sr.:cedi ng schizolytically, usually remaining attached to the side of the co nidio· phares, very pale brown, broadly clavate to obovate. truncate at the
158
S.Afr.J. BOI1998,64(3)
81
88
90 _ _
89--
91
Figures 80--95 80-86 Endophragmielia bitriseptata (HKU(M) 5184). 80. Conidiophores and conidia. 8t. CloseMup of a conidiophore showing rcpeating percurrent proliferations (arrowed). 82. Hyphae, conidiophores and conidia. 83-86. Mature conidia. Note minute frills of wall remnants at the base resulting from rhexolytic conidial secession (arrowed in 83 and 85). 87-92 Stemphyliomma alabamense (HKU(M) 2177). Conidia with hyphal-like cooidiophores. 93-95 Torula herbarum (HKU(M) 2127). Conidia. Bars: 77-92 ~ 10 ~m.
base and broadly rounded at the apex. 3-4 distoseptate, 22-26 x 1214.5 Mm . Material examined: R.D. Hyde & TD. Steinke SAPR 41 (HKU(M) 2155 & 2220).
Notes: ,-)'poridesmiella hyalospermunI (Corda) P.M. Kirk vaT. hya/ospermum, the type, differs from this variety in its conidiophares which are invariably percurrently proliferating and in its conidia which are slightly smaller and more slender (17- 25 x 912).
14. Stemphyliomma alabamellse Matsush., Matsushima Mycological Memoirs. 7: 16.198 L JIlustrations: Figures 84-89. Colonies on natural substrate effusae, scattered. Mycelium partly superficial and partly immersed, comprising septate, hyaline,
smooth, 2-3 ]lm wide hyphae. Conidiophores micronematous to semi-macronernatous, arising terminally or laterally from superficial hyphae, hyaline to subhyaline, 4-16 flITI long, 2.5-4 flm wide. Conidiogenous cells integrated, terminal, monoblastic, determinate, hyaline, usually collapsed when conidia mature. Conidia acrogenous, solitary, fusiform-ellipsoidal, 30-41 x 11-15 flm, truncate at the base, 6-8-septate, versicolored, the two central cells dark brown, with thick septa, progressively paler towards the ends with thinner septa, end cells subhyaline to very pale brown. Material examined: KD. Hyde & TD.. Steinke SAPR 29 (HKU(M) 2177). Notes: This species was originally described from slimy flux on wood of Quercus L. which also produced a blastospore-form of synanamorph in culture (Matsushima 1981). No synanamorph was found in our collection.
159
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Table 1 Frequency of occurence of aquatic fungi on submerged wood in the Palmiet River, Durban, South Africa (organised in decending order of frequency, and then alphabetically) Species
Frequency of occurcncc (%)
HKU(M) number (on wood unless stated)
References
IIyde 1992b
Nms aquallca
34
2158, 2171 (bamboo), 2178 (palm)
Ophioceras sr.
22
2168,2176,2181
Annu/{I((/SCIIS veiatispora
IS
2136, 2142, 2147,2168, 2182 (bamboo)
Hyde 1992a
KirschstellllOlhelwelaSlerascus
12
2125, 2138, 2156. 2168
Shearer 1993
Dipiouw sp.
II
2123,2 149 (bamboo), 2172 (bamboo), 2176
Al1lptodera chesapeakensis
III
2179, 2217, 2218 (bamboo), 2220 (ham boo)
Shearer & Milkr 1977: Shearer 1989
BrachlOsphaera tropicafis
10
2136,2148,2182 (bamboo)
Nawawi 1985
Phoma sp.
10
2123,2153
Pseudo/uE/ollec:1ria adversaria
10
2138, 2139, 2152, 2182 (banlboo)
Shearer 1989
Savoryella aquatica
10
2124,2220 (bamboo)
Hyde 1992a
Campmporium anlennaLUm
8
2153,2174,2200
Ellis 1971
Helicomyces lorquatus Lane & Shcare
8
2127
Lane & Shearer 1984
VerricillLUIJI sp.
8
5185
This paper
6
2143
Ellis 197 1
2219 (bamboo)
Hyde (in press)
Acrogello.l'pora sphaerocephala (Berk. &
Broome) M.B. Ellis lIa/osarphcw rivulicola K.O. Hyde
Tiaro.ljJoreila pa/udosa (Sacc, & Fiori) H'ho.
6
2138,2150,2174,2220
Naj Rag 1993
Ascotaill'(ll1ia palmicola K.D. Hyde
5
2122,2133,2155 (all on bamboo)
Hyde 1995a
Dic(voc!weta fertilis
5
2153
Kuthubutheen & Nawawi 199 1
Ha/usarpheia IOlfea Shearer
5
2179 (palm), 2217, 2218, 2133 (bamboo), 2220 (bamboo)
Shearer 1984
Dlctyosporml/1 heptasporum (Garov.) Damon
4
2156,2184.2200
Ellis 1971
Wong
4
2140 (palm), 2167, 2212
Hyde & Wong 1997
Sporidesmie/la hyalospermum var. nova=ealandiac
4
2131 (bamboo), 2138
KuthubuLheen & Na\vawi 1993
Ceuthospora sp.
3
2149 (bamboo), 2151
Acrodic/ys cree/a
2
2129 (bamboo)
Ellis 1971
Anip/adera lignatilis K.D. Hyde
2
2223,2224
Hyde 1992a
AIIl1uiatasclIs paimielensis
2
2206
This paper
Cercophora sp.
2
2221
Savorye/la curvispora W.H. Ho, K.D. Hyde & 1.1. Hodgkiss
2
2991
Ho etal. 1997
Sporoschisma saccardoi
2
2131 (bamboo), 2138
Goh et al. 1997
Xylumyces gigtlnleus
2
2167,2211
Goh et al. 1997
Anthostomella aqua/lea
2190
Hyde & Gob 1997b
Ascochy/a sp.
2169 (bamboo)
Astrosphaeriella /rachus
2170 (Phragmi/es)
Ja/mula grallulosa K.D. Hyde & S.W.
Hawksworth 1981 ; This paper
S. Afc J. Bot. 1998. 64(3 )
1611
Table 1
Continued Frequency of (lCCUfCnce (%)
HKU(M) number (on wood unless staled)
References
H(lcrrodesntllllll /ongisporum
2224
Rao & de Hoag 1986
Cwule/ahrllll1 hrocchiatum Tubak i
5185
Tubaki 1975
laryospora callicarpa
2224
Barr 1979: Tbis paper
C(//yospora minuna
2141
Barr 1979: This paper
COlloplea sp.
2220 (bamboo)
Species
Delitscllia /Ju/miclcnsis K.D . H~de & SRIP 23150
Hyde & Steinke 1996
5184
This paper
I Iyde & E.B.G . Jones
22118 (bamboo)
Wong el al. 1997b
Ha/o .\'{I/'l)ileill semiguttu!ata S.W. Wong. K.D. H) de & E.B.G. Jones
2 175
Wong el (I/ 1997a
I feiu'Oll1l'CeS sp. 2
5185
)aIIl1111(1 OllSfraliensis K.D. Hyde
2156 (on wood)
Hyde 1992c; Hyde & Wong 1997
2154 (on Phragmiles)
Hyde & Aptroot 1997
2166
Hyde 1995b: Hyde & Aptroot 1997
J!ollodic(vs putredinis (Wallr.) S. Hughes
2129 (bamboo)
Ellis 1971
A'awaww dendrol(/ea K.D. Hyde. Gah & Steinke
BRIP 22870. 2287 1
Hyde el a/. 1996
Ophiubolus sp.
2170
Phaeoisaria c/ematidis (Fucke1) S. Hughes
5185
Ellis 1971
PhW/ogfllllClllata a/ricano
21 22 (bamboo)
This paper
Saccardoe/hl (((ricww
2202
Tsui et (II. in press
.)"uvO/:velln Irgnicola
2606
Hyde 1992c
StemphylioJl/n a/abamensis
2177
Matsushima 1981
Sh::ri !ia mycelia (Basidiomycetes)
2177
Sti/bel/a holubova Seifert, Stanley & K.D. Hyde
DAOM 214961
Seifert et al. 1995
Torula herharUI1I
2127 (on Phragmiles)
Ellis 1971
7i'ichoc!adilll11 'linderi Crane & Shearer
2173 (bamboo)
Crane & Shearer 1978
Steinke Elulophrr(~mielia
bitrisptata
FiJlIJIJl1icoia comnaIa S.W. Wong. K.D.
Jlass(I/,iJ/(I aqua/lea
J. Webster
15. Torula herbarum (Pers.) Link ex S.F. Gray, A N atural Arrangement of British Plants 1: 557. 1821. Illustrations: Figures 90- 92 . Co lon ies variab le in size, black , velvety. Conidiophores m icron ema~ tous or semi-macronematous, unbranched or irregularly branched, subhya!ine to pale brown , 2-6 ).im thick. Conidiogenous celIs monoblastic or sometimes polyblastic, integrated, terminal or discrete, deLerminate. spherical or cupulate. dark brO\vn. 7- 9 ).lID diam. Conidia straight or slightly curved, mo re or less cylindrical, rounded at the ends. pale olivaceous to brown, verruculose, 3-10 septate, distinctl)' constricted at the septa. 20- 30 x 5- 8 ).im. Material e.xalD ined: K.D Hyde & T.D Steinke SAPR 49 (HKU(M)
2127) Notes: This is a very co mmon species occurring on dead herbaceous stems, and occasionally on leaves and wood. It has also been isolated from air and so il ( E lli s 1971).
16. Verticillium sp . Illustration: Figure 11. Material examined: R.D. Hyde & T Steinke SAPR 30 (HKU(M)
2 177). Notes: This is a common species on submerged wood, but because afthe comp lexity of the genu s, identification has proved illusive.
Frequency of occurrence of fungi on submerged wood Fifty eight species of fungi were identified from 150 samples examined, including
28 As comycetes and 30 Hyphamycetes.
The most common species was Nais aquatica K.D . Hyde occurring on 34% of samples (Table I). Other common species were Ophioceras sp. (22%), Annulatascus velatisporlls (15%), Kir-
schsteiniothelia elasterascus Shearer (12%), Diplodia sp . (11 %), Aniptodera chesapeakensis Shearer and M. Miller (10%), Brachiosphaera tropicalis Nawawi ( 10%), Pseudohalonectria
S. Afr. 1. Bot. 1998,64(3)
161
to yield more Ascomycetes and less aquatic Hyphomycctes when compared to bubble chamber incubation (Shearer & Webster 1991) and therefore our techniques may exclude certain Ingoldian fungi. The results, however. go some way towards determining the assemblage of fungi occurring on submerged wood in the tropics and subtropics.
Acknowledgements T.K. Goh would like to thank The University of Hong Kong for the award of a Post Doctoral Fellowship . A.Y.P. Lee and H. Leung are thanked for technical assistance. K.D. Hyde would like to thank The University of Durban-Westville for a grant to visit South Africa. References BARR. M.E. 1979. On the Massariaccae of North America. A{vcolaxOJl
23: 679-688. CASTANEDA RUIZ. R.F. & ARNOLD. G.R.W. 1985. Dcutcromy-
Figure 96
Endophrogmiella bilriseplala (HKU(M) 5184). Dia-
grammatic representation of conidiophores and conidia. Bar: 10 Il ill .
aciveJ'saria Shearer (10%), Savoryella aqua/iea K.D. Hyde (10%) and Phoma sp. (10%) . There were 27 species recorded on one occasion. The numbers of fungi recorded on each sample are comparatively high, with an average of 1.7 species per sample. The fungi occurring on these wood samples were characteristic aquatic species and not indicative of aerial contamination. Studies of this type are uncommon and therefore, comparison with stream mycota from other regions is limited. Shearer and Webster (1991) have listed the frequency of occurrence of Hyphomycetes occurring on submerged twigs in the River Teign in Devon, UK. They identified 39 species and found 0.4~1.57 species per twig (H' diversity). Shearer and von Bodman (1983) investigated the frequency of occurrence of Ascomycetes on packs of baited twigs in Jordan Creek in east central Illinois, U.S.A. and identified 33 Ascomycetes. Many of these were new species and were identified to genus only. The frequencies of occurrence ranged from 1- 20% depending on the length of submergence and wood species. Hyde and Goh (1997a) have listed the Ascomycetes and Hyphomycetes occurring on submerged wood in a small tropical stream on Mt. Lewis, in north Queensland, Australia, and have reported the frequency of occurrence. They identified 42 species on 100 wood samples, including 20 Ascomycetes and 22 Hyphomycetes, with 0.9 species per sample. The ratio of Ascomycetes to Hyphomycetes (I: I) is similar, although the number of species per wood sample was almost double in this study. It is unknown why one river has a higher diversity than the other. Factors may include type of riparian vegetation, permanence of stream flow, water temperature, pH of water or other physical factors. The most frequent fungi occurring on Mt. Lewis differed to those frequent fungi in the Palrniet River. This may indicate temperature preferences of the fungi or numerous other factors. Only 7 species (Annulatascus velatisparus, Anthas/amella aquatiea K.D. Hyde & Goh, Massarina bipolaris K.D. Hyde, Savoryella lignicala R.A. Eaton and E.B.G . Jones, Sparoschisma saccardoi E.W. Mason & S. Hughes, Verticil/ium sp., Xylomyces giganteus Goh, W.H. Ho, KD. Hyde and K.M. Tsui) occurred at both sites. Further studies are required to establish the mycota of different streams and the reasons for distributional differences of fungi. It should be noted here that direct incubation has been shown
cotina de Cuba. I. Hyphomycetes. Rev. Jard. BOI. Nac. 6: 47-D7. CRANE, J.L. & SHEARER. C.A. 1978. T\vo new species of Trichocladium (Hyphomycetes) from submerged \vood. j~~ycologia 70: 866-
874. ELLIS, M.B. 1971. Dematiaceous Hyphomycetcs. Commonwealth Mycological Institute: Kew. ELLIS, M.B. 1976. More Dcmatiaceous Hyphomycetes. Commonwealth Mycological Institute, Kew. FERREIRA, J.e., SINCLAIR, R.e. & EICKER. A. 1981. The aquatic Hyphomycetes of the Apies River, South Africa. J. S. Afr. Bot. 47: 49~55 .
GOH. T.K .. HO, W.H., HYDE, K.D. & UMALl. T.E. 1997. Ncw records and species of Sporoschisma and Sporoschismopsis (Hyphomycetes) from submerged wood in the tropics. lv/yeo/. Res.
101 : 1281 ~ 1294. GOH. T.K., HO, W.H., HYDE. K.D. & TSUI. K.M. 1997. FOllr ncw species of Xylomyces (Hyphomycetes) from submerged wood and a key to the genus. Mvcol. Res. 101: 1323- 1328. GREATHEAD, G.K. 1961. Some aquatic Hyphomycetcs in South Africa. J. S. Afr. Bal. 27: 195 ~22 8 . HAWKSWORTH, D.L. 1981 . ASlrosphaeriella Sydow. a misunderstood genus of melanommataceous Pyrenomycetes Bot. J. Linn. Soc.
82: 35 ~59 . HO. W.H. HYDE, K.D. & HODGKISS, 1.J. 1997. Tropical freshwater fungi.!. The genus Savoryella, with two new species. Mvcol. Res.
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803 ~809.
HOLUBOVA~JECHOVA,
V. 1986. Lignicolous Hyphomycctcs from Czechoslovakia 8. EndophragmieJ/a and Phragmocephala. Folia Geobol. Phytotax. 21: 173-197. HUGHES, S.J. 1978. New Zealand fungi 25. Miscellaneous species. N. Z. J. Bal. 16: 31 1 ~370 . HUGHES , SJ . 1979. Relocation of species of Endophragm iefla auct. with notes on relevant generic names. N. Z J. Bot. 17: 139-188. HYDE, K.D. 1992a. Tropical Australian freshwater fungi. I. Some Ascomycetes. Aust. Syst. BOl. 5: 109- 116. HYDE, K.D. 1992b. Tropical Australian freshwater fungi . AnnulalasclIs velatispora gen. et sp. nov .. A. bipolaris sp. nov . and Ophioceras dolichostomum (Ascomycetes). Aust. Syst. BOI. 5: 117- 124 HYDE, K.O. 1992c. Tropical Australian freshwater fungi. V. Bombardia sp., Jahnula australiensis sp. nov., Savor.vella aquatica sp. nov. and S.lignicola. Ausl. Sysl. Bot. 6: 161-167. HYDE, K.D. 1995a. Fungi from palms. XXII. A new species ofAscotmwania. Sydowia 47: 213- 216. HYDE, K.D. 1995b. Tropical Australian rreshwater fungi. VIr. Nc\v genera and species of Ascomycetes. Nova Hedwigia 61: 19- 140. HYDE, K.D. & STEINKE, T.D. 1996. Two new species of Delitschia from submerged wood. A1ycoscience 37: 99-102 . HYDE, K.D. & GaR, T.K. 1997. Fungi on submerged wood in a small stream on Mt Lewis, north Queensland, Australia. Muellena 10: 145-
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ippioes and South Africa. Sydowia 47: 258- 262. SHEARER, C.A . 1984. A new species of Ha/osarpheia (Ascomycetes) from wood submcrgcd in frcshwater. ,\.1ycotaxoJ1 20: 505-510. SHEARER. C.A 1989. Aniptodera (Halosphaeriaceae) from wood in freshwater habitats. Alye%gia 81: 139-1 46. SHEARER, c.A. 1993. 1\ new species of Kirsehsteiniothelia (Plcospo~ rales) with an unusual fissitunicate ascus. A{veologia 85: 963- 969 . SHEARER, C.A. & VON BODMAN , M.e. 1983. PattenlS of occurrencc of Ascomycetes associated with decomposing twigs in a mid\vestem stream. Jt.,~vcologia 75: 518- 530. Sf!EARER, C.A. & MILLER, M. 1977. Fungi of the Chesapeake Bay and its tributaries. V. and Aniplodera chesapeakensis gen. et sp. nov. A~\'cologia
69: 887-898. SHEARER, C.A, & WEBSTER, J. 1991. Aquatic Hyphomycete
com~
munities in the river Teign. IV. Twig colonization. j~~vco/. Res. 95: 413-420. SHOEMAKER. R.A 1976. Canadian and some extralimital Ophiobo/us species. Can. J. Bot. 54 : 2365- 2404. SINCLAIR, R.C. & EICKER, A. 1981. Telracladium apiense. a new aquatic species from South Africa. Trans. Br. ,i-fwo!. Soc. 76: 51551 7. SINCLAIR, R.C. & EICKER, A. 1983. Ten interesting species of aquatic Hyphomycetes from South Africa. Bothalia 14: 939- 942. SINCLAIR, R.C., EBERSOHN, C. & EICKER, A. 1983. The aquatic Hyphomycctes of the Hennops River (Irene), South Africa. S. Afr_J
Bal. 2: 224-230. TSUI. K.M., HYDE, K.D. , HODGKISS, U. & GOH, T.K. 1998. A freshwater species of Saccardoe//a from Hong Kong and South Africa. Mycologia (in press). TUBAKI, K. 1975. Notes on the Japanese Hyphomycetes VI. Callde/a~ brum and Beverwyke//a gen. nov. Trans. Mveol. Soc. Japan 16: 132140. WEBSTER, J., MARVANOVA, L. & EICKER, A. 1994. Spores from foam from South African rivers. ,\lava Hedwigia 59: 379-398. WONG, S.W., HYDE, K.D . & JONES, E.E.G. 1998a. Ascospore ultrastructure of Ha/osarpheia semiguttulata sp. nov., from tropical streams. Can. 1. Bot. 76: (In press). WONG, S.W., HVDE, K.D. & JONES , E.B .G. 1998b. Ultrastructural studies of freshwater ascomycetes: Fluminieola gen. et sp. nov . Can. 1. Bal. 76: (In press) VAN DER MER WE, W.J.J. & JOOSTE, W.J . 1988. A synecological study of aquatic Hyphomcycetes in the Mooi River, western Trans~ vaal, and their significance in the decomposition of allochthonous leaf Jitter. S Afr. 1. Sci. 84: 314-320.
1998,64(3) 151-162
151
Fungi on submerged wood in the Palmiet River, Durban, South Africa K.O. Hyde", T.K. Goh' and T.O. Steinke' 'Department of Ecology and Biodiversity, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong 20 epa rtment of Botany, University of Durban-Westville, Durban, Republic of South Africa
Received 1J AuguS11997; revised 29 October 1997 Results of an investigation into the fungi associated w ith submerged wood in the Palmiet River, Durban, South Africa are reported . Fifty eight fung i were identified including 28 Ascomycetes and 30 Hyphomycetes. Three are species new to science, including Annulatascus palmietensis K.D. Hyde, Goh & T.O. Steinke, EndophragmieJla bitriseptata Goh,
K.O. Hyde & T.O. Steinke , and Phialogeniculala africana Goh. K.O. Hyde & T.O. Steinke. and are described in this paper. The percentage occurrence of the fungi on wood is given and this is compared with other studies. Keywords ; Ascomycetes, aquatic fung i, freshwater, Hyphomycetes, taxonomy . *To whom correspondence shou ld be addressed .
Introduction The earliest research on aquatic fungi in southern Africa was conducted by Ingold (1958, 1960, 1973) who reported fungi from decaying leaves and foam in streams in Rhodesia (now Zimbabwe) and Swaziland. Thirteen known species and several undescribed species were recorded from Zimbabwe, while in Swaziland five known species. and three undescribed species were collected. The first study of aquatic Hyphomycetes in South Africa was conducted by Greathead (1961) who isolated 18 species, including two new species, from decaying leaves, mainly of indigenous trees, in inland streams in the Eastern Cape Province. Ferreira el al. (1981) studied the aquatic Hyphomycetes on decaying leaves of indigenous stream bank vegetation along the Apies River, near Pretoria, Transvaal. This led to the identification of 18 species representing 10 genera. Following this study, Sinclair et at. ( 1983) reported on a similar investigation along the Hennops river, also near Pretoria. In this study 36 species from 17 genera, and three undescribed species, were isolated. Sinclair and Eicker (1983) also recorded 10 species of aquatic Hyphomycetes isolated from foam recovered from rivers mainly in the Transvaal with occasional collections from other provinces, while Sinclair and Eicker (1981) introduced a new species of Tricladiurn. Webster el al. (1994) isolated over 100 aquatic Hyphomycetes and other conidial fungi from foam in rivers in the Transvaal and inland Natal. Many of these were unidentified and possibly undescribed. Van der Merwe and Jooste ( 1988) carried out a taxonomic and synecological study of aquatic Hyphomycetes in the Mooi River (western Transvaal). This study involved a comparison of leaf litter decomposition between an unpolluted and a polluted locality on the river and was the first study in South Africa to concentrate on the ecological role of these aquatic fungi. In 1994 on the sub-tropical Kwazulu-Natal coast Steinke initiated a taxonomic and ecological study in the Palmiet River to determine the significance of aquatic Hyphomycetes in the decomposition of litter from indigenous stream bank trees (Steinke, in prep.). From this brief review several points emerge: 1. Little research has been conducted on freshwater fungi in South Africa; 2. Most of this research has been concentrated in the former Transvaal Province; 3. Perhaps significantly, the rivers on the warm temperate and subtropical east coast have received little attention; and 4. Most studies have ignored woody vegetation. In this study we have examined the Palmiet River on the sub-
tropical coast of Kwazulu-N atal, i.e. one of the areas that have recieved scant attention in the past.
Materials and Methods Collections of submerged woody material were made from the Palmiet River, Durban by K.D. Hyd e and T.D Steinke during November 1994. They were placed in plastic bags and returned 10 the laboratory, where they were incubated in plastic boxes (Jones & Hyde 1988). Material was examined within two weeks and sporulating fungi were identified. All measurements were made in water. Material is deposited at the Department of Ecology and Biodiversity. The University of Hong Kong herbarium (HK U (M)). The frequency of occurrence is calculated as in Hyde and Goh ( 1997a).
Results and Discussion Notes on selected species Ascomycetes I. Annulafascus palmiefensis K.D. Hyde, Goh & TD. Steinke. sp. nov. lllustrations: Figures 1- 10.
Ascomata 150--440 ).lm diam ., ellipsoidea vel subglobosa, brunnea vel nigra, immersa, semi- imm ersa, vel superficiaies, coriacea, solitia, ostiolata, papillata. Asci 98- 142 x 7- 10.5 ~m , 8-spori, cylindrici, pedicellati, apparatu apicali, 4-4.5 pm diam , 3--4 pm alti praediti. Ascosporae 20-26 x 6- 7 pm, 1- 2 seriatae, fusiformes. 3-septatae, hyalinae. Ascomata 150-440).lm diam ., ellipsoidal or subglobose, dark-brown to black, immersed, semi-immersed, occ as ionally superficiaL coriaceous, solitary, ostio late and beaked. Beak up to 200!Jm long. 70!J111 wide and periphysate. Peridium up to 20 !Jm \vide. comprising several rows of bro\vn-walled. irregu lar, angular ceUs. Paraphyses to 3 !Jm diam at the base, septate. sparse, tapering. Asci 98- 142 x 7- 10.5 !Jm, 8-spored, cylindrical. thin-\va][ed, pedice ll ate. with a relat ively massive refractive J-subglobose apical ring. 4--4.5 ).lm diam. 3-4!Jm high. Ascospores 20--26 x 6-7 IJ.m, 1-2 seriate. short fusiform. t:nd s blunt. 3-septate in mature specimens. hyaline. appearing smooth-wal led.
Holotype; SOUTH AFRICA, Durban, Palmiet River, on submerged wood, Nov. 1994, KD Hyde & TD. Sieinke. SAPR 43 (HKU(M) 2206). Notes: This species resembles Annulalascus velatisporus K.D . Hyde, but differs in that the ascospores are smaller (20- 26 x 6- 7 ~lm, vs 26--42 x 9-12 ~m) , differently shaped (short-fusiform with blunt ends, vs. fusiform ) and lack a mucilaginous sheath. In
152
s. Arr. 1. Bot. 1998. 64( 3)
;
.
9
10
4
5
,
7
6
8
.
15
16
18'-=:c:r::r.:~
17 - - -......-
19 -
......-'_J.-"":'
Figures 1-19 1-10 Annulalascus palmietellsis (from holotype). 1. Section of ascoma. 2. Neck. 3. Pcridium, 4. Ascus. 5. Apical ring (arrowed). 6-10. Ascospores , 11 ~'erticillium sp. Conidiophorcs bearing verticillate phial ides. 12- 19 Astrosphaeriella lrochus (from HKU(M) 2170). 12, 13. Ascomata on host surface. 14, 15. Asci and trabeculae. 16-]9. Ascospores. Bars : 12 = SOD )Jm: 1,2, 13 = 100 )Jm: 3 ~ 50~m: 4.IJ.I4.15 ~ 211~m: 5 ~ 1O . 1&-19 ~IO ~m .
..1 . vefati.\port/s ascospores are unicellular (except when old) and
are provided with a distinct sheath (Hyde, 1992b).
2. Astrosplzaeriella trochus (Pcnz. & Sace) D . Hawksw., Botanical lournal of the Linnean Society 82: 46 (1981). Illustrations: Figures 12- 19,
Notes: This collection conforms to A. trochus as it has similar sized, brown, 5-septate ascospores, and superficial ascomata. This species is previously known from Uganda, also probably
from a stout grass (Hawksworth, 1981).
3.
Ca~vospora
minima leffers, Mycologia 32: 561. 1940. Illus-
trations: Figures 20- 28. Ascomata arising singly, scattered. immersed on ly at the base. erumpent when young. with remnants of host remaining at the base. forming tee th-likt: flanges. conicaL brown or black. carbonaceous, papil1
Aseomata 400-450)..tm high, 380- 560 )lm diam ., erumpent, conical, carbonaceous. black, ostiolate, solitary or clustered. Interascal tissue composed of trabeculae, to 1 )lm diam, anastomosing. in a gelatinous matrix. Asei 125-160 x 42- 52 )lm, 8-spored, short pedicellate, bitunicate, fissitunicate. Ascospores (36--)42- 50 x ( 19- )20-26 )..tm, 2-3-seriate, broad-fusiform or irregularly diamond shaped, hyaline. then brown at maturity, relatively thick-walled, mostly I-scpate. somt: developing 3 septa. with apical germ pores, and surrounded by a mucilagino us sheath.
Matt:rial examined: KD. Hyde & TO. Steinke SAPR 56 (HKU(M)
Material examined: KD. l(vde & 7'0. Steinke SAPR 60 (HKU(M)
2rO).
2141).
153
s. AIr. 1. Bot. 1998,64(3)
22
21
27 23
~
26
25
24
28
31
29
~
...
I
_
30
32
Figures 20-32 20-28 Caryospora minima (HKU(M) 2141). 20. Ascomata. 21, 22 . Asci. 23-28. Ascospores. Note tht: \vidc sheath in 28 (arrowed) . 29- 32 Caryospora caflicarpa (HKU(M) 2224). 29. Ascoma. 30-32 . Ascosport:s. Bars: 20 = 200 f-lm. 21 , 22 = 20 !Jm: 23-2X = 10 ~m: 29 ~ 100 ~m.
4. Caryospora callicarpa (Currey) Nitschke ex Fuckei, Symbolae Mycologicae: 163. 1870. Illustrations: Figures 29- 32.
Notes: The ascospores in the South African collection arc smaller than those reported for America and Europe (Barr 1979).
Ascomata 560--840 /lID high. 650- 100 /lITI diam ., erumpcnt. hcmisphacrical or conical, carbonaceous, hlack, ostiolatc. solitary or clustered. lnterascal tissue composed of trabeculae. to 2 /lITI diam, anastomosing, in a gelatinous matrix. Asci 170- 222 x 54-60 /l1TI. S-spored, short pedicellate, bitunicate, tissitunicate. Ascospores 5866 x 27- 34 ).1lTI. 2- 3 seriate, broad-fusiform or irregularly diamond-shaped. hyaline, then bro\vn at maturity, relatively thick\valled, mostly l-scpatc, some developing 3 septa, with apical germ pores. and surrounded by a mucilaginous sheath.
5. Ophioboilis sp. rllustrations: Figures 33- 36,
Material examined: KD. Hyde & TD. Steinke SAPR 68 (HKU(AI) 222<1).
Ascomata 490--630 I-tm high. 350--630 ~m diam, pyreniform or subglobose. bro\vn to dark-brown. immersed or sem i- immersed , becoming erumpcnt, coriaceous. solitary or gregarious. ostiolatc and papillate. Papilla central. hairy and pcriphysatc. Peridium comprising compressed angular brown-\valled cells, Pseudoparaphyses to 3 !Jm diam, hypha-like, filamentous. septate. n umerous, highl~ branched and anastomosing above the asci. Asci 200-250 x 10- 12: ~m, 8-spored. cylindricaL bitunicatc. tissituni cate. pedice llate. \vith an ocular chamber. Ascospores 190-260 x 2-2.5 )lm. multi seriate. fi liform. one-celled. hyaline.
154
S. Afr. 1. Bot. 1998.
(14(J)
34
; ; :_ -_ .
38
36
_"'_"~_"'_"_ ~.:
1Lo_ _ _ _--==_
, " ,
40
I
41
I
42
I
43
I
Figures 33-43 33--36 Ophiobolus sp. (HKU(M) 2170). 33. Ascomata on host surface. 34. Immature ascus. 35, 36. Ascosporcs. 3743 Saccardoella aquatica. 37,38. Asci . 39. Narrow pseudoparaphyses. 40-43. ASG:ospores. Bars: 33 = 500 )lm; 34-43 = 10 ).lm. Material examined: KD. Hyde & TD. Steinke SAPR 47 (HKU(M) 2170).
Notes : Filiform ascospores in bitunicate asci are reminiscent of Ophiobo/us Reiss, although ascospores are multiseptate (Shoemaker 1976). This species has rather long and narrow ascospores for an Ophiobolus species and lacks septa. It is tentatively placed in Ophiobolus, but further collections are needed before it can be . formally described.
6. Saccardoella aquatica K.M. Tsui, K.D. Hyde, U. Hodgkiss & Goh, Mycologi a (In press). Illustrations: Tsui el at. (1998), Figures 37-43. Ascomata immersed, papilla appearing as black. shiny, erumpent, conical, protrusions on the host surface; in section 450--700 )lm di
7()
(HKU(M)
Material examined: on submerged Phragm ites, KD. Hyde & TD. Steinke SAPR 58 (HKU(M) 2129)
8. Bactrodesmium /ongisporum M .B. Ellis, More Dematiaceous Hyphomycetes. CM.I. Kew, England: 68. 1976. Illustration: Figures 69- 73 . Colonies scattered and inconspicuous. Conidiophores 2-4 11m wide, septate, smooth, pale to medium brown, aggregated into erect, dark brown synnemata of 100-400 x 25- 35 j..lm. Conidiogenous cells monoblastic, integrated, terminal, determinate, cylindrical. Conidia phragmosporous, subulate or fusiform, truncate at the base, with the apex often enveloped by a thin spherical mucilaginous sheath, yellowish brown, smooth, 30-60 x 7- 8 ~m .
Material examined: KD. Hyde & (HKU(M) 2224).
TD. Steinke SAPR 67
N otes: B. longisporum was described as a sporodochial fungus
by Ellis (1976) and Hughes (1978). but synnematal forms are accepted by Castaneda Ruiz and Arnold (1985) and Rao and de Hoog (1986).
2202)
9. Camposporium an(ennatum Harkn., Bulletin. California
Hyphomycetes
Academy of Science 1: 37-38. 1951. Illustrations: Figures 5053.
7. AcrodiccVs erecta (Ellis & Everh.) M.B. Ellis, Mycol. Pap. 79: 12. 1961. Illustrations: Figures 44-49. Colonies on wood, black, effuse. Mycelium mostly superficial, com posed of a network of branched, septate, brown, smooth hyphae. Conidiophorcs solitary or in groups of 2-3, straight or slightly flexuous, brown to dark brown, paler at the apex, smooth, septate, 17-80 x 4-7 ~m. Conidiogenous cells monoblastic, integrated, terminal, pro liferating pcrcurrently. Conidia solitary, acrogenous, subsphacricalor slightly obovate, dark brown and opaque, smooth-walled, dictyosporous. 24-40 x 15-22 ~m.
Colonies effuse, olivaceous brown. hairy, somewhat glistening. Mycelium partly immersed and partly superficial. Conidiogenous cells integrated, terminal, polyblastic, sympodial, cylindrical, denticulate. Conidiophores up to 150 ~m long, 5- 8 ~m wide , Conidia solitary, acropleurogenous, smooth, 4- 15 septate, pale brown. end cells paler, 45-75 x 7-9 j..lm, cy li ndrical, obconically truncate at the base, apex rounded or slightly attenuated and bears 1-3 divergent, non-septate, hyaline, up to 40 ~m long appendages.
Material examined: KD. Hyde & TO. Steinke SAPR 13 (HKU(M) 2153,2174 & 2200)
155
S. Afr. 1. Bot. 1998, 64(3)
46
48
47
49
56
58 59
50
51
52
60
53
61
62/"
Figures 44-62 44-49 Acrodictys erecla (HKU(M) 2199). 44, 45. Conidiophores with developing conidia .. 46-49. Conidia. 50-53 Camposporium antennatllm (HKU(M) 2153). SO, SI. Conidiophores and developing conidia. 52, 53. Mature conidia with apical appendages. 5462 PhialogeniclIlata africana (HKU(M) 2 122). 54-57. Conid iophore, and developing conidia. 5~2. Conidia. Bars: 44-53 = 10 ~m, 54 = 50 ~m, 55- 57 = 20 ~m ; 58-j)2 = 5 ~m .
S. Afr. J. Dot. 1998. 64(3)
[56
-
curved, 20- 33 x 3-4 1J-111, thick-\valled. smooth, 2-3 -septatc, with thi ck (1-2 ~m wide) septa, so metimes slig htly const ri cted at th e septa, ye llowish brown, uniform in colour, ap ical ce ll usually attl.!nuated to the narrowly rounded ap~~, truncate at the base, with a dis~ tinct basal fri ll derived from thl.! distal cnd orthc conidiogcnous cell.
Holotype: SOUTH AFR [CA, Durban, Pa[miet River, on submerged wood, Nov. 1994, KD. Hyde &- TO. Sleinke, SAI'R 35 (HKU(,'vI) 5184}. Notes: £ndophragmiella B. Sutton presently has 70 members and has been revised by Hughes ([979), Kirk (1985) and Ho[ubova-Jechova (1986) with keys to species. E. bi(J"iseplala is unique in the genus. It is com parable w ith E. cortieola P.M. Ki rk (1982) which is also 1igni co[ous, wit h simple or branched coni diophores arising from superficial hyphae, producing conidia with a distinct basal frill. The latter, however, differs in havin g obel avate, [-3(-4) septate, broader (5-6.5 [lm) conidia, with paler api-
cal cell . Figure 63 Phialogeniculata ajricana (HKU(M) 2 122). Diagrammatic repre sen tation of conidiophorcs and conidia. Bar: 10 llm.
10. Diclyochaelalerlilis (S. Hughes & W.B. Kendr.) Ho[-lech., Fo[ia Geobotanica et Phytotaxonomica 19: 426 ( 1984). [liustrations: Figures 74-79.
Co loni es effuse, brown. Setae fertile, crect, straight or slightly fl exuous, medium brown, smooth, thick-walled, up to 350 11m long, 4--6 /lm wide, more or less cylindrical, with apical region developing into a polyph ia lide. Conidiophores erect, unbraoched, ari sing in fascicles from bases of setae, up to 300 Ilnl long, 4~5 ~lIn, pale brown, paler towards th e apex. Conidiogenous cells polyphialidic, integrated, terminal and otten becoming intercalary, sympodiaJ, with conspicuous co llarettes; co llarettes funnel-shaped, 2.5-4 IJ.m wide, 1.5- 2.5 IJ.m deep. Conid ia form in sli my massess, hyali ne, unicellul ar, sausage-shaped, tapered towards both ends, 12- 15 x 2-3 IJ.m, with a single setula at each end.
Material exam ined : KD. Hyde & TO. Steinke SAPR 12 (HKU(M) ]153) [ [. Elldophragmiel/a bilriseplata Goh, KD. Hyde & TD. Steinke, sp. nov. J\lustrations: Figures 80-86, 96. Coloniae pilosae, atrobrunneae vel fuscae. Mycelium partim superfidale. partim in substrato imm ersum , ex hyphi s, ramosi s, laevibu s, pa ll ide brunneis vel brunneis, septatis, 2-3 .5 IJ.m latis composilum, Conidiophora sc mi-macronemata vel macro nemala, mononemata. I.!X mycelio su perficiali termina liter ve l latcraliter oriunda, erecta vel rc(umbcntia. septata, pall ide brunnnea vel rnodice brunnea, apicem wrsus palJ idiora, 45 - 100 x 2.5- 3.5 IJ-m, per 1-4 regenerations perr.:urrcntcs elongantes. Cellulae con idiogenae monoblasticae, term ina les. determin atae. Conidiorum secessio rhexolytica. Conid ia subcylindrica, recta ve l rari ssime curvata, 20-33 x 3-4 IJ- In , crassitunicata, Jacvia, 2- 3-crassiseptata, interdum ad septa leniler constricta, tlavidobrunm:a, in coloratione uniformia, ad apicem attenuata, ad basem di stinctc fractam ob partem cellulae conidiogenae superiorem lihriata . Colon ies hairy, dark brown to blackish brown. Mycelium partly supcrfici al , partly imm ersed in the substratum , composed of branche'd, smooth, pale brown to brown, septate. 23.5 J.l.m wide hyphae. Conidi ophores semi-maeronematous to macronematous, mononematous. arising termi nally and laterall y from the superficial myceli um . erect or recumbent, septate, pale brown to medium . brown, paler towards the apex, 45- 100 x 2.5-3.5 ~m , regenerating percurrently 1--4 times. Conidiogcnous cells monoblastic, integrated, terminal. dderminate . Conidia subcylindrical, straight or very rarely
12. Phialogeniclliala alricalla Goh, K.D. Hyde & T D . Steinke, sp. nov , Illustrations : Figures 54-62, 63. Coloniae in substrata naturali effusae, brunneae. Setae nullae. Conidiophora macron em ata, solitari a, erecta, simplic ia , recta vel geniculata, septata, interdum ad septa co nstricta, laevia, olivaceobrunnea, apicem versus pa llidi o ra, 35- 70 ~lrn longa, 3-4 .5 ).tm lata, ad apicem atte nuata. Cell ul ae co nidiogenae m onoblasticae vel polyblasticae, in conidiophoris in corporatae, terminales ve l intercalares, colla infu ndibuliformi 3-4 x 1.5- 2.5 l.lITI ferentes, tum sympodialiter repetite proliferatae. Conidia hyali lla, laevia, obclavata, ad basem obcon ica, ad apicem acumi nata, obscure I-septata, septum apicem vers us propinqua, g uttu lala, 11 - 16 x 2.5- 3 [lm, non-setulata. Coloni es on natural substrate effuse, brown. Setae absent. Conid iophores macronematous, solitary, crect, simpl e, straight or repealt:dly genic ul ate, septate, someti mes slightly constricted at tht! septa. smooth-walled, olivaceous brown, paler towards the apex. 35- 70 J.l.m long, 3-4.5 J.l.m wide, attenuated at the apex, sympodially proliferating with persistent coll arettes. Conidiogenous cells monoblastic or polyphialidic, integ rated , term inal and oilen becoming intercalary after sympodial proliferation, with conspicuous collarettes: co ll areLtes funn el-shaped, 3-4 J.lm wide, 1.5- 2.5 J.l.m deep . Conidia fo rmed in co lourl ess slimy masses, hyaline, smooth-walled, obclavate, pointed al the apex, obconic and slightly pap illate at th e base, indistinctly I-septate, with the septum closer to the apex (i.e. at about one quarter length of the conidium from the pointed tip), guttu latc, 1116 x 2.5-3 J.lm , non-setulate.
Holotype: SOUTH AFR[CA, Durban, Pa[miet River, on su bmerged wood, Nov. 1994, K.D. Hyde & TD. Sleinke, SA I'll 54 (HKU(M) 2122). Notes: Matsushim a ( 1971) introduced th e genus PhialogeniclIlata Matsus h. based on P. glladalcanalensis Matsush. to include taxa lacking setae, with e rect, simple, septate, gen iculate conidiophores bearing funne l-shaped collarettes and conidiogeno us
cells proliferating sympodiall y. The conidia are hyalin e, obelavate, septate and non-setulate. P. glladalcanalensis was transferred to Dictyochaela guadalcanalensis by Kuthubutheen and Nawawi ( 199 1) who treated Dictyoehaeta Speg. in a wide sense. Despite the transfer, two further speci es were described by Mat-
sushima ( 1993) namely P. dimorpha Matsush. and P. mulliseplata Matsush ., both of which produced obclavate. septate conidia . A revision of the genu s Dictyochaeta is needed. We feel that species of Phialogeniclilata are di stinct from Dictyochaela at least in the comb inatio n of the following characters: setae lacking, sympodially proliferating, gen icu late conidiophores. and
S.
Mr. J. Bot. 1998, 64(3)
157
66-
67 -
68-
70
~
J
72
-
j.
., .~
73
1
75 _ _
..
.I
79
7~
Fig ures 64-79 64-68 Sporidesmiella hyalospermllnl vaT. novae-zealandiae (HKU(M) 2155). 64. Conid iophore beari ng conid ia. 65. Con idiophore after conid ia have dt::tachcd show ing a wavy apex due to sllccess ive sympodia l pro li ferations . 66--68. Conid ia. 69-73 Bactrodesmium fongisporum (HKU(M) 2224). 69. A synnema on wood . 70. Apica l portion of synnema showing conidiog~nous ce lls and con idia. 71. Squash mount of synnema showing the apical region of a conidiophore. 72, 73. Conidia with a globose, thin. hyaline, mucilagen. ous sheath at th e apex (arrowed). 74-79 Dic/Yochoetafertilis (HKU(M) 2153).74-76. Conidiophores. 77, 78. Close-up of apical po rtion of eonid iophores showing funne l·shaped philid es. 79. Con idia with setulae (arrowed). Bars: 64-68, 70- 73, 77- 79 = 10 llm . 69 = 40 llm, 74 = 50 ~m,
75, 76
~
20 ~m .
obclavate, septate, nonsetulate conid ia, and prefer to maintain both genera. P. ofricana is si milar to P. guadalcanalensis which also produces uniseptate conidia. The latter diffe rs in having broader conidiophores (4-{i ~m wide) and larger conidia (18-27 x 4.5- 5.5 )1111) . The septum in conidia of P. africana is c loser to the poi nted tip whereas th at in P. guadalcanalensis it is median,
13. Sporidesmie/la /ryalospermum var. novae~zeala"diae (S. Hughes) P.M. K irk. T ra nsactions ' of the Briti sh Myco logical
Soc iety 79: 479. 1982. Illu strations: Figures: 64-68 . Colonies effuse, hairy, brown. Conidiophores sol itary. unbranched. straight or slightly flexuolls, smooth. septate. brown. paler towards th e apex, up to 200 llm long, 3-6 llm wide. Conidiogenolls cells in tegrated, terminal , proliferate sympodially and percurently. Conidia ho loblastic, monobla stic, aerogenous, so litary, dry, sr.:cedi ng schizolytically, usually remaining attached to the side of the co nidio· phares, very pale brown, broadly clavate to obovate. truncate at the
158
S.Afr.J. BOI1998,64(3)
81
88
90 _ _
89--
91
Figures 80--95 80-86 Endophragmielia bitriseptata (HKU(M) 5184). 80. Conidiophores and conidia. 8t. CloseMup of a conidiophore showing rcpeating percurrent proliferations (arrowed). 82. Hyphae, conidiophores and conidia. 83-86. Mature conidia. Note minute frills of wall remnants at the base resulting from rhexolytic conidial secession (arrowed in 83 and 85). 87-92 Stemphyliomma alabamense (HKU(M) 2177). Conidia with hyphal-like cooidiophores. 93-95 Torula herbarum (HKU(M) 2127). Conidia. Bars: 77-92 ~ 10 ~m.
base and broadly rounded at the apex. 3-4 distoseptate, 22-26 x 1214.5 Mm . Material examined: R.D. Hyde & TD. Steinke SAPR 41 (HKU(M) 2155 & 2220).
Notes: ,-)'poridesmiella hyalospermunI (Corda) P.M. Kirk vaT. hya/ospermum, the type, differs from this variety in its conidiophares which are invariably percurrently proliferating and in its conidia which are slightly smaller and more slender (17- 25 x 912).
14. Stemphyliomma alabamellse Matsush., Matsushima Mycological Memoirs. 7: 16.198 L JIlustrations: Figures 84-89. Colonies on natural substrate effusae, scattered. Mycelium partly superficial and partly immersed, comprising septate, hyaline,
smooth, 2-3 ]lm wide hyphae. Conidiophores micronematous to semi-macronernatous, arising terminally or laterally from superficial hyphae, hyaline to subhyaline, 4-16 flITI long, 2.5-4 flm wide. Conidiogenous cells integrated, terminal, monoblastic, determinate, hyaline, usually collapsed when conidia mature. Conidia acrogenous, solitary, fusiform-ellipsoidal, 30-41 x 11-15 flm, truncate at the base, 6-8-septate, versicolored, the two central cells dark brown, with thick septa, progressively paler towards the ends with thinner septa, end cells subhyaline to very pale brown. Material examined: KD. Hyde & TD.. Steinke SAPR 29 (HKU(M) 2177). Notes: This species was originally described from slimy flux on wood of Quercus L. which also produced a blastospore-form of synanamorph in culture (Matsushima 1981). No synanamorph was found in our collection.
159
S. Afc 1. Bot. 1998,64(3)
Table 1 Frequency of occurence of aquatic fungi on submerged wood in the Palmiet River, Durban, South Africa (organised in decending order of frequency, and then alphabetically) Species
Frequency of occurcncc (%)
HKU(M) number (on wood unless stated)
References
IIyde 1992b
Nms aquallca
34
2158, 2171 (bamboo), 2178 (palm)
Ophioceras sr.
22
2168,2176,2181
Annu/{I((/SCIIS veiatispora
IS
2136, 2142, 2147,2168, 2182 (bamboo)
Hyde 1992a
KirschstellllOlhelwelaSlerascus
12
2125, 2138, 2156. 2168
Shearer 1993
Dipiouw sp.
II
2123,2 149 (bamboo), 2172 (bamboo), 2176
Al1lptodera chesapeakensis
III
2179, 2217, 2218 (bamboo), 2220 (ham boo)
Shearer & Milkr 1977: Shearer 1989
BrachlOsphaera tropicafis
10
2136,2148,2182 (bamboo)
Nawawi 1985
Phoma sp.
10
2123,2153
Pseudo/uE/ollec:1ria adversaria
10
2138, 2139, 2152, 2182 (banlboo)
Shearer 1989
Savoryella aquatica
10
2124,2220 (bamboo)
Hyde 1992a
Campmporium anlennaLUm
8
2153,2174,2200
Ellis 1971
Helicomyces lorquatus Lane & Shcare
8
2127
Lane & Shearer 1984
VerricillLUIJI sp.
8
5185
This paper
6
2143
Ellis 197 1
2219 (bamboo)
Hyde (in press)
Acrogello.l'pora sphaerocephala (Berk. &
Broome) M.B. Ellis lIa/osarphcw rivulicola K.O. Hyde
Tiaro.ljJoreila pa/udosa (Sacc, & Fiori) H'ho.
6
2138,2150,2174,2220
Naj Rag 1993
Ascotaill'(ll1ia palmicola K.D. Hyde
5
2122,2133,2155 (all on bamboo)
Hyde 1995a
Dic(voc!weta fertilis
5
2153
Kuthubutheen & Nawawi 199 1
Ha/usarpheia IOlfea Shearer
5
2179 (palm), 2217, 2218, 2133 (bamboo), 2220 (bamboo)
Shearer 1984
Dlctyosporml/1 heptasporum (Garov.) Damon
4
2156,2184.2200
Ellis 1971
Wong
4
2140 (palm), 2167, 2212
Hyde & Wong 1997
Sporidesmie/la hyalospermum var. nova=ealandiac
4
2131 (bamboo), 2138
KuthubuLheen & Na\vawi 1993
Ceuthospora sp.
3
2149 (bamboo), 2151
Acrodic/ys cree/a
2
2129 (bamboo)
Ellis 1971
Anip/adera lignatilis K.D. Hyde
2
2223,2224
Hyde 1992a
AIIl1uiatasclIs paimielensis
2
2206
This paper
Cercophora sp.
2
2221
Savorye/la curvispora W.H. Ho, K.D. Hyde & 1.1. Hodgkiss
2
2991
Ho etal. 1997
Sporoschisma saccardoi
2
2131 (bamboo), 2138
Goh et al. 1997
Xylumyces gigtlnleus
2
2167,2211
Goh et al. 1997
Anthostomella aqua/lea
2190
Hyde & Gob 1997b
Ascochy/a sp.
2169 (bamboo)
Astrosphaeriella /rachus
2170 (Phragmi/es)
Ja/mula grallulosa K.D. Hyde & S.W.
Hawksworth 1981 ; This paper
S. Afc J. Bot. 1998. 64(3 )
1611
Table 1
Continued Frequency of (lCCUfCnce (%)
HKU(M) number (on wood unless staled)
References
H(lcrrodesntllllll /ongisporum
2224
Rao & de Hoag 1986
Cwule/ahrllll1 hrocchiatum Tubak i
5185
Tubaki 1975
laryospora callicarpa
2224
Barr 1979: Tbis paper
C(//yospora minuna
2141
Barr 1979: This paper
COlloplea sp.
2220 (bamboo)
Species
Delitscllia /Ju/miclcnsis K.D . H~de & SRIP 23150
Hyde & Steinke 1996
5184
This paper
I Iyde & E.B.G . Jones
22118 (bamboo)
Wong el al. 1997b
Ha/o .\'{I/'l)ileill semiguttu!ata S.W. Wong. K.D. H) de & E.B.G. Jones
2 175
Wong el (I/ 1997a
I feiu'Oll1l'CeS sp. 2
5185
)aIIl1111(1 OllSfraliensis K.D. Hyde
2156 (on wood)
Hyde 1992c; Hyde & Wong 1997
2154 (on Phragmiles)
Hyde & Aptroot 1997
2166
Hyde 1995b: Hyde & Aptroot 1997
J!ollodic(vs putredinis (Wallr.) S. Hughes
2129 (bamboo)
Ellis 1971
A'awaww dendrol(/ea K.D. Hyde. Gah & Steinke
BRIP 22870. 2287 1
Hyde el a/. 1996
Ophiubolus sp.
2170
Phaeoisaria c/ematidis (Fucke1) S. Hughes
5185
Ellis 1971
PhW/ogfllllClllata a/ricano
21 22 (bamboo)
This paper
Saccardoe/hl (((ricww
2202
Tsui et (II. in press
.)"uvO/:velln Irgnicola
2606
Hyde 1992c
StemphylioJl/n a/abamensis
2177
Matsushima 1981
Sh::ri !ia mycelia (Basidiomycetes)
2177
Sti/bel/a holubova Seifert, Stanley & K.D. Hyde
DAOM 214961
Seifert et al. 1995
Torula herharUI1I
2127 (on Phragmiles)
Ellis 1971
7i'ichoc!adilll11 'linderi Crane & Shearer
2173 (bamboo)
Crane & Shearer 1978
Steinke Elulophrr(~mielia
bitrisptata
FiJlIJIJl1icoia comnaIa S.W. Wong. K.D.
Jlass(I/,iJ/(I aqua/lea
J. Webster
15. Torula herbarum (Pers.) Link ex S.F. Gray, A N atural Arrangement of British Plants 1: 557. 1821. Illustrations: Figures 90- 92 . Co lon ies variab le in size, black , velvety. Conidiophores m icron ema~ tous or semi-macronematous, unbranched or irregularly branched, subhya!ine to pale brown , 2-6 ).im thick. Conidiogenous celIs monoblastic or sometimes polyblastic, integrated, terminal or discrete, deLerminate. spherical or cupulate. dark brO\vn. 7- 9 ).lID diam. Conidia straight or slightly curved, mo re or less cylindrical, rounded at the ends. pale olivaceous to brown, verruculose, 3-10 septate, distinctl)' constricted at the septa. 20- 30 x 5- 8 ).im. Material e.xalD ined: K.D Hyde & T.D Steinke SAPR 49 (HKU(M)
2127) Notes: This is a very co mmon species occurring on dead herbaceous stems, and occasionally on leaves and wood. It has also been isolated from air and so il ( E lli s 1971).
16. Verticillium sp . Illustration: Figure 11. Material examined: R.D. Hyde & T Steinke SAPR 30 (HKU(M)
2 177). Notes: This is a common species on submerged wood, but because afthe comp lexity of the genu s, identification has proved illusive.
Frequency of occurrence of fungi on submerged wood Fifty eight species of fungi were identified from 150 samples examined, including
28 As comycetes and 30 Hyphamycetes.
The most common species was Nais aquatica K.D . Hyde occurring on 34% of samples (Table I). Other common species were Ophioceras sp. (22%), Annulatascus velatisporlls (15%), Kir-
schsteiniothelia elasterascus Shearer (12%), Diplodia sp . (11 %), Aniptodera chesapeakensis Shearer and M. Miller (10%), Brachiosphaera tropicalis Nawawi ( 10%), Pseudohalonectria
S. Afr. 1. Bot. 1998,64(3)
161
to yield more Ascomycetes and less aquatic Hyphomycctes when compared to bubble chamber incubation (Shearer & Webster 1991) and therefore our techniques may exclude certain Ingoldian fungi. The results, however. go some way towards determining the assemblage of fungi occurring on submerged wood in the tropics and subtropics.
Acknowledgements T.K. Goh would like to thank The University of Hong Kong for the award of a Post Doctoral Fellowship . A.Y.P. Lee and H. Leung are thanked for technical assistance. K.D. Hyde would like to thank The University of Durban-Westville for a grant to visit South Africa. References BARR. M.E. 1979. On the Massariaccae of North America. A{vcolaxOJl
23: 679-688. CASTANEDA RUIZ. R.F. & ARNOLD. G.R.W. 1985. Dcutcromy-
Figure 96
Endophrogmiella bilriseplala (HKU(M) 5184). Dia-
grammatic representation of conidiophores and conidia. Bar: 10 Il ill .
aciveJ'saria Shearer (10%), Savoryella aqua/iea K.D. Hyde (10%) and Phoma sp. (10%) . There were 27 species recorded on one occasion. The numbers of fungi recorded on each sample are comparatively high, with an average of 1.7 species per sample. The fungi occurring on these wood samples were characteristic aquatic species and not indicative of aerial contamination. Studies of this type are uncommon and therefore, comparison with stream mycota from other regions is limited. Shearer and Webster (1991) have listed the frequency of occurrence of Hyphomycetes occurring on submerged twigs in the River Teign in Devon, UK. They identified 39 species and found 0.4~1.57 species per twig (H' diversity). Shearer and von Bodman (1983) investigated the frequency of occurrence of Ascomycetes on packs of baited twigs in Jordan Creek in east central Illinois, U.S.A. and identified 33 Ascomycetes. Many of these were new species and were identified to genus only. The frequencies of occurrence ranged from 1- 20% depending on the length of submergence and wood species. Hyde and Goh (1997a) have listed the Ascomycetes and Hyphomycetes occurring on submerged wood in a small tropical stream on Mt. Lewis, in north Queensland, Australia, and have reported the frequency of occurrence. They identified 42 species on 100 wood samples, including 20 Ascomycetes and 22 Hyphomycetes, with 0.9 species per sample. The ratio of Ascomycetes to Hyphomycetes (I: I) is similar, although the number of species per wood sample was almost double in this study. It is unknown why one river has a higher diversity than the other. Factors may include type of riparian vegetation, permanence of stream flow, water temperature, pH of water or other physical factors. The most frequent fungi occurring on Mt. Lewis differed to those frequent fungi in the Palrniet River. This may indicate temperature preferences of the fungi or numerous other factors. Only 7 species (Annulatascus velatisparus, Anthas/amella aquatiea K.D. Hyde & Goh, Massarina bipolaris K.D. Hyde, Savoryella lignicala R.A. Eaton and E.B.G . Jones, Sparoschisma saccardoi E.W. Mason & S. Hughes, Verticil/ium sp., Xylomyces giganteus Goh, W.H. Ho, KD. Hyde and K.M. Tsui) occurred at both sites. Further studies are required to establish the mycota of different streams and the reasons for distributional differences of fungi. It should be noted here that direct incubation has been shown
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