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Future trends in textile nanofinishing
21
Future trends in textile nanofinishing 21.1 TEXTILE NANOFINISHING IN FUTURE Following the promising features imparted into textile materials through nanofinishing technologies such as incorporation of nanoparticles, nanocomposites and various nanocoatings into textile substrates of any type, including fibers, yarns, fabrics, and nonwovens as overviewed in this book, several new functionalities will be brought about by multidisciplinary efforts of researchers in the future. The customer demand in improved appearance and functionality will be increased in future and will be a motivation for development of new nanomaterials and application techniques (Yetisen et al., 2016). One of the goals in future studies will be certainly upgrading the existing nanomaterials and nanotreatment methods, trying to boost the positive effects and reduce or eliminate the involved obstacles, limitations, and risks. Looking into literature shows tremendous efforts of researchers on enhancing the properties of all the common nanomaterials through modifications of their shape, size, surface area, and porosity bringing added values (Rafigh and Heydarinasab, 2017). Starting from nanoparticles with simply spherical shapes, nanoparticles of near spherical, plates, cubic, triangular, multidiagonal, cylindrical, rod, needle, wire, cobble-stone, cabbage-like, irregular, and many other shapes have been developed with several interesting features. Several nanofibrous materials have been developed during the recent years especially through electrospinning and research into enhancing the properties, structure, and preparation techniques of these promising textile substrates will be extensively carried out in future. Modified nanofiber composites with addition of various nanoparticles in the electrospinning polymer solutions will be certainly more researched in future bringing synergistic effects. For instance, polyester nanofibers incorporating with several weight percentage of nano TiO2 particles have been developed by electrospinning (Karimi et al., 2017). More than the addition of previously synthesized or commercial nanomaterials into electrospinning solution, in situ Nanofinishing of Textile Materials https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-08-101214-7.00021-2
© 2018 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
319
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Nanofinishing of Textile Materials
synthesis of nanoparticles can be focused. Recently, in situ synthesis of silver nanoparticles by reduction of silver nitrate in electrospinning solution has been carried out proposing Ag-polyurethane-zein hybrid nanofibrous scaffolds for wound-dressing applications (Maharjana et al., 2017). Introduction of new auxiliaries, stabilizers, binders, and dispersing agents will be further researched in the future. More research on functionalization of existing nanomaterials to expand their compatibility, solubility, processability, stability, and durability will be carried out. Effort to achieve synergistic effects by combining the existing nanoparticles with each other forming multicomponent nanocomposite structures benefiting from multi-properties will be continued in the future. This can be achieved through combination of different metal, metal oxide, organic and inorganic particles providing variety of nanocomposites. Another approach will be the introduction of new nanomaterials proposing new properties into textiles or boosting the currently known properties. For instance, metal organic frameworks (MOFs) are newly emerging nanobased materials with highly porous structure and large surface area providing outstanding properties in various fields of electronic, energy-related applications, protection, and sensors. Several new MOF structures with new properties can be developed by versatility in the composition of the organic linkers and metal nodes. Numerous new MOF composites and derivatives can be prepared using various organic, inorganic, metal, metal oxide, carbon-based materials bringing striking performance. The application of these materials in textile substrates is now in the first steps, and in the future many case studies with the focus of MOFs usage in textile nanofinishing will be proposed. Layered double hydroxide materials (LDHs) as a class of twodimensional layered materials will also gain increased attraction in recent future. In addition to the flame-retardant properties of these materials, which was introduced in Chapter 11, recently their application in effluent removal as substantial adsorbents has been reported. Moreover, their high specific capacitance provides the opportunity for use of wearable highperformance supercapacitors (Lu et al., 2018). Future studies on the incorporation of these materials on textiles will be increased considering their wide variety of properties, making them promising inorganic building blocks. In this regard, incorporation of organic anions in LDH will expand their applications (Liu et al., 2015). The concept of metamaterials as a newly emerging materials with synthetic structures formed as a periodic arrangements will be more focused in future. Metamaterial is a periodically nanostructured metal-dielectric-
Future trends in textile nanofinishing
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metal material, which has the ability to acquire surface plasmons to trap or absorb solar energy at subwavelength scales. Electromagnetic wave shielding and thermoregulating properties are among some of the recently studied properties thanks to these unnatural materials. A three-layer nanostructured metamaterial can act as a shell for microencapsulation of phase change materials as a solar thermal resource for heating up the PCM, producing thermoregulating textiles (Tonga and Tong, 2015). Incorporation of nanomaterials and nanocomposites into new textile substrates with new properties rather than simply using common natural and synthetic fabrics will be another concept of future studies. In this regard, current methods of fabricating and deposition of nanomaterials will be used to synthesize nanoparticles and nanocomposites on nanofibrous structures with higher porosity and surface area. This will also include ex situ synthesis and application of nanoparticles. Due to the small size of the electrospun polymer fibers, they possess a large surface area per unit mass and a very small pore size providing many potential applications in variety of fields. In a recent approach, a new method is introduced for producing multifunctional cellulose nanofibers (CNFs) by after treatment of electrospun CNFs. In this regard, CNFs were treated with silver nitrate, ammonia, and sodium hydroxide and subsequently with dopamine as reducing and adhesive agent. In this study, the selfpolymerization and self-adhesive nature of polydopamine layer had been beneficially used for reduction of silver ions. Photoreduction of silver ions has been further applied using UVA irradiation. In addition, UV irradiation accelerates the dopamine-quinone oxidation and generation of Ag nanoparticles (Gaminian and Montazer, 2017). Moreover, common surface activation methods can be investigated on nanofibrous structures to bring higher reactivity of substrates toward further nanotreatments or even dyeing. Alkaline hydrolysis of polyester nanofibers containing nano-TiO2 particles and enhanced dyeing uptake is one of the recent studies (Karimi et al., 2017). Thus, almost all the common nanoactivation, nanodeposition, and fabrication methods generally proposed in this book can be further applied on nanofibrous structures as a more reactive substrate with high surface area and porosity adding more value to the obtained common properties. The great properties of bacterial cellulose with unique morphology, high tensile strength, purity, and biocompatibility will attract more researchers in the near future to be used as a substrate with nanoporous three-dimensional network, high specific surface area with hydroxyl and ether bonds, as a hydrophilic substrate with reactive sites for synthesis of nanoparticles (Hu et al., 2009; Barud et al., 2011; Bayazidi et al., 2017; Elayaraja et al., 2017).
322
Nanofinishing of Textile Materials
Taking advantage of nanostructured surface roughness providing many potential applications such as in repellent finishing and self-healing as discussed in this book, this feature will be more developed in future producing multiregular or irregular nanostructured roughness on textile substrates. Also this effect will be studied on nanofibrous surfaces such as a recent work by Su et al. (2017), who proposed hierarchically structured TiO2/polyacrylonitrile (PAN) nanofibrous membranes for high-efficiency air filtration and toluene degradation. As speculated by authors of this study, the protuberance formed by the nanoparticles on the surfaces of nanofibers could enhance both the surface roughness and effective surface area. Hierarchically structured composite membranes were developed by electrospraying of TiO2 dispersions and PAN solution simultaneously. New methods for fabrication and deposition of nanomaterials on textile surfaces will be also developed to reduce the cost, processing time, materials consumption, and environmental effects. Toward this approach, future studies will definitely benefit from in situ methods providing more permanent effects. Efforts will be made to modify the existing methods to decrease the effluent level, and obtain control on the shape and uniform distribution of nanoparticles through in situ synthesis methods. Synergic effects of combining nano- and biotreatments will be also further investigated in future studies. One of the other recently attractive areas of research is the use of coloring effect of nanoparticles to eliminate the need for common dyeing procedures, while at the same time benefiting from multifunctional advantages of nanomaterials and preventing refractory organic pollution caused by conventional dyeing (Emam et al., 2014, 2016; Avazpour et al., 2017). Nanoparticles are different from synthetic and natural dyes having no chromophores in their chemical structures. Their coloring effects are based on the localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) features of noble metal nanoparticles, which is tunable by particles size and shape. Cotton and wool fabrics were dyed into purple and brownish-purple colors by incorporation of spherical gold nanoparticles (Dong and Hinestroza, 2009; Johnston and Lucas, 2011). Coloration of silk fibers was achieved from assembly of anisotropic silver nanoparticles with different LSPR bands coloring from blue to yellow (Tang et al., 2013). Recently, caffeic acid assisted in situ synthesis of silver nanoparticles resulting in golden yellow color along with multifunctional properties (Shahid et al., 2017). A cleaner route has been developed by Bashiri Rezaie et al. (2017) for the nanocoloration of wool fabric by green assembling of cupric oxide nanoparticles producing antibacterial and UV
Future trends in textile nanofinishing
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protection properties. Brown light to dark color of the treated fabrics was reported with very good fastness against washing, rubbing, light, and alkali spotting. Immobilization of MOFs on textiles will provide a new environmentally compatible method for textile coloration due to the versatility in the core metal clusters producing different colors. A new nanocoloring of textiles has been proposed by covalent immobilization of Cr-based MOFs (MIL-101(Cr)) on nylon fabric producing green-colored textile with strong durability to laundering (Yu et al., 2016). In addition to the advancement of current properties and applications of nanotreated textiles, modification of existing materials together with introduction of new nanomaterials will propose new frontier for application of nanoengineered textiles. In this regard, introduction of textiles with multifunctional properties, which simultaneously could be applied for obtaining multigoals, will be definitely the future of nanotreated textiles. Smart textiles known as integrated flexible substrates with potential applications as photonic textiles, conductive textiles, textile-based batteries, solar cells, and supercapacitors will be more developed as new promising frontier in clothing technology. In addition to the application of textile-based substrates with immobilized nanoparticles for sustainable photocatalytic degradation of contaminants from the wastewater effluents, use of nanotreated textiles in energy-related application for simultaneous organic compounds degradation and promising solar fuel productions will be another recent future concept of studies, benefiting from light-weight, sustainability, and flexibility. These nanotreated textiles will provide promising advantages to the future environmental and energy-related fields. In Fig. 21.1, some of the future trends of nanofinishing are shown.
21.2 CONCLUSION Nanotechnology-based textiles will continue to emerge with new properties, functionalities, and applications transforming the concept of textile clothing from simple apparel and garments to sophisticated innovated smart multifunctionalized wearable and technical substrates. The current trend in producing new nanomaterials and nanofabrication methods, modifications of the existing materials and techniques will be further advanced in future. Together with the progress in textile nanofinishing sector, the need for ensuring the safety of the nanotreated textiles against environment and human health will be also crucial.
324
Nanofinishing of Textile Materials
New nanomaterials with new properties or boosting the currently known properties such as MOFs, metamaterials, LDH; new methods of fabrication of nanomaterials on textile surfaces
Upgrading the existing nanomaterials and nano treatment methods; functionalization of existing nanomaterials to expand their compatibility, solubility, processability, stability and durability
Nanofinishing future Incorporation of nanomaterials and New practical nanocomposites into applications of nano new texile substrates treated textiles such as in such as nanoparticles environmental and energy deposition on related fields; simultaneous electrospun nanofibers nanocoloring of textiles producing colored fabrics with multifunctional properties
Combination of different metal, metal oxide, organic, and inorganic particles producing multicomponent nanocomposites with synergistic effects
Development of multiregular or irregular nano structured surface roughness
Fig. 21.1 Nanofinishing future trends.
REFERENCES Avazpour, S., Karimi, L., Zohoori, S., 2017. Simultaneous coloration and functional finishing of cotton fabric using Ag/ZnO nanocomposite. Color. Technol. 133, 423–430. Barud, H.S., Regiani, T., Marques, R.F.C., Lustri, W.R., Messaddeq, Y., Ribeiro, S.J.L., 2011. Antimicrobial bacterial cellulose-silver nanoparticles composite membranes. J. Nanomater. 2011, 721631–721639. Bashiri Rezaie, A., Montazer, M., Mahmoudi Rad, M., 2017. A cleaner route for nanocolouration of wool fabric via green assembling of cupric oxide nanoparticles along with antibacterial and UV protection properties. J. Clean. Prod. 166, 221–231. Bayazidi, P., Almasi, H., Asl, A.K., 2017. Immobilization of lysozyme on bacterial cellulose nanofibers: characteristics, antimicrobial activity and morphological properties. Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 107, 2544–2551. Dong, H., Hinestroza, J.P., 2009. Metal nanoparticles on natural cellulose fibers: electrostatic assembly and in situ synthesis. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2009 (1), 797–803. Elayaraja, S., Zagorsek, K., Li, F., Xiang, J., 2017. In situ synthesis of silver nanoparticles into TEMPO-mediated oxidized bacterial cellulose and their anti vibriocidal activity against shrimp pathogens. Carbohydr. Polym. 166, 329–337. Emam, H.E., Mowafi, S., Mashaly, H.M., Reyhan, M., 2014. Production of antibacterial colored viscose fibers using in situ prepared spherical Ag nanoparticles. Carbohydr. Polym. 110, 148–155.
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Emam, H.E., Rehan, M., Mashaly, H.M., Ahmed, H.B., 2016. Large scaled strategy for natural/synthetic fabrics functionalization via immediate assembly of AgNPs. Dyes Pigments 133, 173–183. Gaminian, H., Montazer, M., 2017. Decorating silver nanoparticles on electrospun cellulose nanofibers through a facile method by dopamine and ultraviolet irradiation. Cellulose 24, 3179–3190. Hu, W.L., Chen, S.Y., Li, X., Shi, S.A.K., Shen, W., Zhang, X., Wang, H.P., 2009. In situ synthesis of silver chloride nanoparticles into bacterial cellulose membranes. Mater. Sci. Eng. C 29, 1216–1219. Johnston, J.H., Lucas, K.A., 2011. Nanogold synthesis in wool fibres: novel colourants. Gold Bull. 44, 85–90. Karimi, H., Izadan, A., Khoddami, S.A., Hosseini, A., 2017. Modifying the surface of poly(ethylene terephthalate) nanofibrous materials by alkaline treatment and TiO2 nanoparticles. J. Ind. Text. https://doi.org/10.1177/1528083717716164. Liu, X., Ge, L., Li, W., Wang, X., Li, F., 2015. Layered double hydroxide functionalized textile for effective oil/water separation and selective oil adsorption. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 7, 791–800. Lu, H., Chen, J., Tian, Q., 2018. Wearable high-performance supercapacitors based on Ni-coated cotton textile with low-crystalline Ni-Al layered double hydroxide nanoparticles. J. Colloid Interface Sci. 513, 342–348. Maharjana, B., Kumar Joshia, M., Tiwari, P., Hee Park, C., Kim, S., 2017. In-situ synthesis of AgNPs in the natural/synthetic hybrid nanofibrous scaffolds: fabrication, characterization and antimicrobial activities. J. Mech. Behav. Biomed. Mater. 65, 66–76. Rafigh, S.M., Heydarinasab, A., 2017. Mesoporous chitosan-SiO2 nanoparticles: synthesis, characterization and CO2 adsorption capacity. ACS Sustain. Chem. Eng. 5, 10379–10386. Shahid, M., Cheng, X., Tang, R., Chen, G., 2017. Silk functionalization by caffeic acid assisted in-situ generation of silver nanoparticle. Dyes Pigments 37, 277–283. Su, J., Yang, G., Cheng, C., Huang, C., Xu, H., Ke, Q., 2017. Hierarchically structured TiO2/PAN nanofibrous membranes for high-efficiency air filtration and toluene degradation. J. Colloid Interface Sci. 507, 386–396. Tang, B., Li, J., Hou, X., Afrin, T., Sun, L., Wang, X., 2013. Colorful and antibacterial silk fiber from anisotropic silver nanoparticles. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 52, 4556–4563. Tonga, W., Tong, A., 2015. Solar-absorbing metamaterial microencapsulation of phase change materials for thermo-regulating textiles. Int. J. Smart Nano Mater. 6, 105–126. Yetisen, K., Qu, H., Manbachi, A., Butt, H., Dokmeci, M.R., Hinestroza, J.P., Skorobogatiy, M., Khademhosseini, A., Yun, S.H., 2016. Nanotechnology in textiles. ACS Nano 10, 3042–3068. Yu, M., Li, W., Wang, Z., Zhang, B., Ma, H., Li, L., Li, J., 2016. Covalent immobilization of metal-organic frameworks onto the surface of nylon—a new approach to the functionalization and coloration of textiles. Sci. Rep. 6, 22796–22802.
Future trends in textile nanofinishing 21.1 TEXTILE NANOFINISHING IN FUTURE Following the promising features imparted into textile materials through nanofinishing technologies such as incorporation of nanoparticles, nanocomposites and various nanocoatings into textile substrates of any type, including fibers, yarns, fabrics, and nonwovens as overviewed in this book, several new functionalities will be brought about by multidisciplinary efforts of researchers in the future. The customer demand in improved appearance and functionality will be increased in future and will be a motivation for development of new nanomaterials and application techniques (Yetisen et al., 2016). One of the goals in future studies will be certainly upgrading the existing nanomaterials and nanotreatment methods, trying to boost the positive effects and reduce or eliminate the involved obstacles, limitations, and risks. Looking into literature shows tremendous efforts of researchers on enhancing the properties of all the common nanomaterials through modifications of their shape, size, surface area, and porosity bringing added values (Rafigh and Heydarinasab, 2017). Starting from nanoparticles with simply spherical shapes, nanoparticles of near spherical, plates, cubic, triangular, multidiagonal, cylindrical, rod, needle, wire, cobble-stone, cabbage-like, irregular, and many other shapes have been developed with several interesting features. Several nanofibrous materials have been developed during the recent years especially through electrospinning and research into enhancing the properties, structure, and preparation techniques of these promising textile substrates will be extensively carried out in future. Modified nanofiber composites with addition of various nanoparticles in the electrospinning polymer solutions will be certainly more researched in future bringing synergistic effects. For instance, polyester nanofibers incorporating with several weight percentage of nano TiO2 particles have been developed by electrospinning (Karimi et al., 2017). More than the addition of previously synthesized or commercial nanomaterials into electrospinning solution, in situ Nanofinishing of Textile Materials https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-08-101214-7.00021-2
© 2018 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
319
320
Nanofinishing of Textile Materials
synthesis of nanoparticles can be focused. Recently, in situ synthesis of silver nanoparticles by reduction of silver nitrate in electrospinning solution has been carried out proposing Ag-polyurethane-zein hybrid nanofibrous scaffolds for wound-dressing applications (Maharjana et al., 2017). Introduction of new auxiliaries, stabilizers, binders, and dispersing agents will be further researched in the future. More research on functionalization of existing nanomaterials to expand their compatibility, solubility, processability, stability, and durability will be carried out. Effort to achieve synergistic effects by combining the existing nanoparticles with each other forming multicomponent nanocomposite structures benefiting from multi-properties will be continued in the future. This can be achieved through combination of different metal, metal oxide, organic and inorganic particles providing variety of nanocomposites. Another approach will be the introduction of new nanomaterials proposing new properties into textiles or boosting the currently known properties. For instance, metal organic frameworks (MOFs) are newly emerging nanobased materials with highly porous structure and large surface area providing outstanding properties in various fields of electronic, energy-related applications, protection, and sensors. Several new MOF structures with new properties can be developed by versatility in the composition of the organic linkers and metal nodes. Numerous new MOF composites and derivatives can be prepared using various organic, inorganic, metal, metal oxide, carbon-based materials bringing striking performance. The application of these materials in textile substrates is now in the first steps, and in the future many case studies with the focus of MOFs usage in textile nanofinishing will be proposed. Layered double hydroxide materials (LDHs) as a class of twodimensional layered materials will also gain increased attraction in recent future. In addition to the flame-retardant properties of these materials, which was introduced in Chapter 11, recently their application in effluent removal as substantial adsorbents has been reported. Moreover, their high specific capacitance provides the opportunity for use of wearable highperformance supercapacitors (Lu et al., 2018). Future studies on the incorporation of these materials on textiles will be increased considering their wide variety of properties, making them promising inorganic building blocks. In this regard, incorporation of organic anions in LDH will expand their applications (Liu et al., 2015). The concept of metamaterials as a newly emerging materials with synthetic structures formed as a periodic arrangements will be more focused in future. Metamaterial is a periodically nanostructured metal-dielectric-
Future trends in textile nanofinishing
321
metal material, which has the ability to acquire surface plasmons to trap or absorb solar energy at subwavelength scales. Electromagnetic wave shielding and thermoregulating properties are among some of the recently studied properties thanks to these unnatural materials. A three-layer nanostructured metamaterial can act as a shell for microencapsulation of phase change materials as a solar thermal resource for heating up the PCM, producing thermoregulating textiles (Tonga and Tong, 2015). Incorporation of nanomaterials and nanocomposites into new textile substrates with new properties rather than simply using common natural and synthetic fabrics will be another concept of future studies. In this regard, current methods of fabricating and deposition of nanomaterials will be used to synthesize nanoparticles and nanocomposites on nanofibrous structures with higher porosity and surface area. This will also include ex situ synthesis and application of nanoparticles. Due to the small size of the electrospun polymer fibers, they possess a large surface area per unit mass and a very small pore size providing many potential applications in variety of fields. In a recent approach, a new method is introduced for producing multifunctional cellulose nanofibers (CNFs) by after treatment of electrospun CNFs. In this regard, CNFs were treated with silver nitrate, ammonia, and sodium hydroxide and subsequently with dopamine as reducing and adhesive agent. In this study, the selfpolymerization and self-adhesive nature of polydopamine layer had been beneficially used for reduction of silver ions. Photoreduction of silver ions has been further applied using UVA irradiation. In addition, UV irradiation accelerates the dopamine-quinone oxidation and generation of Ag nanoparticles (Gaminian and Montazer, 2017). Moreover, common surface activation methods can be investigated on nanofibrous structures to bring higher reactivity of substrates toward further nanotreatments or even dyeing. Alkaline hydrolysis of polyester nanofibers containing nano-TiO2 particles and enhanced dyeing uptake is one of the recent studies (Karimi et al., 2017). Thus, almost all the common nanoactivation, nanodeposition, and fabrication methods generally proposed in this book can be further applied on nanofibrous structures as a more reactive substrate with high surface area and porosity adding more value to the obtained common properties. The great properties of bacterial cellulose with unique morphology, high tensile strength, purity, and biocompatibility will attract more researchers in the near future to be used as a substrate with nanoporous three-dimensional network, high specific surface area with hydroxyl and ether bonds, as a hydrophilic substrate with reactive sites for synthesis of nanoparticles (Hu et al., 2009; Barud et al., 2011; Bayazidi et al., 2017; Elayaraja et al., 2017).
322
Nanofinishing of Textile Materials
Taking advantage of nanostructured surface roughness providing many potential applications such as in repellent finishing and self-healing as discussed in this book, this feature will be more developed in future producing multiregular or irregular nanostructured roughness on textile substrates. Also this effect will be studied on nanofibrous surfaces such as a recent work by Su et al. (2017), who proposed hierarchically structured TiO2/polyacrylonitrile (PAN) nanofibrous membranes for high-efficiency air filtration and toluene degradation. As speculated by authors of this study, the protuberance formed by the nanoparticles on the surfaces of nanofibers could enhance both the surface roughness and effective surface area. Hierarchically structured composite membranes were developed by electrospraying of TiO2 dispersions and PAN solution simultaneously. New methods for fabrication and deposition of nanomaterials on textile surfaces will be also developed to reduce the cost, processing time, materials consumption, and environmental effects. Toward this approach, future studies will definitely benefit from in situ methods providing more permanent effects. Efforts will be made to modify the existing methods to decrease the effluent level, and obtain control on the shape and uniform distribution of nanoparticles through in situ synthesis methods. Synergic effects of combining nano- and biotreatments will be also further investigated in future studies. One of the other recently attractive areas of research is the use of coloring effect of nanoparticles to eliminate the need for common dyeing procedures, while at the same time benefiting from multifunctional advantages of nanomaterials and preventing refractory organic pollution caused by conventional dyeing (Emam et al., 2014, 2016; Avazpour et al., 2017). Nanoparticles are different from synthetic and natural dyes having no chromophores in their chemical structures. Their coloring effects are based on the localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) features of noble metal nanoparticles, which is tunable by particles size and shape. Cotton and wool fabrics were dyed into purple and brownish-purple colors by incorporation of spherical gold nanoparticles (Dong and Hinestroza, 2009; Johnston and Lucas, 2011). Coloration of silk fibers was achieved from assembly of anisotropic silver nanoparticles with different LSPR bands coloring from blue to yellow (Tang et al., 2013). Recently, caffeic acid assisted in situ synthesis of silver nanoparticles resulting in golden yellow color along with multifunctional properties (Shahid et al., 2017). A cleaner route has been developed by Bashiri Rezaie et al. (2017) for the nanocoloration of wool fabric by green assembling of cupric oxide nanoparticles producing antibacterial and UV
Future trends in textile nanofinishing
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protection properties. Brown light to dark color of the treated fabrics was reported with very good fastness against washing, rubbing, light, and alkali spotting. Immobilization of MOFs on textiles will provide a new environmentally compatible method for textile coloration due to the versatility in the core metal clusters producing different colors. A new nanocoloring of textiles has been proposed by covalent immobilization of Cr-based MOFs (MIL-101(Cr)) on nylon fabric producing green-colored textile with strong durability to laundering (Yu et al., 2016). In addition to the advancement of current properties and applications of nanotreated textiles, modification of existing materials together with introduction of new nanomaterials will propose new frontier for application of nanoengineered textiles. In this regard, introduction of textiles with multifunctional properties, which simultaneously could be applied for obtaining multigoals, will be definitely the future of nanotreated textiles. Smart textiles known as integrated flexible substrates with potential applications as photonic textiles, conductive textiles, textile-based batteries, solar cells, and supercapacitors will be more developed as new promising frontier in clothing technology. In addition to the application of textile-based substrates with immobilized nanoparticles for sustainable photocatalytic degradation of contaminants from the wastewater effluents, use of nanotreated textiles in energy-related application for simultaneous organic compounds degradation and promising solar fuel productions will be another recent future concept of studies, benefiting from light-weight, sustainability, and flexibility. These nanotreated textiles will provide promising advantages to the future environmental and energy-related fields. In Fig. 21.1, some of the future trends of nanofinishing are shown.
21.2 CONCLUSION Nanotechnology-based textiles will continue to emerge with new properties, functionalities, and applications transforming the concept of textile clothing from simple apparel and garments to sophisticated innovated smart multifunctionalized wearable and technical substrates. The current trend in producing new nanomaterials and nanofabrication methods, modifications of the existing materials and techniques will be further advanced in future. Together with the progress in textile nanofinishing sector, the need for ensuring the safety of the nanotreated textiles against environment and human health will be also crucial.
324
Nanofinishing of Textile Materials
New nanomaterials with new properties or boosting the currently known properties such as MOFs, metamaterials, LDH; new methods of fabrication of nanomaterials on textile surfaces
Upgrading the existing nanomaterials and nano treatment methods; functionalization of existing nanomaterials to expand their compatibility, solubility, processability, stability and durability
Nanofinishing future Incorporation of nanomaterials and New practical nanocomposites into applications of nano new texile substrates treated textiles such as in such as nanoparticles environmental and energy deposition on related fields; simultaneous electrospun nanofibers nanocoloring of textiles producing colored fabrics with multifunctional properties
Combination of different metal, metal oxide, organic, and inorganic particles producing multicomponent nanocomposites with synergistic effects
Development of multiregular or irregular nano structured surface roughness
Fig. 21.1 Nanofinishing future trends.
REFERENCES Avazpour, S., Karimi, L., Zohoori, S., 2017. Simultaneous coloration and functional finishing of cotton fabric using Ag/ZnO nanocomposite. Color. Technol. 133, 423–430. Barud, H.S., Regiani, T., Marques, R.F.C., Lustri, W.R., Messaddeq, Y., Ribeiro, S.J.L., 2011. Antimicrobial bacterial cellulose-silver nanoparticles composite membranes. J. Nanomater. 2011, 721631–721639. Bashiri Rezaie, A., Montazer, M., Mahmoudi Rad, M., 2017. A cleaner route for nanocolouration of wool fabric via green assembling of cupric oxide nanoparticles along with antibacterial and UV protection properties. J. Clean. Prod. 166, 221–231. Bayazidi, P., Almasi, H., Asl, A.K., 2017. Immobilization of lysozyme on bacterial cellulose nanofibers: characteristics, antimicrobial activity and morphological properties. Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 107, 2544–2551. Dong, H., Hinestroza, J.P., 2009. Metal nanoparticles on natural cellulose fibers: electrostatic assembly and in situ synthesis. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2009 (1), 797–803. Elayaraja, S., Zagorsek, K., Li, F., Xiang, J., 2017. In situ synthesis of silver nanoparticles into TEMPO-mediated oxidized bacterial cellulose and their anti vibriocidal activity against shrimp pathogens. Carbohydr. Polym. 166, 329–337. Emam, H.E., Mowafi, S., Mashaly, H.M., Reyhan, M., 2014. Production of antibacterial colored viscose fibers using in situ prepared spherical Ag nanoparticles. Carbohydr. Polym. 110, 148–155.
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