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Futuristic Three-Dimensional Printing and Personalized Neurosurgery
Accepted Manuscript Futuristic 3D Printing and Personalized Neurosurgery Rami James N. Aoun, MD MPH, Youssef J. Hamade, MD MSCI, Samer G. Zammar, MD, Naresh P. Patel, MD, Bernard R. Bendok, MD MSCI PII:
S1878-8750(15)01025-6
DOI:
10.1016/j.wneu.2015.08.010
Reference:
WNEU 3114
To appear in:
World Neurosurgery
Please cite this article as: Aoun RJN, Hamade YJ, Zammar SG, Patel NP, Bendok BR, Futuristic 3D Printing and Personalized Neurosurgery, World Neurosurgery (2015), doi: 10.1016/j.wneu.2015.08.010. This is a PDF file of an unedited manuscript that has been accepted for publication. As a service to our customers we are providing this early version of the manuscript. The manuscript will undergo copyediting, typesetting, and review of the resulting proof before it is published in its final form. Please note that during the production process errors may be discovered which could affect the content, and all legal disclaimers that apply to the journal pertain.
ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT
Futuristic 3D Printing and Personalized
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Neurosurgery Rami James N. Aoun, MD MPH1; Youssef J. Hamade, MD MSCI1; Samer G. Zammar, MD2; Naresh P. Patel, MD1; Bernard R. Bendok, MD MSCI1 1. Department of Neurological Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Phoenix AZ
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2. Department of Neurological Surgery, Northwestern University, Chicago IL
M AN U
Disruptive technologies are rare phenomena. When they do come about, however, they have the potential to change the course of entire industries. Such is the case with Carbon3D s new 3D printing technology, dubbed Continuous Liquid Interface Production or CLIP. With its innovative approach to additive manufacturing, it has the potential to usurp and revolutionize three-dimensional printing, with
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reverberations into several fields, including neurological surgery. Conventional additive manufacturing, like Polyjet, Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM), Stereolithography (SLA) and Laser Sintering technology (SLS), function by adding materials layer by layer.(1) Technically, it is 2D printing repeated over and
EP
over again, until a 3D physical rendering is produced.(2) Consequently, such a process takes several hours and in most cases results in an unfinished and pixelated like end product. A post-processing interval adds further time to the process.
AC C
On the other hand, CLIP technology, described by Tumbleston et al.(3), 3D
prints physical models in a continuous fashion as opposed to layer by layer in conventional machines. Such an approach capitalizes on two opposing forces; UV light that promotes polymerization of resin in contrast to oxygen which inhibits the polymerization of resin. The apparatus itself consists of a bath filled with resin, an O2 and UV permeable membrane, a build support plate and an UV Imaging Unit (Fig 1). Polymerization of the intended part begins when a continuous sequence of UV images are projected through the oxygen permeable, UV transparent window
ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT
below the resin bath. This creates a layering, whereby directly above the window there exists a liquid dead zone rich in oxygen, where no polymerization occurs. Directly above that dead zone, oxygen concentration decreases and hence polymerization of the resin and construction of the 3D model occurs, guided by the
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projected UV images. In conjunction with this, the 3D part is continuously elevated out of the resin bath by a continuously elevating build support plate. (Video Link 1) Such a process can speed up 3D printing by up to 100 folds, producing a high resolution finished or near finished product without the layerings of 3D
SC
printing. A job that used to take hours, now takes mere minutes to complete.
Moreover, the spectrum of materials that can be used range from elastic rubber like great material properties.
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polymers, or elastomers, to tough and durable materials with high strength and The implications of such a technological advancement are far reaching and have the potential to directly impact Neurosurgery. Printing devices and implants on demand and designing patient specific simulation models are two potential areas for breakthroughs. This, in turn, has the potential to reduce healthcare costs and
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enhance surgical skills. Moreover, this has tremendous potential for surgeons working in areas and countries where access to instruments and implants may be constrained. Personalized medicine is considered the next frontier in healthcare. Advances such as the one described by Tumbleston et al. bring us one step closer
AC C
EP
to personalized surgery .
Video 1 Link
Carbon3D Inc. "Carbon3D Demo." YouTube. YouTube, March 2015. Web. May 2015..
Figures
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ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT
Figure 1: Continuous Liquid Interface Production Apparatus
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References
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Source: Tumbleston JR, Shirvanyants D, Ermoshkin N, Janusziewicz R, Johnson AR, Kelly D, et al. Continuous liquid interface production of 3D objects. Science. 2015;347(6228):1349-52.
1. Gibson I, Rosen DW, Stucker B. Additive manufacturing technologies: Springer; 2010. 2. A New Approach to 3D Printing 2015 [cited 2015 May]. Available from: http://carbon3d.com. 3. Tumbleston JR, Shirvanyants D, Ermoshkin N, Janusziewicz R, Johnson AR, Kelly D, et al. Continuous liquid interface production of 3D objects. Science. 2015;347(6228):1349-52.
S1878-8750(15)01025-6
DOI:
10.1016/j.wneu.2015.08.010
Reference:
WNEU 3114
To appear in:
World Neurosurgery
Please cite this article as: Aoun RJN, Hamade YJ, Zammar SG, Patel NP, Bendok BR, Futuristic 3D Printing and Personalized Neurosurgery, World Neurosurgery (2015), doi: 10.1016/j.wneu.2015.08.010. This is a PDF file of an unedited manuscript that has been accepted for publication. As a service to our customers we are providing this early version of the manuscript. The manuscript will undergo copyediting, typesetting, and review of the resulting proof before it is published in its final form. Please note that during the production process errors may be discovered which could affect the content, and all legal disclaimers that apply to the journal pertain.
ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT
Futuristic 3D Printing and Personalized
RI PT
Neurosurgery Rami James N. Aoun, MD MPH1; Youssef J. Hamade, MD MSCI1; Samer G. Zammar, MD2; Naresh P. Patel, MD1; Bernard R. Bendok, MD MSCI1 1. Department of Neurological Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Phoenix AZ
SC
2. Department of Neurological Surgery, Northwestern University, Chicago IL
M AN U
Disruptive technologies are rare phenomena. When they do come about, however, they have the potential to change the course of entire industries. Such is the case with Carbon3D s new 3D printing technology, dubbed Continuous Liquid Interface Production or CLIP. With its innovative approach to additive manufacturing, it has the potential to usurp and revolutionize three-dimensional printing, with
TE D
reverberations into several fields, including neurological surgery. Conventional additive manufacturing, like Polyjet, Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM), Stereolithography (SLA) and Laser Sintering technology (SLS), function by adding materials layer by layer.(1) Technically, it is 2D printing repeated over and
EP
over again, until a 3D physical rendering is produced.(2) Consequently, such a process takes several hours and in most cases results in an unfinished and pixelated like end product. A post-processing interval adds further time to the process.
AC C
On the other hand, CLIP technology, described by Tumbleston et al.(3), 3D
prints physical models in a continuous fashion as opposed to layer by layer in conventional machines. Such an approach capitalizes on two opposing forces; UV light that promotes polymerization of resin in contrast to oxygen which inhibits the polymerization of resin. The apparatus itself consists of a bath filled with resin, an O2 and UV permeable membrane, a build support plate and an UV Imaging Unit (Fig 1). Polymerization of the intended part begins when a continuous sequence of UV images are projected through the oxygen permeable, UV transparent window
ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT
below the resin bath. This creates a layering, whereby directly above the window there exists a liquid dead zone rich in oxygen, where no polymerization occurs. Directly above that dead zone, oxygen concentration decreases and hence polymerization of the resin and construction of the 3D model occurs, guided by the
RI PT
projected UV images. In conjunction with this, the 3D part is continuously elevated out of the resin bath by a continuously elevating build support plate. (Video Link 1) Such a process can speed up 3D printing by up to 100 folds, producing a high resolution finished or near finished product without the layerings of 3D
SC
printing. A job that used to take hours, now takes mere minutes to complete.
Moreover, the spectrum of materials that can be used range from elastic rubber like great material properties.
M AN U
polymers, or elastomers, to tough and durable materials with high strength and The implications of such a technological advancement are far reaching and have the potential to directly impact Neurosurgery. Printing devices and implants on demand and designing patient specific simulation models are two potential areas for breakthroughs. This, in turn, has the potential to reduce healthcare costs and
TE D
enhance surgical skills. Moreover, this has tremendous potential for surgeons working in areas and countries where access to instruments and implants may be constrained. Personalized medicine is considered the next frontier in healthcare. Advances such as the one described by Tumbleston et al. bring us one step closer
AC C
EP
to personalized surgery .
Video 1 Link
Carbon3D Inc. "Carbon3D Demo." YouTube. YouTube, March 2015. Web. May 2015.
Figures
M AN U
SC
RI PT
ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT
Figure 1: Continuous Liquid Interface Production Apparatus
AC C
References
EP
TE D
Source: Tumbleston JR, Shirvanyants D, Ermoshkin N, Janusziewicz R, Johnson AR, Kelly D, et al. Continuous liquid interface production of 3D objects. Science. 2015;347(6228):1349-52.
1. Gibson I, Rosen DW, Stucker B. Additive manufacturing technologies: Springer; 2010. 2. A New Approach to 3D Printing 2015 [cited 2015 May]. Available from: http://carbon3d.com. 3. Tumbleston JR, Shirvanyants D, Ermoshkin N, Janusziewicz R, Johnson AR, Kelly D, et al. Continuous liquid interface production of 3D objects. Science. 2015;347(6228):1349-52.