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G
FURFURAL +
100 °C: cements based on furan resins (e.g. Kera-Kitte).
—
40 °C: cements based on sulphur.
328
Enamel (enamelled cast iron and glass-lined steel) Glass (e.g. Duran and Pyrex type) 4Room temp, to b.p., also moist and acid. Graphite and carbon (also impervious) 4Room temp, to b.p.: graphite and carbon, but these are not impervious. 4-
100 °C, saturated solutions of furfural in water: impervious graphite (e.g. Diabon, Karbate, Delanium).
Porcelain (hard porcelain) Quartzware 4-
Room temp, to b.p., under all usual conditions.
Stoneware 4-
Room temp, to 100 °C, under all usual conditions.
Plastics — Room temp., always in liquid phase: polyethylenes, polyisobutylenes, poly vinyl chlorides, polyvinylidene chlorides, polyesters, polyurethanes. 4-
Room temp, to 100 °C: furan resins (e.g. Haveg 60, Kera-Kitte).
4-
Room temp, to b.p.: PTFE (e.g. Teflon, Hostaflon, Fluon).
Rubber (natural and synthetic) —
37 °C: all rubbers, including chlorinated rubber.
Textile fibres and filter materials 4Room temp, to 100 °C: cotton, wool, Teflon fibre, glass fibre, asbestos. — 37 °C: fibres of perchlorinated polyvinyl chloride and copolymers of vinyl chloride 4- vinyl acetate. Wood 4Room temp, to 36 °C, solid furfural.
GELATIN (Also glue liquors) Aluminium (99.5%) Aluminium vats are used to digest skins (pig, calf) and animal bones at 66 °C, using dilute solutions of sulphur dioxide, hydrochloric acid, sulphuric acid, depending upon the final pH (3-7) requirements of the gelatin. Aluminium eva porators, piping, tubing, storage tanks, pumps, drying tunnels, filter presses and conveyers for the manufacture of edible gelatin.
GELATIN
329
4-
Room temp, to 80 °C. Vacuum evaporating apparatus, heating coils for acid condensates (little sulphur dioxide) of photographic gelatin. Drying hurdles, wire gauze with hexagon mesh. Putrefaction and additions of salts of heavy metals (e.g. Hg, Cu) lead to corrosion. Artificial oxidation (e.g. MBV process) is recommended for boiling vessels of 99.8% aluminium.
Aluminium alloys (without copper) + Behave like aluminium. Driving rollers for leaf dividers are made of hydronalium sand mould casting, also endless bands of hydronalium. Copper 4Room temp, to 100 °C; usually some bluish discoloration. Corrosion rate for one boiling: max. 0.1 mm/year. Containers, heating tubes, evaporators, condensers. (+)
Room temp; putrefaction causes blackening.
—
Room temp., bleaching the crude glue liquors with hydrogen peroxide.
—
Manufacture of gelatin for photographic purposes.
Brass (60-90% copper) 460-100 °C. Heating coils. 4-
100 °C, concentrating 8% solution of glue to 30%. Brass pipes ( < 30% Zn), which had a life of 20 years.
—
Manufacture of photographic gelatin.
Bronze (without zinc) 4- to — Behaves like copper. Corrosion rate for bronze with 6% Sn in solutions of pH 2-3 at 60 °C: approx. 0.03 mm/year. Pumps of cast bronze, stirrers, fittings, bands of bronze wire for band dryers, driving rollers for leaf dividers. (4-)
Room temp, to 70 °C, stronger acid broths. General attack small, but risk of local corrosion.
Red brass (copper alloys with tin and zinc) 4- to — Behaves like brass ( < 30% Zn). Fittings, pumps. Aluminium bronze 4Room temp, to 100 °C. More resistant than copper and bronze. Corrosion rate at 100 °C: < 0.003 mm/year. Boilers of aluminium bronze with 5% Al for acid and alkaline broths. Copper-silicon alloys 4- to — Behave like copper. Iron (puk*e), cast iron and steel 4- to (—) Room temp, to 100 °C. Heating coils, boiling vats, bottoms of strainers, condenser pipes for products where the colour is not so important. Attacks depend on the pH and the salt content. 4-
60-100 °C, 5-55% glue liquors. Evaporators of cast iron with heating tubes of copper.
GELATIN
330
—
Manufacture of gelatin for photographic purposes.
4-
Room temp, to 50 °C. Machines of cast iron with 2% Ni for gluing.
Stainless steels I = approx. 17% Cr II = approx. 17% Cr with small additions of M o
4
Room temp, to b.p. (I, II). Corrosion rate: < 0.11 mm/year. Slitting sieves. Risk of pitting, if pH = 2 and the sodium chloride content is high.
Austenitic chromium-nickel steels I = 18-20% Cr,
8-11% Ni; stabilized
II = 16-18% Cr, 10-14% Ni, 2.0-3.0% M o ; stabilized
4
Room temp, to b.p. (I, II). Corrosion rate: < 0.11 mm/year. For high sulphur dioxide content II is better than I. Risk of pitting at high sodium chloride con tent. Vacuum evaporators, filter presses, conveyor belts, wire cloths for handling pure gelatin, also photographic gelatin.
4
Vessels (I, II) for the production of photographic emulsions.
(4)
45 °C, rapid agitation, evaporated gelatin solution (20-30%) with 0.75% salts, acidified with hydrochloric acid to pH 3. Corrosion rates: 0.01 mm/year (I, U.S, type 304), 0.003 mm/year (II, U.S. type 316); in both cases risk of crevice corro sion.
4
55-65 °C, rapid agitation, gelatin liquor, acidified with hydrochloric acid to pH 3.8 - 4.8. Corrosion rate: 0.003 mm/year (I, U.S. type 304; II, U.S. type 316).
4
80 °C, rapid agitation, gelatin solution (supersaturated), with solid particles, pH 3.8-6.8. Corrosion rate: < 0.003 mm/year (II, U.S. type 316).
High-alloyed austenitic steels 4 Behave like austenitic steels or better. Pumps, valves (German SEL 4590, Durimet 20, Worthite, Carpenter 20). Cast silicon-iron (more than 14.5% Si) 4 Room temp, to b.p., also strongly acidified. Alloyed cast iron I = 2% Cr II = 25-30% Cr III = 14% Ni, 6% Cr, 5% Cu
4
Room temp, to b.p. (II, III).
Lead and hard lead 4 Room temp, to 100 °C. Lead-lined vessels for bleaching solutions of glue or gelatin by means of sulphur dioxide. Pumps of hard lead for acid broths. —
Manufacture of gelatin for food.
Nickel 4 Room temp, to b.p. Well suited for all purposes in the manufacture of gelatin. Corrosion rate at the usual acidity: < 0.008 mm/year. Nickel tanks and nickel holding tanks for the manufacture of edible gelatin.
331 +
GELATIN Vessels for the manufacture of photographic emulsions.
Nickel-chromium alloys + Behave like nickel. Monel metal + Room temp, to b.p. Corrosion rate: max. 0.1 mm/year. Evaporating boilers, pipes for the preparation of glue from hides. Gluing machines for paper. Platinum, its alloys and less-common metals + Room temp, to b.p. under all usual conditions: platinum. Silver + Room temp, to b.p., also at pH 2. -h
Room temp, to b.p. Silver is the best material of construction for the manufac ture of photographic gelatin and photographic emulsions.
(+)
Room temp.; blackening of the surface if there is putrefaction in the solutions.
Tin + —
Room temp, to b.p. Tinned copper vessels for the manufacture of gelatin for the food industry. Room temp, to 100 °C, if the gelatin liquor is too acid (pH 2) by sulphur dioxide.
Concrete 4Room temp, to 60 °C, solutions of gelatin with pH > 4. 4-
Room temp, to 50 °C. Concrete tanks for the digestion of hides by milk of lime are lined with asphalt or ceramic tiles.
—
Room temp., acid broths.
Enamel (enamelled cast iron and glass-lined steel) 4Room temp, to b.p. Apparatus and pipes of glass-lined steel for the manufac ture of purest gelatin, suitable for photographic purposes. Glass (e.g. Duran and Pyrex type) + Room temp, to b.p., under all usual conditions. Porcelain (hard porcelain) Quartzware Stoneware 4-
Behave like glass.
Plastics 4-
Most plastics, within the limits of their thermal stability.
Rubber (natural and synthetic) 4-
Room temp, to 90 °C. Conveyor belts for slabs of gelatin or glue.
Coatings of baked resins f Room temp, to b.p., also for strongly acid and alkaline solutions.
332
GELATIN
Textile fibres and filter materials + Room temp, to b.p.: most filter cloths. Standard cotton wean duck cloth for filter presses of aluminium or stainless steel. Wood + Room temp, to 100 °C. Extracting vessels for hides and bones, stirring vats, storage vessels. Mostly fir wood, especially Douglas fir.
GLUCONIC ACID
HOOC-(CHOH) CH OH 4
2
Aluminium (99.5%) + Room temp, to 100 °C, solutions of all concentrations. For hot solutions the artificial oxidation of the aluminium is favourable. Vessels, piping. +
The conversion of glucose into gluconic acid by means of mould fungi (Asper gillus niger) is carried out in aluminium drums, also its neutralization with lime. Pipelines.
Aluminium alloys (without copper) + Behave like aluminium (99.5%). Copper Brass (60-90% copper) -f to (—) Room temp, to b.p., solutions of all concentrations, but in presence of air the solutions receive a bluish discoloration. Bronze (without zinc) + to ( + ) Room temp, to b.p., solutions of all concentrations. The bluish discolor ation is less strong than if copper is used. Red brass (copper alloys with tin and zinc) + to (—) Behaves like copper. Aluminium bronze Copper-silicon alloys + to ( + ) Behave like bronze. Iron (pure), cast iron and steel ( + ) to — Room temp, to 100 °C. The attack is small, but the solutions become discoloured in presence of air: pure iron, cast iron, steel. Austenitic chromium-nickel steels I = 18-20% Cr, 8-11% Ni; stabilized II = 16-18% Cr, 10-14% Ni, 2.0-3.0% M o ; stabilized
-r
Room temp, to b.p., solutions of all concentrations. Vessels, pumps, valves.
High-alloyed austenitic steels + Behave like austenitic steels (e.g. German SEL 4595, 4585, Carpenter 20, Worthite).
333
GLUCONIC ACID
Cast silicon-iron (more than 14.5% Si) 4Room temp, to b.p., solutions of all concentrations. Alloyed cast iron I = 2% Cr II = 25-30% Cr III = 14% Ni, 6% Cr, 5% Cu
4-
Room temp, to b.p., solutions of all concentrations (II, III).
Nickel + Room temp, to b.p., solutions of all concentrations. Nickel-chromium alloys + Behave like nickel. +
B.p. Evaporators of Inconel are especially recommended for crude and pure solutions.
Monel metal 4Behaves like nickel. Platinum, its alloys and less-common metals 4-
Room temp, to b.p., solutions of all concentrations: platinum, gold.
Silver +
Room temp, to b.p., solutions of any concentration.
Tin +
Room temp, to 100 °C, solutions. Tin-plated iron containers for the transport of syrupy gluconic acid. Acid-resistant bricks and tiles; cements 4Room temp, to 40 °C. Concrete tanks lined with ceramic bricks. 4Room temp, to 100 °C: cements based on silicates and phenolic and furan resins. Concrete — Room temp. Enamel (enamelled cast iron and glass-lined steel) Glass (e.g. Duran and Pyrex glass) 4Room temp, to b.p., solutions of all concentrations. 4-
30-100 °C. Vessels for the production of the γ-lactone of gluconic acid by reaction of gluconic acid with hydrochloric acid.
Porcelain (hard porcelain) Quartzware 4-
Behave like enamel.
Stoneware 4Room temp, to 100 °C. Storage vessels and pumps for pure gluconic acid.
334
GLUCONIC ACID Plastics -f
Most plastics, within their thermal limits.
Rubber (natural and synthetic) -f
Room temp, to 90 °C, solutions of any concentration.
Coatings of baked resins -f Room temp, to 100 °C, solutions of all concentrations, even mixed with hydro chloric acid for the production of the γ-lactone of gluconic acid. Textile fibres and filter materials + Room temp, to 100 °C: most filter cloths. Wood -f Room temp, to 80 °C, aqueous solutions of all concentrations. Vessels, filter presses.
GLUTAMIC ACID
HOOC-(CH ) CHNH COOH 2
2
2
Aluminium (99.5%) Aluminium alloys (without copper) -f to ( + ) Room temp, to 100 °C, solutions. Corrosion rate for 1.2% glutamic acid: at room temp., 0.01 mm/year, but local corrosion; at 50 °C, 0.06 mm/ year, but local corrosion. The local corrosion is mostly caused by a content of sodium chloride. Copper -f to —
Room temp, to 100 °C, solutions; the solutions are discoloured (bluish) Corrosion rate in 1.2% glutamic acid: at room temp., 0.03 mm/year; at 50 °C, 0.12 mm/year.
Brass (60-90% copper) + to — Behaves like copper. Corrosion rate in saturated aqueous solutions which contain sodium chloride: 0.13 mm/year (Admiralty brass). Bronze (without zinc) - f to — Behaves like copper. Red brass (copper alloys with tin and zinc) + to — Behaves like brass. Aluminium bronze -f to —
Behaves somewhat better than copper.
Copper-nickel alloys -f t o — Room temp, to 100 °C. Solutions are discoloured (bluish). Corrosion rate for copper with 30% Ni in saturated solutions of room temp, which contain sodium chloride: 0.15 mm/year. Copper-silicon alloys + to — Behave like copper.
335
GLUTAMIC ACID
Iron (pure), cast iron and steel — Room temp., aqueous solutions because of discoloration and unfavourable in fluence on the taste: pure iron, cast iron, steel. -f
Room temp, to 100 °C. Vessels of steel for the alkaline hydrolysis of "StefTens" waste (molasses without sugar).
—
Room temp., rapid agitation, saturated solutions of glutamic acid and sodium chloride. Corrosion rate: 2.1 mm/year (grey cast iron).
—
70 °C, rapid agitation, crude glutamic acid of pH 5.6 (evaporation). Corrosion rate in the flash chamber above the liquor: > 4 mm/year (grey cast iron).
Stainless steels I = approx. 17% Cr II = approx. 17% Cr with small additions of M o
( - f ) to —
Room temp., aqueous solutions (I, II). Attack is slight but there is pitting, becouse most solutions contain sodium chloride.
Austenitic chromium-nickel steels I = 18-20% Cr,
8-11% N i ; stabilized
II = 16-18% Cr, 10-14% Ni, 2.0-3.0% M o ; stabilized
( + ) to — —
Room temp, to 100 °C (I, II). Risk of pitting because the solutions con tain sodium chloride.
Room temp., aqueous solutions of glutamic acid with hydrochloric acid (I, II).
+ to —
70 °C, rapid agitation, crude glutamic acid of pH 5.6; evaporation. Corrosion rate in the flash chamber above the liquor: 0.005 mm/year, slight pitting, risk of crevice corrosion (I, U.S. type 304); < 0.003 mm/year (II, U.S. type 316).
—
Room temp., pH 3.2, saturated solutions of glutamic acid and sodium chloride. Corrosion rate: < 0.06 mm/year, but severe pitting and crevice corrosion (I, II).
( + ) to (—) 80 °C, rapid agitation, crude glutamic solutions of pH 1.8, which contain hydrogen peroxide (bleaching). Corrosion rate: 0.02 mm/year, slight pitting and risk of crevice corrosion (II, U.S. type 316). High-alloyed austenitic steels -f 80 °C, aqueous solutions: Worthite. Cast silicon-iron (more than 14.5% Si) HRoom temp., aqueous solutions of glutamic acid with 3% hydrochloric acid: Durichlor. Pumps. Alloyed cast iron I = 2% Cr II = 25-30% Cr III = 14% Ni, 6% Cr, 5% Cu
+
Room temp, to 70 °C (III). Corrosion rates: at room temp., saturated solutions of glutamic acid and sodium chloride, pH 3.2, 0.10 mm/year (Ni-Resist 2); at 70 °C, in vapours of evaporator, pH 5.6, 0.20 mm/year (Ni-Resist 2).
GLUTAMIC ACID —
336
Room temp., aqueous solutions (I).
Lead and hard lead —
Because glutamic acid is mostly employed in the food industry.
Nickel-chromium alloys + Room temp, to b.p. of saturated solutions. Evaporator of Inconel for pure solutions of glutamic acid, also in mixture with other amino-acids. —
Room temp., solutions which contain hydrochloric acid.
Monel metal (+)
Room temp. Corrosion rate in saturated solutions: 0.05-0.5 mm/year.
Nickel-chromium-molybdenum alloys + Room temp, to b.p. of saturated solutions, also if the solutions contain sodium chloride, hydrochloric acid, hydrogen peroxide: Hastelloy C, Chlorimet 3, Bergit C, Remanit HC, Euzonit 60 S. Platinum, its alloys and less-common metals + Room temp, to b.p. of the saturated solutions, even if the solutions contain sodium chloride and hydrochloric acid: platinum, gold, tantalum. -f Room temp, to 100 °C, digestion of soya bean protein or gluton by hydrolysis with hydrochloric acid. Tantalum bayonet heaters and tantalum condensers. Silver + Room temp, to b.p. of saturated solutions, even if the solutions contain sodium chloride and hydrochloric acid. Tin +
Room temp. Transport of solid glutamic acid in tin-plated containers.
+
Room temp., solutions with only traces of sodium chloride.
Acid-resistant bricks and tiles; cements + Room temp, to 100 °C. Brick-lined vessels for the hydrolysis of proteins and gluten by hydrochloric acid: ceramic plates, carbon bricks. + Room temp, to 100 °C, also in presence of hydrochloric acid: cements based on silicates, phenolic and furan resins (e.g. Sàurekitt Hoechst, Penchlor acid-proof, Havegit, Asplit). Concrete — Room temp.; solutions. Enamel (enamelled cast iron and glass-lined steel) + Room temp, to b.p. of saturated solutions, also in presence of hydrochloric acid, sodium chloride or hydrogen peroxide. Enamel is the most widely used material of construction. Vessels, filter presses. +
100 °C; hydrolysis of gluten by hydrochloric acid. Jacketed stirring vessels, valves, filter presses, evaporators are made of glass-lined steel.
337
GLUTAMIC ACID
Glass (e.g. Duran and Pyrex type) + Behaves like enamel. Pipes. Graphite and carbon (also impervious) + Room temp, to 120 °C, solutions of glutamic acid, also in mixture with sodium chloride and hydrochloric acid. Pumps and heat exchangers of impervious graphite (e.g. Karbate, Delanium, Diabon). Apparatus for regeneration of used hydrochloric acid. Porcelain (hard porcelain) Quartzware + Room temp, to b.p. of saturated solutions, even in mixture with sodium chlo ride and hydrochloric acid or hydrogen peroxide. Pumps, vessels. Stoneware + Room temp, to 100 °C; solutions of all concentrations, also in mixture with hydrochloric acid and sodium chloride. Storage vessels, piping, pumps, section filters. Plastics +
Solutions: most plastics, within their thermal limits.
Rubber (natural and synthetic) + Room temp, to 90 °C, solutions, also in presence of hydrochloric acid and sodium chloride. Rubber-lined vessels, filter presses and centrifuges. Synthetic rubbers are somewhat better than natural rubbers. Rubber-lined tubes have the disadvantage that crystals of glutamic acid hydrochloride or sodium glutamate adhere to the surface of the rubber. Coatings of baked resins + Room temp, to 100 °C, solutions of all concentrations, also mixed with sodium chloride and hydrochloric acid. Textile fibres and filter materials + Room temp, to 100 °C: cotton fabrics, if the pH is over 5. +
Room temp, to 65 °C: fabrics of perchlorinated polyvinyl chloride.
+
Room temp, to b.p., solutions of all concentrations, also mixed with hydro chloric acid, sodium chloride or hydrogen peroxide: glass-fibre, Teflon fabrics.
Wood + Room temp, to 60 °C, solutions of all concentrations, also saturated with sodium chloride and with additions of hydrochloric acid. Vats, filter presses of pitchpine or cypress.
GLYCEROL
HOH C · CHOH · CH OH 2
2
Aluminium (99.5%) -fRoom temp, to b.p., pure glycerol and its aqueous solutions. No discoloration of glycerol. Distillation apparatus, pipes, storage containers, tank cars.
GLYCEROL
338
4-
38-77 °C, glycerol with 5% water. Corrosion rate: < 0.001 mm/year. Storage tanks.
(+)
300 °C. Aluminium vessels for the manufacture of glyptal resins from glycerol 4- phthalic anhydride.
(+)
21-70 °C, pH 4.5, moderate agitation by air, mixture of 4.5% glycerol, 8-10% sodium chloride, traces of ferric chloride and hydrochloric acid, balance water (soap industry). Corrosion rate: 0.11 mm/year and pitting of 0.08 mm depth.
Aluminium alloys (without copper) + to ( 4 - ) Behave like aluminium (99.5%). (4-)
300-400 °C. Vessels of A 54 S for the manufacture of glyptal and alkyd resins from glycerol, phthalic anhydride and copalic acid. This alloy has a better sta bility than aluminium and is also suitable for pressure vessels.
Copper 4Room temp, to b.p. Corrosion rate in glycerol with 5% water at 35-80 °C: < 0.0008 mm/year. Vessels, stills, piping, heating coils. (4-)
160 °C, rapid agitation, aqueous glycerol. Corrosion rate: 0.38 mm/year. Heating coils for evaporators.
4-
150 °C, slight agitation, aqueous glycerol. Corrosion rate: 0.08 mm/year. Vacuum evaporator.
(4-)to(—)
65-75 °C, at the beginning aqueous solution of 5% glycerol and 10% sodium chloride, at the finish 80% glycerol, 8% sodium chloride, balance water. Corrosion rates: 0.23 mm/year (liquid phase), 0.40 mm/year (vapour phase). Vacuum evaporator.
(+)
300-400 °C. Vessels for the manufacture of glyptal and alkyd resins from glycer ol and phthalic anhydride or copalic acid.
Brass (60-90% copper) 4- to (—) Behaves like copper, if the content of zinc is < 30%. (—)
150 °C, slight agitation, aqueous glycerol. Corrosion rate: < 0.10 mm/year. Vacuum evaporator.
(4-)
Slight attack by cooling brines containing glycerol.
Bronze (without zinc) 4- to (—) Behaves like copper. Fittings, pumps. 4-
54 °C, pH 6-7, glycerol with 5% water. Corrosion rate: 0.001 mm/year (cast bronze).
Red brass (copper alloys with tin and zinc) 4- to (—) Behaves like copper. Fittings, pumps.
339
GLYCEROL
Aluminium bronze -f to (-f)
Behaves somewhat better than copper.
Copper-nickel alloys -f Room temp, to b.p. Corrosion rate for copper with 30% Ni at 150 °C in a vacuum evaporator with aqueous glycerol: < 0.06 mm/year (liquid phase), < 0.12 mm/year (vapour phase). Copper-silicon alloys + to (*—) Behave like copper. Iron (pure), cast iron and steel + to (—) Room temp, to b.p. Corrosion rates: at 54 °C, pH 6-7, glycerol with 5% water, < 0.002 mm/year (steel); at 150 °C, aqueous glycerol, vacuum evaporator, 0.8 mm/year (liquid phase and vapour phase); the samples of steel in the vapour phase are perforated; cast iron under the same conditions loses 2 mm/year. Corrosion rates during concentration: Metal
At start °C Glycerol NaCl
At finish Glycerol NaCl
Steel
80 4.5%
13%
81%
Cast iron
80 4.5%
13%
Steel
70
5 %
Cast iron
70
5 %
mm/year
Remarks
8%
0.01
81%
8%
<0.03
\ Vacuum [ evaporator ) upper tray
10%
80%
8%
5.3
10%
80%
8%
0.73
\ Bottom of i "Garrique" ) evaporator
Slight attack is retarded by additions of alkali salts (trisodium phosphate) or by (organic) amines. Evaporators, stills (cast iron), piping, pumps. +
80-160 °C (cast iron): (a) glycerol soap lye with 10-12% glycerol, 13-16% sodium chloride and sodium sulphate, mud, water at 85 °C (alkali-treating tank); (b) cone, glycerol, saturated with sodium chloride and salt in suspension at 160 °C (still); (c) cone, glycerol, saturated with sodium chloride and salt crystals at 150 °C, rapid agitation (vapour phase in head of still). Corrosion rate in (a) to (c): max. 0.08 mm/year.
Stainless steels I = approx. 17% Cr II = approx. 17% Cr with small additions of M o
-f-
Room temp, to b.p., pure glycerol and aqueous solutions (I, II). Corrosion rate: max. 0.11 mm/year.
—
Room temp., solutions of glycerol + sodium chloride, because of pitting (I, II),
Austenitic chromium-nickel steels I = 18-20% Cr, 8-11% N i ; stabilized II = 16-18% Cr, 10-14% Ni, 2.0-3.0% M o ; stabilized
+
B.p. Reaction vessel for the saponification of fat into glycerol and fatty acids.
GLYCEROL 4-
340
Room temp, to b.p., pure glycerol and its aqueous solutions (I, II).
( + ) to (—) 80 °C, samples from the upper tray of a vacuum evaporator for crude glycerol lyes: 4.5% glycerol, 13% sodium chloride (start); 81% glycerol, 8% sodium chloride (finish). Corrosion rate: 0.005 mm/year, but pittings of 0.25 mm depth (I, U.S. type 304). +
B.p., rapid agitation, cone, glycerol saturated with sodium chloride, some salt in suspension. Corrosion rates: 0.07 mm/year (I, U.S. type 304); 0.05 mm/year (U.S. type 316).
(+)
150 °C, rapid agitation, cone, glycerol saturated with sodium chloride, salt crystals (vapours). Corrosion rates: < 0.012 mm/year (I, U.S. type 304), < 0.008 mm/year (II, U.S. type 304); in both cases slight pitting and risk of crevice corrosion.
( + ) to (—) 160 °C, rapid agitation, cone, glycerol saturated with sodium chloride, salt crystals. Corrosion rates: 0.20 mm/year, slight pitting, risk of crevice corrosion (I, U.S. type 304); 0.20 mm/year, moderate pitting, risk of crevice corrosion (II, U.S. type 316). (4-)to(—)
60-104 °C, 15-20% glycerol saturated with sodium chloride (WoosterSanger evaporator). Corrosion rates: < 0.008 mm/year, severe pitting risk of crevice corrosion (I, U.S. type 304); <0.003 mm/year, slight pitting, risk of crevice corrosion (II, U.S. type 316).
( + ) to (—) 100 °C, moderate agitation, 30% semi-crude glycerol, 20% sodium chlo ride, trace free butyric acid, water remainder, pH 4. Corrosion rates: < 0.035 mm/year, severe pitting, risk of crevice corrosion (I, U.S. type 304); < 0.090 mm/year, slight pitting, risk of crevice corrosion (II, U.S. type 316). High-alloyed austenitic steels + Room temp, to b.p., pure glycerol and its aqueous solutions. 4- t o ( + )
60-104 °C, 15-80% glycerol saturated with sodium chloride (WoosterSanger evaporator). Corrosion rate: < 0.005 mm/year, risk of crevice corrosion (Carpenter 20).
4- to ( + )
100 °C, moderate agitation, 30% semi-crude glycerol, 20% sodium chlo ride, trace free butyric acid, remainder water, pH 4. Corrosion rate: < 0.08 mm/year, slight pitting, risk of crevice corrosion (Carpenter 20).
Cast silicon-iron (more than 14.5% Si) 4Room temp, to b.p., pure glycerol and its solutions, even with addition of sodium chloride. Pumps. Alloyed cast iron I = 2% Cr II = 25-30% Cr III = 14% Ni, 6% Cr, 5% Cu
4-
Room temp, to b.p., pure glycerol and its aqueous solutions (III, e.g. NiResist 2).
4-
80-160 °C (III, e.g. Ni-Resist 2): (a) glycerol soap lye with 10-12% glycerol,
341
GLYCEROL 13-16% sodium chloride + sodium sulphate, mud, water at 85 °C (alkali-treat ing tank); (b) cone, glycerol, saturated with sodium chloride and salt in suspen sion at 160 °C (still); (c) cone, glycerol, saturated with sodium chloride and salt crystals at 150 °C, rapid agitation (vapour phase attached to head of still). Corrosion rate in (a) to (c): 0.01 mm/year.
Lead and hard lead (—) Room temp., glycerol with 5% water in presence of active carbon. Corrosion rate: 1 mm/year (lead). Not suitable for glycerol in the cosmetic industry. +
Room temp., aqueous glycerol with dissolved sulphates.
+
Containers for the manufacture of nitroglycerol from glycerol and mixed acids.
Nickel + Room temp, to b.p., pure and aqueous solutions of glycerol. Together with Monel the best material of construction, because clear, pale products with small content of ash are obtained. Stills, containers, piping, valves. +
80 °C, lyes with 12% glycerol, 15% sodium chloride + sodium sulphate. Corro sion rates: 0.01 mm/year (nickel), < 0.003 mm/year (Monel).
+
0-82 °C, lyes with 4.5% glycerol and 13% sodium chloride with addition of 0.5% hydrochloric acid (28%) and 0.5% aluminium sulphate solution (17%). Corrosion rates: 0.03 mm/year (nickel), < 0.03 mm/year (Monel), 0.02 mm/year (Inconel).
+
38-93 °C, agitation by aeration, mixture of 25% glycerol, 52% sodium chloride, 5% sodium sulphate, remainder water. Corrosion rates: 0.010 mm/year (nickel), 0.010 mm/year (K-Monel), 0.005 mm/year (S-Monel), 0.003 mm/year (Monel 400), 0.003 mm/year (Inconel).
+
20-140 °C, mixture of 81% glycerol, 10% sodium chloride, remainder water. Corrosion rate: < 0.003 mm/year (nickel, Monel, Inconel).
Nickel chromium alloys + Room temp, to b.p., pure glycerol and its aqueous solutions. See also data under Nickel (above). ( + ) to (—) 80 °C, lyes with 12% glycerol, 15% sodium chloride + sodium sulphate. Corrosion rate: < 0.003 mm/year, but pittings up to 0.18 mm depth (Inconel). Monel metal + Behaves like nickel or better. See data under Nickel (above). Stills, containers, valves, pumps, filter fabrics. Nickel-molybdenum alloys + Room temp, to b.p., pure glycerol and its aqueous solutions. (+)
60-104 °C, 15-80% glycerol, saturated with sodium chloride (Wooster-Sanger evaporator). Corrosion rate: < 0.003 mm/year, risk of crevice corrosion (Ni-onel).
GLYCEROL
342
Platinum, its alloys and less-common metals 4Room temp, to b.p., under all usual conditions: platinum, gold. —
500-600 °C, vapours; carburization and brittleness: platinum.
Silver 4-
Room temp, to b.p., under all usual conditions.
Tin -f
Room temp., pure glycerol and its aqueous solutions.
—
B.p. Tin-plated still bodies give yellow liquors.
Acid-resistant bricks and tiles; cements -fRoom temp, to 100 °C, pure glycerol and its aqueous solutions, also saturated with sodium chloride: ceramic plates, carbon bricks. -fRoom temp, to 150 °C: cements based on silicates (e.g. Sàurekitt Hoechst), phenolic resins (e.g. Asplit, Asplit CN). Concrete — Room temp. Anhydrous glycerol attacks less than aqueous solutions. Enamel (enamelled cast iron and glass-lined steel) Glass (e.g. Duran and Pyrex type) -f Room temp, to b.p., under all usual conditions. Graphite and carbon (also impervious) 4Room temp, to 170 °C, all concentrations, also saturated with sodium chloride or acid: impervious graphite like Diabon, Karbate, Delanium. 4-
Room temp, to b.p.: graphite, carbon.
Porcelain (hard porcelain) Quartzware 4-
Room temp, to b.p., under all usual conditions.
Stoneware 4Room temp, to 100 °C. Storage vessels for pure glycerol or aggressive glycerol lyes. Plastics 4Pure glycerol and its aqueous solutions: most plastics, within their thermal limits. Rubber (natural and synthetic) 4Pure glycerol and its aqueous solutions, also saturated with sodium chloride or acid: most rubbers, within their thermal limits. (—)
Room temp., pure glycerol: silicone rubber.
Coatings of baked resins 4Room temp, to 100 °C, pure glycerol and its aqueous solutions, also saturated with sodium chloride or acid.
GLYCEROL
343
Textile fibres and filter materials -fRoom temp, to 100 °C, pure glycerol and its aqueous solutions, also saturated with sodium chloride: most filter cloths. 4-
200 °C: glass fibre, asbestos, Teflon fabrics.
Wood 4Room temp, to 100 °C, pure glycerol and its aqueous solutions, also saturated with sodium chloride. Vats, filter presses.
GLYCEROPHOSPHORIC ACID
C H (OH) 3
5
2
H PO 2
4
Aluminium (99.5%) + Room temp, and 100 °C, 1% solution. Corrosion rate: approx. 6 g/m per day. 2
—
Room temp., 5-50% solutions.
—
30-90 °C, 1% solution.
Aluminium alloys (without copper) 4- to —
Like aluminium (99.5%), but the Àl-Mg alloys are less resistant.
Copper Bronze (without zinc) ( 4 - ) Room temp., 1-50% solutions, if air is excluded. Corrosion rate: approx. 10 g/m per day. (4-) 100-180 °C. Vessels and condensers for the manufacture of glycerophosphoric acid from phosphoric or metaphosphoric acid and glycerol. 2
Aluminium bronze ( + ) Room temp, to 180 °C, 1-50% solutions. Corrosion rate at 100 °C: 0.3 to 0.4 mm/year. Vessels for the manufacture of glycerophosphoric acid from phos phoric acid or metaphosphoric acid and glycerol. Copper-silicon alloys (4-) Behave like copper. Iron (pure), cast iron and steel — Room temp., 10% and 50% solutions. Stainless steels I = approx. 17% Cr II = approx. 17% Cr with small additions of M o
4-
Room temp, to 100 °C, 1-10% solutions (II). Corrosion rate: < 0.15 mm/year.
( 4 - ) to (—) Room temp., 25-50% solutions (1,11). Corrosion rate: up to 1.1 mm/year.
344
GLYCEROPHOSPHORIC ACID Austenitic chromium-nickel steels I = 18-20% Cr, 8-11% N i ; stabilized II = 16-18% Cr, 10-14% Ni, 2.0-3.0% M o ; stabilized
+
Room temp., 1-50% solutions (I). Corrosion rate: 0.11 mm/year.
+ to(+)
Room temp, to 120 °C, 1-50% solutions (II). Corrosion rate: 0.11-1.1 mm/year.
High-alloyed austenitic steels + Room temp, to 100 °C, 1-50% solutions in presence of air. Corrosion rate: < 0.05 mm/year (e.g. Carpenter 20 Cb, German SEL No. 4595). Cast silicon-iron (more than 14.5% Si) +
Room temp, to 100 °C, 1-50% solutions. Corrosion rate: < 4 g/m per day. 2
Lead and hard lead + Room temp, to 100 °C, 1-50% solutions (lead). Lead vessels cannot be employed, however, if the product is to be used for pharmaceutical purposes. Nickel + Room temp., 1-50% solutions. Corrosion rate in absence of air: approx. 6 g/m per day.
2
Nickel-chromium alloys + to ( + ) Room temp, to 90 °C, 1-50% solutions. Corrosion rate: approx. 0.11-1.1 mm/year (Inconel). Monel metal + to ( + ) Room temp, to 90 °C, 1-50% solutions. Corrosion rate: approx. 0.11-1.1 mm/year. Nickel-molybdenum alloys + to(+) Room temp, to b.p., 1-50% solutions. Corrosion rates at b.p.: approx. 0.11 mm/year (Corronel B, Hastelloy B), approx. 0.89 mm/year (Ni-onel). Platinum, its alloys and less-common metals +
Room temp, to b.p., 1-50% solutions: platinum, gold, tantalum.
Silver -f Room temp, to b.p., 1-50% solutions. Corrosion rate at b.p.: < 0.05 mm/year. Jacketed silver-lined vessels for the manufacture of glycerophosphoric acid from phosphoric acid and glycerol. Tin +
Room temp., 1-10% solutions.
Acid-resistant bricks and tiles; cements + Room temp, to b.p., 1-70% solutions. Vessels lined with carbon bricks. -f Room temp, to 120 °C, 1-70% solutions: cements based on silicates and phenol ic resins. Concrete — Room temp.
345
GLYCEROPHOSPHORIC ACID
Enamel (enamelled cast iron and glass-lined steel) + Room temp, to 120 °C, 1-50% solutions. Glass (e.g. Duran and Pyrex type) + Behaves like glass-lined steel. Graphite and carbon (also impervious) + Room temp, to b.p., 1-70% solutions: impervious graphite. Porcelain (hard porcelain) + Room temp, to b.p., 1-50% solutions. Quartzware +
Behaves like glass-lined steel.
Stoneware +
Room temp, to 100 °C, all usual concentrations.
Plastics +
1-50% solutions: most plastics, within their thermal limits.
—
Room temp., 1-50% solutions: polyamides, polyurethanes.
Rubber (natural and synthetic) +
1-50% solutions: most rubbers, within their thermal limits.
Coatings of baked resins -fRoom temp, to 100 °C, 1-50% solutions: e.g. Sâkaphen, Tube Kote, Munkalit, Secovit. Textile fibres and filter materials -fRoom temp., 5% solutions: most filter cloths. + Room temp, to 60 °C, 1-50% solutions: perchlorinated polyvinyl chlorides (e.g. Pe-Ce fibre). +
Room temp, to b.p., 1-50% solutions: glass fibre, asbestos, Teflon fabrics.
Wood + Room temp., 1-25% solutions: pitch-pine, redwood, teak, larch.
GUAM IDIN Ε NITRATE
H N-C(NH) NH 2
2
. HNO
3
Aluminium (99.5%) + Room temp, to b.p., solutions of all concentrations, if the pH is higher than 6. It is favourable to strengthen the natural oxide layer artificially. Aluminium alloys (without copper) + Room temp, to b.p., solutions of all concentrations, if the pH is higher than 6.
346
GUANIDINE NITRATE Copper Brass (60-90% copper) Bronze (without zinc) Red brass (copper alloys with tin and zinc) — Room temp., solutions.
Iron (pure), cast iron and steel -fRoom temp., solutions with additions of ammonia: pure iron, cast iron and steel. Stainless steels I = approx. 17% Cr II = approx. 17% Cr with small additions of M o
+
Room temp, to b.p., solutions of all concentrations (I, II).
Austenitic chromium-nickel steels I = 18-20% Cr,
8-11% Ni; stabilized
II = 16-18% Cr, 10-14% Ni, 2.0-3.0% M o ; stabilized
+ +
Room temp, to b.p., solutions of all concentrations (I, II). The best materials of construction. 160 °C. Autoclaves with stirrers and with heating coils of I for the manufacture of guanidine nitrate according to the reaction: C(NH) + N H + N H N 0 -> C(NH)(NH ) . HNO3 + N H The autoclave is heated by pumping Dowtherm at 180 °C through the coils. 2
3
4
3
2
2
3
High-alloyed austenitic steels + Room temp, to b.p., solutions of all concentrations (German SEL No. 4595 Carpenter 20, Worthite). Cast silicon-iron (more than 14.5% Si) + Room temp, to b.p., solutions of all concentrations. Alloyed cast iron I = 2% Cr II = 25-30% Cr III = 14% Ni, 6% Cr,
+
5% Cu
Room temp, to b.p., solutions of all concentrations (II, III).
Lead and hard lead — Room temp. (lead). Nickel (-f )
Room temp., but not especially recommended.
Monel metal —
Room temp. Corrosion products catalyse the decomposition.
Platinum, its alloys and less-common metals +
Room temp, to b.p., solutions of all concentrations: platinum, zirconium.
Silver ( + ) Room temp., solutions, but not recommended.
347
GUANIDINE NITRATE
Tin —
Room temp., solutions.
Acid-resistant bricks and tiles; cements -f
Room temp, to b.p., solutions of all concentrations: ceramic plates.
-f
Room temp, to 100 °C: cements based on silicates.
Concrete -f Room temp., neutral and ammoniacal solutions of all concentrations. Enamel (enamelled cast iron and glass-lined steel) Glass (e.g. Duran and Pyrex type) -f Room temp, to b.p., solutions of all concentrations. Porcelain (hard porcelain) Quartzware -f-
Room temp, to b.p., solutions of all concentrations.
Stoneware -f-
Room temp, to 100 °C, solutions of all concentrations.
Plastics + Room temp, to 50 °C, solutions of all concentrations: polyvinyl chlorides, polyvinylidene chlorides, polyethylenes. + Room temp, to 80° C, solutions of all concentrations: linings of polyisobutylene. + Room temp, to b.p., solutions of all concentrations: polyfluorocarbons (e.g. Teflon, Hostaflon, Fluon, Kel-F). Rubber (natural and synthetic) +
Room temp, to 70 °C: soft natural rubber, Neoprene.
Coatings of baked resins +
Room temp, to 80 °C, solutions of all concentrations.
Textile fibres and filter materials + Room temp, to 75 °C: fabrics of perchlorinated polyvinyl chlorides or poly vinylidene chlorides. + Room temp, to b.p.: glass fibre, asbestos, fabrics of polyfluorocarbons (e.g. Teflon). + Room temp.: cotton, wool, but if the solutions dry up on the fibre, the fabrics become inflammable. Wood 4- to —
Room temp, to 60 °C, solutions of all concentrations, but the wood becomes self-inflammable if the solutions dry up.
100 °C: cements based on furan resins (e.g. Kera-Kitte).
—
40 °C: cements based on sulphur.
328
Enamel (enamelled cast iron and glass-lined steel) Glass (e.g. Duran and Pyrex type) 4Room temp, to b.p., also moist and acid. Graphite and carbon (also impervious) 4Room temp, to b.p.: graphite and carbon, but these are not impervious. 4-
100 °C, saturated solutions of furfural in water: impervious graphite (e.g. Diabon, Karbate, Delanium).
Porcelain (hard porcelain) Quartzware 4-
Room temp, to b.p., under all usual conditions.
Stoneware 4-
Room temp, to 100 °C, under all usual conditions.
Plastics — Room temp., always in liquid phase: polyethylenes, polyisobutylenes, poly vinyl chlorides, polyvinylidene chlorides, polyesters, polyurethanes. 4-
Room temp, to 100 °C: furan resins (e.g. Haveg 60, Kera-Kitte).
4-
Room temp, to b.p.: PTFE (e.g. Teflon, Hostaflon, Fluon).
Rubber (natural and synthetic) —
37 °C: all rubbers, including chlorinated rubber.
Textile fibres and filter materials 4Room temp, to 100 °C: cotton, wool, Teflon fibre, glass fibre, asbestos. — 37 °C: fibres of perchlorinated polyvinyl chloride and copolymers of vinyl chloride 4- vinyl acetate. Wood 4Room temp, to 36 °C, solid furfural.
GELATIN (Also glue liquors) Aluminium (99.5%) Aluminium vats are used to digest skins (pig, calf) and animal bones at 66 °C, using dilute solutions of sulphur dioxide, hydrochloric acid, sulphuric acid, depending upon the final pH (3-7) requirements of the gelatin. Aluminium eva porators, piping, tubing, storage tanks, pumps, drying tunnels, filter presses and conveyers for the manufacture of edible gelatin.
GELATIN
329
4-
Room temp, to 80 °C. Vacuum evaporating apparatus, heating coils for acid condensates (little sulphur dioxide) of photographic gelatin. Drying hurdles, wire gauze with hexagon mesh. Putrefaction and additions of salts of heavy metals (e.g. Hg, Cu) lead to corrosion. Artificial oxidation (e.g. MBV process) is recommended for boiling vessels of 99.8% aluminium.
Aluminium alloys (without copper) + Behave like aluminium. Driving rollers for leaf dividers are made of hydronalium sand mould casting, also endless bands of hydronalium. Copper 4Room temp, to 100 °C; usually some bluish discoloration. Corrosion rate for one boiling: max. 0.1 mm/year. Containers, heating tubes, evaporators, condensers. (+)
Room temp; putrefaction causes blackening.
—
Room temp., bleaching the crude glue liquors with hydrogen peroxide.
—
Manufacture of gelatin for photographic purposes.
Brass (60-90% copper) 460-100 °C. Heating coils. 4-
100 °C, concentrating 8% solution of glue to 30%. Brass pipes ( < 30% Zn), which had a life of 20 years.
—
Manufacture of photographic gelatin.
Bronze (without zinc) 4- to — Behaves like copper. Corrosion rate for bronze with 6% Sn in solutions of pH 2-3 at 60 °C: approx. 0.03 mm/year. Pumps of cast bronze, stirrers, fittings, bands of bronze wire for band dryers, driving rollers for leaf dividers. (4-)
Room temp, to 70 °C, stronger acid broths. General attack small, but risk of local corrosion.
Red brass (copper alloys with tin and zinc) 4- to — Behaves like brass ( < 30% Zn). Fittings, pumps. Aluminium bronze 4Room temp, to 100 °C. More resistant than copper and bronze. Corrosion rate at 100 °C: < 0.003 mm/year. Boilers of aluminium bronze with 5% Al for acid and alkaline broths. Copper-silicon alloys 4- to — Behave like copper. Iron (puk*e), cast iron and steel 4- to (—) Room temp, to 100 °C. Heating coils, boiling vats, bottoms of strainers, condenser pipes for products where the colour is not so important. Attacks depend on the pH and the salt content. 4-
60-100 °C, 5-55% glue liquors. Evaporators of cast iron with heating tubes of copper.
GELATIN
330
—
Manufacture of gelatin for photographic purposes.
4-
Room temp, to 50 °C. Machines of cast iron with 2% Ni for gluing.
Stainless steels I = approx. 17% Cr II = approx. 17% Cr with small additions of M o
4
Room temp, to b.p. (I, II). Corrosion rate: < 0.11 mm/year. Slitting sieves. Risk of pitting, if pH = 2 and the sodium chloride content is high.
Austenitic chromium-nickel steels I = 18-20% Cr,
8-11% Ni; stabilized
II = 16-18% Cr, 10-14% Ni, 2.0-3.0% M o ; stabilized
4
Room temp, to b.p. (I, II). Corrosion rate: < 0.11 mm/year. For high sulphur dioxide content II is better than I. Risk of pitting at high sodium chloride con tent. Vacuum evaporators, filter presses, conveyor belts, wire cloths for handling pure gelatin, also photographic gelatin.
4
Vessels (I, II) for the production of photographic emulsions.
(4)
45 °C, rapid agitation, evaporated gelatin solution (20-30%) with 0.75% salts, acidified with hydrochloric acid to pH 3. Corrosion rates: 0.01 mm/year (I, U.S, type 304), 0.003 mm/year (II, U.S. type 316); in both cases risk of crevice corro sion.
4
55-65 °C, rapid agitation, gelatin liquor, acidified with hydrochloric acid to pH 3.8 - 4.8. Corrosion rate: 0.003 mm/year (I, U.S. type 304; II, U.S. type 316).
4
80 °C, rapid agitation, gelatin solution (supersaturated), with solid particles, pH 3.8-6.8. Corrosion rate: < 0.003 mm/year (II, U.S. type 316).
High-alloyed austenitic steels 4 Behave like austenitic steels or better. Pumps, valves (German SEL 4590, Durimet 20, Worthite, Carpenter 20). Cast silicon-iron (more than 14.5% Si) 4 Room temp, to b.p., also strongly acidified. Alloyed cast iron I = 2% Cr II = 25-30% Cr III = 14% Ni, 6% Cr, 5% Cu
4
Room temp, to b.p. (II, III).
Lead and hard lead 4 Room temp, to 100 °C. Lead-lined vessels for bleaching solutions of glue or gelatin by means of sulphur dioxide. Pumps of hard lead for acid broths. —
Manufacture of gelatin for food.
Nickel 4 Room temp, to b.p. Well suited for all purposes in the manufacture of gelatin. Corrosion rate at the usual acidity: < 0.008 mm/year. Nickel tanks and nickel holding tanks for the manufacture of edible gelatin.
331 +
GELATIN Vessels for the manufacture of photographic emulsions.
Nickel-chromium alloys + Behave like nickel. Monel metal + Room temp, to b.p. Corrosion rate: max. 0.1 mm/year. Evaporating boilers, pipes for the preparation of glue from hides. Gluing machines for paper. Platinum, its alloys and less-common metals + Room temp, to b.p. under all usual conditions: platinum. Silver + Room temp, to b.p., also at pH 2. -h
Room temp, to b.p. Silver is the best material of construction for the manufac ture of photographic gelatin and photographic emulsions.
(+)
Room temp.; blackening of the surface if there is putrefaction in the solutions.
Tin + —
Room temp, to b.p. Tinned copper vessels for the manufacture of gelatin for the food industry. Room temp, to 100 °C, if the gelatin liquor is too acid (pH 2) by sulphur dioxide.
Concrete 4Room temp, to 60 °C, solutions of gelatin with pH > 4. 4-
Room temp, to 50 °C. Concrete tanks for the digestion of hides by milk of lime are lined with asphalt or ceramic tiles.
—
Room temp., acid broths.
Enamel (enamelled cast iron and glass-lined steel) 4Room temp, to b.p. Apparatus and pipes of glass-lined steel for the manufac ture of purest gelatin, suitable for photographic purposes. Glass (e.g. Duran and Pyrex type) + Room temp, to b.p., under all usual conditions. Porcelain (hard porcelain) Quartzware Stoneware 4-
Behave like glass.
Plastics 4-
Most plastics, within the limits of their thermal stability.
Rubber (natural and synthetic) 4-
Room temp, to 90 °C. Conveyor belts for slabs of gelatin or glue.
Coatings of baked resins f Room temp, to b.p., also for strongly acid and alkaline solutions.
332
GELATIN
Textile fibres and filter materials + Room temp, to b.p.: most filter cloths. Standard cotton wean duck cloth for filter presses of aluminium or stainless steel. Wood + Room temp, to 100 °C. Extracting vessels for hides and bones, stirring vats, storage vessels. Mostly fir wood, especially Douglas fir.
GLUCONIC ACID
HOOC-(CHOH) CH OH 4
2
Aluminium (99.5%) + Room temp, to 100 °C, solutions of all concentrations. For hot solutions the artificial oxidation of the aluminium is favourable. Vessels, piping. +
The conversion of glucose into gluconic acid by means of mould fungi (Asper gillus niger) is carried out in aluminium drums, also its neutralization with lime. Pipelines.
Aluminium alloys (without copper) + Behave like aluminium (99.5%). Copper Brass (60-90% copper) -f to (—) Room temp, to b.p., solutions of all concentrations, but in presence of air the solutions receive a bluish discoloration. Bronze (without zinc) + to ( + ) Room temp, to b.p., solutions of all concentrations. The bluish discolor ation is less strong than if copper is used. Red brass (copper alloys with tin and zinc) + to (—) Behaves like copper. Aluminium bronze Copper-silicon alloys + to ( + ) Behave like bronze. Iron (pure), cast iron and steel ( + ) to — Room temp, to 100 °C. The attack is small, but the solutions become discoloured in presence of air: pure iron, cast iron, steel. Austenitic chromium-nickel steels I = 18-20% Cr, 8-11% Ni; stabilized II = 16-18% Cr, 10-14% Ni, 2.0-3.0% M o ; stabilized
-r
Room temp, to b.p., solutions of all concentrations. Vessels, pumps, valves.
High-alloyed austenitic steels + Behave like austenitic steels (e.g. German SEL 4595, 4585, Carpenter 20, Worthite).
333
GLUCONIC ACID
Cast silicon-iron (more than 14.5% Si) 4Room temp, to b.p., solutions of all concentrations. Alloyed cast iron I = 2% Cr II = 25-30% Cr III = 14% Ni, 6% Cr, 5% Cu
4-
Room temp, to b.p., solutions of all concentrations (II, III).
Nickel + Room temp, to b.p., solutions of all concentrations. Nickel-chromium alloys + Behave like nickel. +
B.p. Evaporators of Inconel are especially recommended for crude and pure solutions.
Monel metal 4Behaves like nickel. Platinum, its alloys and less-common metals 4-
Room temp, to b.p., solutions of all concentrations: platinum, gold.
Silver +
Room temp, to b.p., solutions of any concentration.
Tin +
Room temp, to 100 °C, solutions. Tin-plated iron containers for the transport of syrupy gluconic acid. Acid-resistant bricks and tiles; cements 4Room temp, to 40 °C. Concrete tanks lined with ceramic bricks. 4Room temp, to 100 °C: cements based on silicates and phenolic and furan resins. Concrete — Room temp. Enamel (enamelled cast iron and glass-lined steel) Glass (e.g. Duran and Pyrex glass) 4Room temp, to b.p., solutions of all concentrations. 4-
30-100 °C. Vessels for the production of the γ-lactone of gluconic acid by reaction of gluconic acid with hydrochloric acid.
Porcelain (hard porcelain) Quartzware 4-
Behave like enamel.
Stoneware 4Room temp, to 100 °C. Storage vessels and pumps for pure gluconic acid.
334
GLUCONIC ACID Plastics -f
Most plastics, within their thermal limits.
Rubber (natural and synthetic) -f
Room temp, to 90 °C, solutions of any concentration.
Coatings of baked resins -f Room temp, to 100 °C, solutions of all concentrations, even mixed with hydro chloric acid for the production of the γ-lactone of gluconic acid. Textile fibres and filter materials + Room temp, to 100 °C: most filter cloths. Wood -f Room temp, to 80 °C, aqueous solutions of all concentrations. Vessels, filter presses.
GLUTAMIC ACID
HOOC-(CH ) CHNH COOH 2
2
2
Aluminium (99.5%) Aluminium alloys (without copper) -f to ( + ) Room temp, to 100 °C, solutions. Corrosion rate for 1.2% glutamic acid: at room temp., 0.01 mm/year, but local corrosion; at 50 °C, 0.06 mm/ year, but local corrosion. The local corrosion is mostly caused by a content of sodium chloride. Copper -f to —
Room temp, to 100 °C, solutions; the solutions are discoloured (bluish) Corrosion rate in 1.2% glutamic acid: at room temp., 0.03 mm/year; at 50 °C, 0.12 mm/year.
Brass (60-90% copper) + to — Behaves like copper. Corrosion rate in saturated aqueous solutions which contain sodium chloride: 0.13 mm/year (Admiralty brass). Bronze (without zinc) - f to — Behaves like copper. Red brass (copper alloys with tin and zinc) + to — Behaves like brass. Aluminium bronze -f to —
Behaves somewhat better than copper.
Copper-nickel alloys -f t o — Room temp, to 100 °C. Solutions are discoloured (bluish). Corrosion rate for copper with 30% Ni in saturated solutions of room temp, which contain sodium chloride: 0.15 mm/year. Copper-silicon alloys + to — Behave like copper.
335
GLUTAMIC ACID
Iron (pure), cast iron and steel — Room temp., aqueous solutions because of discoloration and unfavourable in fluence on the taste: pure iron, cast iron, steel. -f
Room temp, to 100 °C. Vessels of steel for the alkaline hydrolysis of "StefTens" waste (molasses without sugar).
—
Room temp., rapid agitation, saturated solutions of glutamic acid and sodium chloride. Corrosion rate: 2.1 mm/year (grey cast iron).
—
70 °C, rapid agitation, crude glutamic acid of pH 5.6 (evaporation). Corrosion rate in the flash chamber above the liquor: > 4 mm/year (grey cast iron).
Stainless steels I = approx. 17% Cr II = approx. 17% Cr with small additions of M o
( - f ) to —
Room temp., aqueous solutions (I, II). Attack is slight but there is pitting, becouse most solutions contain sodium chloride.
Austenitic chromium-nickel steels I = 18-20% Cr,
8-11% N i ; stabilized
II = 16-18% Cr, 10-14% Ni, 2.0-3.0% M o ; stabilized
( + ) to — —
Room temp, to 100 °C (I, II). Risk of pitting because the solutions con tain sodium chloride.
Room temp., aqueous solutions of glutamic acid with hydrochloric acid (I, II).
+ to —
70 °C, rapid agitation, crude glutamic acid of pH 5.6; evaporation. Corrosion rate in the flash chamber above the liquor: 0.005 mm/year, slight pitting, risk of crevice corrosion (I, U.S. type 304); < 0.003 mm/year (II, U.S. type 316).
—
Room temp., pH 3.2, saturated solutions of glutamic acid and sodium chloride. Corrosion rate: < 0.06 mm/year, but severe pitting and crevice corrosion (I, II).
( + ) to (—) 80 °C, rapid agitation, crude glutamic solutions of pH 1.8, which contain hydrogen peroxide (bleaching). Corrosion rate: 0.02 mm/year, slight pitting and risk of crevice corrosion (II, U.S. type 316). High-alloyed austenitic steels -f 80 °C, aqueous solutions: Worthite. Cast silicon-iron (more than 14.5% Si) HRoom temp., aqueous solutions of glutamic acid with 3% hydrochloric acid: Durichlor. Pumps. Alloyed cast iron I = 2% Cr II = 25-30% Cr III = 14% Ni, 6% Cr, 5% Cu
+
Room temp, to 70 °C (III). Corrosion rates: at room temp., saturated solutions of glutamic acid and sodium chloride, pH 3.2, 0.10 mm/year (Ni-Resist 2); at 70 °C, in vapours of evaporator, pH 5.6, 0.20 mm/year (Ni-Resist 2).
GLUTAMIC ACID —
336
Room temp., aqueous solutions (I).
Lead and hard lead —
Because glutamic acid is mostly employed in the food industry.
Nickel-chromium alloys + Room temp, to b.p. of saturated solutions. Evaporator of Inconel for pure solutions of glutamic acid, also in mixture with other amino-acids. —
Room temp., solutions which contain hydrochloric acid.
Monel metal (+)
Room temp. Corrosion rate in saturated solutions: 0.05-0.5 mm/year.
Nickel-chromium-molybdenum alloys + Room temp, to b.p. of saturated solutions, also if the solutions contain sodium chloride, hydrochloric acid, hydrogen peroxide: Hastelloy C, Chlorimet 3, Bergit C, Remanit HC, Euzonit 60 S. Platinum, its alloys and less-common metals + Room temp, to b.p. of the saturated solutions, even if the solutions contain sodium chloride and hydrochloric acid: platinum, gold, tantalum. -f Room temp, to 100 °C, digestion of soya bean protein or gluton by hydrolysis with hydrochloric acid. Tantalum bayonet heaters and tantalum condensers. Silver + Room temp, to b.p. of saturated solutions, even if the solutions contain sodium chloride and hydrochloric acid. Tin +
Room temp. Transport of solid glutamic acid in tin-plated containers.
+
Room temp., solutions with only traces of sodium chloride.
Acid-resistant bricks and tiles; cements + Room temp, to 100 °C. Brick-lined vessels for the hydrolysis of proteins and gluten by hydrochloric acid: ceramic plates, carbon bricks. + Room temp, to 100 °C, also in presence of hydrochloric acid: cements based on silicates, phenolic and furan resins (e.g. Sàurekitt Hoechst, Penchlor acid-proof, Havegit, Asplit). Concrete — Room temp.; solutions. Enamel (enamelled cast iron and glass-lined steel) + Room temp, to b.p. of saturated solutions, also in presence of hydrochloric acid, sodium chloride or hydrogen peroxide. Enamel is the most widely used material of construction. Vessels, filter presses. +
100 °C; hydrolysis of gluten by hydrochloric acid. Jacketed stirring vessels, valves, filter presses, evaporators are made of glass-lined steel.
337
GLUTAMIC ACID
Glass (e.g. Duran and Pyrex type) + Behaves like enamel. Pipes. Graphite and carbon (also impervious) + Room temp, to 120 °C, solutions of glutamic acid, also in mixture with sodium chloride and hydrochloric acid. Pumps and heat exchangers of impervious graphite (e.g. Karbate, Delanium, Diabon). Apparatus for regeneration of used hydrochloric acid. Porcelain (hard porcelain) Quartzware + Room temp, to b.p. of saturated solutions, even in mixture with sodium chlo ride and hydrochloric acid or hydrogen peroxide. Pumps, vessels. Stoneware + Room temp, to 100 °C; solutions of all concentrations, also in mixture with hydrochloric acid and sodium chloride. Storage vessels, piping, pumps, section filters. Plastics +
Solutions: most plastics, within their thermal limits.
Rubber (natural and synthetic) + Room temp, to 90 °C, solutions, also in presence of hydrochloric acid and sodium chloride. Rubber-lined vessels, filter presses and centrifuges. Synthetic rubbers are somewhat better than natural rubbers. Rubber-lined tubes have the disadvantage that crystals of glutamic acid hydrochloride or sodium glutamate adhere to the surface of the rubber. Coatings of baked resins + Room temp, to 100 °C, solutions of all concentrations, also mixed with sodium chloride and hydrochloric acid. Textile fibres and filter materials + Room temp, to 100 °C: cotton fabrics, if the pH is over 5. +
Room temp, to 65 °C: fabrics of perchlorinated polyvinyl chloride.
+
Room temp, to b.p., solutions of all concentrations, also mixed with hydro chloric acid, sodium chloride or hydrogen peroxide: glass-fibre, Teflon fabrics.
Wood + Room temp, to 60 °C, solutions of all concentrations, also saturated with sodium chloride and with additions of hydrochloric acid. Vats, filter presses of pitchpine or cypress.
GLYCEROL
HOH C · CHOH · CH OH 2
2
Aluminium (99.5%) -fRoom temp, to b.p., pure glycerol and its aqueous solutions. No discoloration of glycerol. Distillation apparatus, pipes, storage containers, tank cars.
GLYCEROL
338
4-
38-77 °C, glycerol with 5% water. Corrosion rate: < 0.001 mm/year. Storage tanks.
(+)
300 °C. Aluminium vessels for the manufacture of glyptal resins from glycerol 4- phthalic anhydride.
(+)
21-70 °C, pH 4.5, moderate agitation by air, mixture of 4.5% glycerol, 8-10% sodium chloride, traces of ferric chloride and hydrochloric acid, balance water (soap industry). Corrosion rate: 0.11 mm/year and pitting of 0.08 mm depth.
Aluminium alloys (without copper) + to ( 4 - ) Behave like aluminium (99.5%). (4-)
300-400 °C. Vessels of A 54 S for the manufacture of glyptal and alkyd resins from glycerol, phthalic anhydride and copalic acid. This alloy has a better sta bility than aluminium and is also suitable for pressure vessels.
Copper 4Room temp, to b.p. Corrosion rate in glycerol with 5% water at 35-80 °C: < 0.0008 mm/year. Vessels, stills, piping, heating coils. (4-)
160 °C, rapid agitation, aqueous glycerol. Corrosion rate: 0.38 mm/year. Heating coils for evaporators.
4-
150 °C, slight agitation, aqueous glycerol. Corrosion rate: 0.08 mm/year. Vacuum evaporator.
(4-)to(—)
65-75 °C, at the beginning aqueous solution of 5% glycerol and 10% sodium chloride, at the finish 80% glycerol, 8% sodium chloride, balance water. Corrosion rates: 0.23 mm/year (liquid phase), 0.40 mm/year (vapour phase). Vacuum evaporator.
(+)
300-400 °C. Vessels for the manufacture of glyptal and alkyd resins from glycer ol and phthalic anhydride or copalic acid.
Brass (60-90% copper) 4- to (—) Behaves like copper, if the content of zinc is < 30%. (—)
150 °C, slight agitation, aqueous glycerol. Corrosion rate: < 0.10 mm/year. Vacuum evaporator.
(4-)
Slight attack by cooling brines containing glycerol.
Bronze (without zinc) 4- to (—) Behaves like copper. Fittings, pumps. 4-
54 °C, pH 6-7, glycerol with 5% water. Corrosion rate: 0.001 mm/year (cast bronze).
Red brass (copper alloys with tin and zinc) 4- to (—) Behaves like copper. Fittings, pumps.
339
GLYCEROL
Aluminium bronze -f to (-f)
Behaves somewhat better than copper.
Copper-nickel alloys -f Room temp, to b.p. Corrosion rate for copper with 30% Ni at 150 °C in a vacuum evaporator with aqueous glycerol: < 0.06 mm/year (liquid phase), < 0.12 mm/year (vapour phase). Copper-silicon alloys + to (*—) Behave like copper. Iron (pure), cast iron and steel + to (—) Room temp, to b.p. Corrosion rates: at 54 °C, pH 6-7, glycerol with 5% water, < 0.002 mm/year (steel); at 150 °C, aqueous glycerol, vacuum evaporator, 0.8 mm/year (liquid phase and vapour phase); the samples of steel in the vapour phase are perforated; cast iron under the same conditions loses 2 mm/year. Corrosion rates during concentration: Metal
At start °C Glycerol NaCl
At finish Glycerol NaCl
Steel
80 4.5%
13%
81%
Cast iron
80 4.5%
13%
Steel
70
5 %
Cast iron
70
5 %
mm/year
Remarks
8%
0.01
81%
8%
<0.03
\ Vacuum [ evaporator ) upper tray
10%
80%
8%
5.3
10%
80%
8%
0.73
\ Bottom of i "Garrique" ) evaporator
Slight attack is retarded by additions of alkali salts (trisodium phosphate) or by (organic) amines. Evaporators, stills (cast iron), piping, pumps. +
80-160 °C (cast iron): (a) glycerol soap lye with 10-12% glycerol, 13-16% sodium chloride and sodium sulphate, mud, water at 85 °C (alkali-treating tank); (b) cone, glycerol, saturated with sodium chloride and salt in suspension at 160 °C (still); (c) cone, glycerol, saturated with sodium chloride and salt crystals at 150 °C, rapid agitation (vapour phase in head of still). Corrosion rate in (a) to (c): max. 0.08 mm/year.
Stainless steels I = approx. 17% Cr II = approx. 17% Cr with small additions of M o
-f-
Room temp, to b.p., pure glycerol and aqueous solutions (I, II). Corrosion rate: max. 0.11 mm/year.
—
Room temp., solutions of glycerol + sodium chloride, because of pitting (I, II),
Austenitic chromium-nickel steels I = 18-20% Cr, 8-11% N i ; stabilized II = 16-18% Cr, 10-14% Ni, 2.0-3.0% M o ; stabilized
+
B.p. Reaction vessel for the saponification of fat into glycerol and fatty acids.
GLYCEROL 4-
340
Room temp, to b.p., pure glycerol and its aqueous solutions (I, II).
( + ) to (—) 80 °C, samples from the upper tray of a vacuum evaporator for crude glycerol lyes: 4.5% glycerol, 13% sodium chloride (start); 81% glycerol, 8% sodium chloride (finish). Corrosion rate: 0.005 mm/year, but pittings of 0.25 mm depth (I, U.S. type 304). +
B.p., rapid agitation, cone, glycerol saturated with sodium chloride, some salt in suspension. Corrosion rates: 0.07 mm/year (I, U.S. type 304); 0.05 mm/year (U.S. type 316).
(+)
150 °C, rapid agitation, cone, glycerol saturated with sodium chloride, salt crystals (vapours). Corrosion rates: < 0.012 mm/year (I, U.S. type 304), < 0.008 mm/year (II, U.S. type 304); in both cases slight pitting and risk of crevice corrosion.
( + ) to (—) 160 °C, rapid agitation, cone, glycerol saturated with sodium chloride, salt crystals. Corrosion rates: 0.20 mm/year, slight pitting, risk of crevice corrosion (I, U.S. type 304); 0.20 mm/year, moderate pitting, risk of crevice corrosion (II, U.S. type 316). (4-)to(—)
60-104 °C, 15-20% glycerol saturated with sodium chloride (WoosterSanger evaporator). Corrosion rates: < 0.008 mm/year, severe pitting risk of crevice corrosion (I, U.S. type 304); <0.003 mm/year, slight pitting, risk of crevice corrosion (II, U.S. type 316).
( + ) to (—) 100 °C, moderate agitation, 30% semi-crude glycerol, 20% sodium chlo ride, trace free butyric acid, water remainder, pH 4. Corrosion rates: < 0.035 mm/year, severe pitting, risk of crevice corrosion (I, U.S. type 304); < 0.090 mm/year, slight pitting, risk of crevice corrosion (II, U.S. type 316). High-alloyed austenitic steels + Room temp, to b.p., pure glycerol and its aqueous solutions. 4- t o ( + )
60-104 °C, 15-80% glycerol saturated with sodium chloride (WoosterSanger evaporator). Corrosion rate: < 0.005 mm/year, risk of crevice corrosion (Carpenter 20).
4- to ( + )
100 °C, moderate agitation, 30% semi-crude glycerol, 20% sodium chlo ride, trace free butyric acid, remainder water, pH 4. Corrosion rate: < 0.08 mm/year, slight pitting, risk of crevice corrosion (Carpenter 20).
Cast silicon-iron (more than 14.5% Si) 4Room temp, to b.p., pure glycerol and its solutions, even with addition of sodium chloride. Pumps. Alloyed cast iron I = 2% Cr II = 25-30% Cr III = 14% Ni, 6% Cr, 5% Cu
4-
Room temp, to b.p., pure glycerol and its aqueous solutions (III, e.g. NiResist 2).
4-
80-160 °C (III, e.g. Ni-Resist 2): (a) glycerol soap lye with 10-12% glycerol,
341
GLYCEROL 13-16% sodium chloride + sodium sulphate, mud, water at 85 °C (alkali-treat ing tank); (b) cone, glycerol, saturated with sodium chloride and salt in suspen sion at 160 °C (still); (c) cone, glycerol, saturated with sodium chloride and salt crystals at 150 °C, rapid agitation (vapour phase attached to head of still). Corrosion rate in (a) to (c): 0.01 mm/year.
Lead and hard lead (—) Room temp., glycerol with 5% water in presence of active carbon. Corrosion rate: 1 mm/year (lead). Not suitable for glycerol in the cosmetic industry. +
Room temp., aqueous glycerol with dissolved sulphates.
+
Containers for the manufacture of nitroglycerol from glycerol and mixed acids.
Nickel + Room temp, to b.p., pure and aqueous solutions of glycerol. Together with Monel the best material of construction, because clear, pale products with small content of ash are obtained. Stills, containers, piping, valves. +
80 °C, lyes with 12% glycerol, 15% sodium chloride + sodium sulphate. Corro sion rates: 0.01 mm/year (nickel), < 0.003 mm/year (Monel).
+
0-82 °C, lyes with 4.5% glycerol and 13% sodium chloride with addition of 0.5% hydrochloric acid (28%) and 0.5% aluminium sulphate solution (17%). Corrosion rates: 0.03 mm/year (nickel), < 0.03 mm/year (Monel), 0.02 mm/year (Inconel).
+
38-93 °C, agitation by aeration, mixture of 25% glycerol, 52% sodium chloride, 5% sodium sulphate, remainder water. Corrosion rates: 0.010 mm/year (nickel), 0.010 mm/year (K-Monel), 0.005 mm/year (S-Monel), 0.003 mm/year (Monel 400), 0.003 mm/year (Inconel).
+
20-140 °C, mixture of 81% glycerol, 10% sodium chloride, remainder water. Corrosion rate: < 0.003 mm/year (nickel, Monel, Inconel).
Nickel chromium alloys + Room temp, to b.p., pure glycerol and its aqueous solutions. See also data under Nickel (above). ( + ) to (—) 80 °C, lyes with 12% glycerol, 15% sodium chloride + sodium sulphate. Corrosion rate: < 0.003 mm/year, but pittings up to 0.18 mm depth (Inconel). Monel metal + Behaves like nickel or better. See data under Nickel (above). Stills, containers, valves, pumps, filter fabrics. Nickel-molybdenum alloys + Room temp, to b.p., pure glycerol and its aqueous solutions. (+)
60-104 °C, 15-80% glycerol, saturated with sodium chloride (Wooster-Sanger evaporator). Corrosion rate: < 0.003 mm/year, risk of crevice corrosion (Ni-onel).
GLYCEROL
342
Platinum, its alloys and less-common metals 4Room temp, to b.p., under all usual conditions: platinum, gold. —
500-600 °C, vapours; carburization and brittleness: platinum.
Silver 4-
Room temp, to b.p., under all usual conditions.
Tin -f
Room temp., pure glycerol and its aqueous solutions.
—
B.p. Tin-plated still bodies give yellow liquors.
Acid-resistant bricks and tiles; cements -fRoom temp, to 100 °C, pure glycerol and its aqueous solutions, also saturated with sodium chloride: ceramic plates, carbon bricks. -fRoom temp, to 150 °C: cements based on silicates (e.g. Sàurekitt Hoechst), phenolic resins (e.g. Asplit, Asplit CN). Concrete — Room temp. Anhydrous glycerol attacks less than aqueous solutions. Enamel (enamelled cast iron and glass-lined steel) Glass (e.g. Duran and Pyrex type) -f Room temp, to b.p., under all usual conditions. Graphite and carbon (also impervious) 4Room temp, to 170 °C, all concentrations, also saturated with sodium chloride or acid: impervious graphite like Diabon, Karbate, Delanium. 4-
Room temp, to b.p.: graphite, carbon.
Porcelain (hard porcelain) Quartzware 4-
Room temp, to b.p., under all usual conditions.
Stoneware 4Room temp, to 100 °C. Storage vessels for pure glycerol or aggressive glycerol lyes. Plastics 4Pure glycerol and its aqueous solutions: most plastics, within their thermal limits. Rubber (natural and synthetic) 4Pure glycerol and its aqueous solutions, also saturated with sodium chloride or acid: most rubbers, within their thermal limits. (—)
Room temp., pure glycerol: silicone rubber.
Coatings of baked resins 4Room temp, to 100 °C, pure glycerol and its aqueous solutions, also saturated with sodium chloride or acid.
GLYCEROL
343
Textile fibres and filter materials -fRoom temp, to 100 °C, pure glycerol and its aqueous solutions, also saturated with sodium chloride: most filter cloths. 4-
200 °C: glass fibre, asbestos, Teflon fabrics.
Wood 4Room temp, to 100 °C, pure glycerol and its aqueous solutions, also saturated with sodium chloride. Vats, filter presses.
GLYCEROPHOSPHORIC ACID
C H (OH) 3
5
2
H PO 2
4
Aluminium (99.5%) + Room temp, and 100 °C, 1% solution. Corrosion rate: approx. 6 g/m per day. 2
—
Room temp., 5-50% solutions.
—
30-90 °C, 1% solution.
Aluminium alloys (without copper) 4- to —
Like aluminium (99.5%), but the Àl-Mg alloys are less resistant.
Copper Bronze (without zinc) ( 4 - ) Room temp., 1-50% solutions, if air is excluded. Corrosion rate: approx. 10 g/m per day. (4-) 100-180 °C. Vessels and condensers for the manufacture of glycerophosphoric acid from phosphoric or metaphosphoric acid and glycerol. 2
Aluminium bronze ( + ) Room temp, to 180 °C, 1-50% solutions. Corrosion rate at 100 °C: 0.3 to 0.4 mm/year. Vessels for the manufacture of glycerophosphoric acid from phos phoric acid or metaphosphoric acid and glycerol. Copper-silicon alloys (4-) Behave like copper. Iron (pure), cast iron and steel — Room temp., 10% and 50% solutions. Stainless steels I = approx. 17% Cr II = approx. 17% Cr with small additions of M o
4-
Room temp, to 100 °C, 1-10% solutions (II). Corrosion rate: < 0.15 mm/year.
( 4 - ) to (—) Room temp., 25-50% solutions (1,11). Corrosion rate: up to 1.1 mm/year.
344
GLYCEROPHOSPHORIC ACID Austenitic chromium-nickel steels I = 18-20% Cr, 8-11% N i ; stabilized II = 16-18% Cr, 10-14% Ni, 2.0-3.0% M o ; stabilized
+
Room temp., 1-50% solutions (I). Corrosion rate: 0.11 mm/year.
+ to(+)
Room temp, to 120 °C, 1-50% solutions (II). Corrosion rate: 0.11-1.1 mm/year.
High-alloyed austenitic steels + Room temp, to 100 °C, 1-50% solutions in presence of air. Corrosion rate: < 0.05 mm/year (e.g. Carpenter 20 Cb, German SEL No. 4595). Cast silicon-iron (more than 14.5% Si) +
Room temp, to 100 °C, 1-50% solutions. Corrosion rate: < 4 g/m per day. 2
Lead and hard lead + Room temp, to 100 °C, 1-50% solutions (lead). Lead vessels cannot be employed, however, if the product is to be used for pharmaceutical purposes. Nickel + Room temp., 1-50% solutions. Corrosion rate in absence of air: approx. 6 g/m per day.
2
Nickel-chromium alloys + to ( + ) Room temp, to 90 °C, 1-50% solutions. Corrosion rate: approx. 0.11-1.1 mm/year (Inconel). Monel metal + to ( + ) Room temp, to 90 °C, 1-50% solutions. Corrosion rate: approx. 0.11-1.1 mm/year. Nickel-molybdenum alloys + to(+) Room temp, to b.p., 1-50% solutions. Corrosion rates at b.p.: approx. 0.11 mm/year (Corronel B, Hastelloy B), approx. 0.89 mm/year (Ni-onel). Platinum, its alloys and less-common metals +
Room temp, to b.p., 1-50% solutions: platinum, gold, tantalum.
Silver -f Room temp, to b.p., 1-50% solutions. Corrosion rate at b.p.: < 0.05 mm/year. Jacketed silver-lined vessels for the manufacture of glycerophosphoric acid from phosphoric acid and glycerol. Tin +
Room temp., 1-10% solutions.
Acid-resistant bricks and tiles; cements + Room temp, to b.p., 1-70% solutions. Vessels lined with carbon bricks. -f Room temp, to 120 °C, 1-70% solutions: cements based on silicates and phenol ic resins. Concrete — Room temp.
345
GLYCEROPHOSPHORIC ACID
Enamel (enamelled cast iron and glass-lined steel) + Room temp, to 120 °C, 1-50% solutions. Glass (e.g. Duran and Pyrex type) + Behaves like glass-lined steel. Graphite and carbon (also impervious) + Room temp, to b.p., 1-70% solutions: impervious graphite. Porcelain (hard porcelain) + Room temp, to b.p., 1-50% solutions. Quartzware +
Behaves like glass-lined steel.
Stoneware +
Room temp, to 100 °C, all usual concentrations.
Plastics +
1-50% solutions: most plastics, within their thermal limits.
—
Room temp., 1-50% solutions: polyamides, polyurethanes.
Rubber (natural and synthetic) +
1-50% solutions: most rubbers, within their thermal limits.
Coatings of baked resins -fRoom temp, to 100 °C, 1-50% solutions: e.g. Sâkaphen, Tube Kote, Munkalit, Secovit. Textile fibres and filter materials -fRoom temp., 5% solutions: most filter cloths. + Room temp, to 60 °C, 1-50% solutions: perchlorinated polyvinyl chlorides (e.g. Pe-Ce fibre). +
Room temp, to b.p., 1-50% solutions: glass fibre, asbestos, Teflon fabrics.
Wood + Room temp., 1-25% solutions: pitch-pine, redwood, teak, larch.
GUAM IDIN Ε NITRATE
H N-C(NH) NH 2
2
. HNO
3
Aluminium (99.5%) + Room temp, to b.p., solutions of all concentrations, if the pH is higher than 6. It is favourable to strengthen the natural oxide layer artificially. Aluminium alloys (without copper) + Room temp, to b.p., solutions of all concentrations, if the pH is higher than 6.
346
GUANIDINE NITRATE Copper Brass (60-90% copper) Bronze (without zinc) Red brass (copper alloys with tin and zinc) — Room temp., solutions.
Iron (pure), cast iron and steel -fRoom temp., solutions with additions of ammonia: pure iron, cast iron and steel. Stainless steels I = approx. 17% Cr II = approx. 17% Cr with small additions of M o
+
Room temp, to b.p., solutions of all concentrations (I, II).
Austenitic chromium-nickel steels I = 18-20% Cr,
8-11% Ni; stabilized
II = 16-18% Cr, 10-14% Ni, 2.0-3.0% M o ; stabilized
+ +
Room temp, to b.p., solutions of all concentrations (I, II). The best materials of construction. 160 °C. Autoclaves with stirrers and with heating coils of I for the manufacture of guanidine nitrate according to the reaction: C(NH) + N H + N H N 0 -> C(NH)(NH ) . HNO3 + N H The autoclave is heated by pumping Dowtherm at 180 °C through the coils. 2
3
4
3
2
2
3
High-alloyed austenitic steels + Room temp, to b.p., solutions of all concentrations (German SEL No. 4595 Carpenter 20, Worthite). Cast silicon-iron (more than 14.5% Si) + Room temp, to b.p., solutions of all concentrations. Alloyed cast iron I = 2% Cr II = 25-30% Cr III = 14% Ni, 6% Cr,
+
5% Cu
Room temp, to b.p., solutions of all concentrations (II, III).
Lead and hard lead — Room temp. (lead). Nickel (-f )
Room temp., but not especially recommended.
Monel metal —
Room temp. Corrosion products catalyse the decomposition.
Platinum, its alloys and less-common metals +
Room temp, to b.p., solutions of all concentrations: platinum, zirconium.
Silver ( + ) Room temp., solutions, but not recommended.
347
GUANIDINE NITRATE
Tin —
Room temp., solutions.
Acid-resistant bricks and tiles; cements -f
Room temp, to b.p., solutions of all concentrations: ceramic plates.
-f
Room temp, to 100 °C: cements based on silicates.
Concrete -f Room temp., neutral and ammoniacal solutions of all concentrations. Enamel (enamelled cast iron and glass-lined steel) Glass (e.g. Duran and Pyrex type) -f Room temp, to b.p., solutions of all concentrations. Porcelain (hard porcelain) Quartzware -f-
Room temp, to b.p., solutions of all concentrations.
Stoneware -f-
Room temp, to 100 °C, solutions of all concentrations.
Plastics + Room temp, to 50 °C, solutions of all concentrations: polyvinyl chlorides, polyvinylidene chlorides, polyethylenes. + Room temp, to 80° C, solutions of all concentrations: linings of polyisobutylene. + Room temp, to b.p., solutions of all concentrations: polyfluorocarbons (e.g. Teflon, Hostaflon, Fluon, Kel-F). Rubber (natural and synthetic) +
Room temp, to 70 °C: soft natural rubber, Neoprene.
Coatings of baked resins +
Room temp, to 80 °C, solutions of all concentrations.
Textile fibres and filter materials + Room temp, to 75 °C: fabrics of perchlorinated polyvinyl chlorides or poly vinylidene chlorides. + Room temp, to b.p.: glass fibre, asbestos, fabrics of polyfluorocarbons (e.g. Teflon). + Room temp.: cotton, wool, but if the solutions dry up on the fibre, the fabrics become inflammable. Wood 4- to —
Room temp, to 60 °C, solutions of all concentrations, but the wood becomes self-inflammable if the solutions dry up.