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Gender differences in offspring of parents with an addiction
Abstracts / Comprehensive Psychiatry 54 (2013) E1–E14 and cord blood methylation profiles are highly correlated (Pb.01; r=.439). Also, by using multivariate logistic regression, maternal suicidal ideation was found correlated to both placenta (Pb.01) and cord blood (P=.017) global methylation profiles. This investigation provides interesting information on the potential effect of the psychosocial environment on the modification of the methylation profile of the placenta, a fundamental organ that drives correct fetal development. Such modifications also appear to be traceable in other tissues, such as umbilical cord blood, and need to be further explored in correlation to fetal outcomes. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.comppsych.2012.07.040
Intergenerational transmission of posttraumatic stress disorder in a large community-based sample A. Roberts a, S. Galea b, S.B. Austin a, M. Cerda b, R.J. Wright a, J.W. Rich-Edwards a, K. Koenen b a Boston, MA b New York, NY Introduction: Research in selected populations exposed to extreme stressors has documented an association between parental and offspring posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), but it is unknown whether this associate exists in the general community and whether higher trauma exposure in children of women with PTSD mediates this association. Methods: Using linked cohorts of mothers (Nurses’ Health Study II, n=6924) and their children (Growing Up Today Study, n=8453), we sought to determine whether mothers’ PTSD symptoms are associated with PTSD in their young adult children and whether this association is mediated by higher trauma exposure in children of women with PTSD. We calculated risk ratios (RRs) for child’s PTSD, adjusted for child’s age and sex. Results: Mother’s lifetime PTSD symptoms were associated with child’s PTSD in a dose-response fashion (mother’s 1–3 symptoms, RR=1.2; mother’s 4–5 symptoms, RR=1.3; mother’s 6–7 symptoms, RR=1.6, compared with children of mothers with no symptoms, Pb.001 for all). Mother’s lifetime PTSD symptoms were also associated with child’s trauma exposure in a doseresponse fashion. Elevated exposure to trauma substantially mediated elevated risk for PTSD in children of women with PTSD symptoms (mediation proportion range, 49%–82%). Conclusion: Intergenerational transmission of PTSD is clearly present in a large community-based sample. Increased exposure to traumatic events in children of women with PTSD partly explains how PTSD is transmitted across generations. Health care providers who treat mothers with PTSD should be aware of the higher risk for trauma exposure and PTSD in their children. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.comppsych.2012.07.041
Childhood experiences and demographic characteristics of homeless veterans with co-occurring mental health and substance use disorders in MISSION S. Rodriguesa, A. Kline b, L. Sawh a, D. Smelson a, K. O'Connor c, V. Kane b, J. Kuhn b, M. Serper a, D. Ziedonis d a Bedford, MA b East Orange, NJ c Worcester, MA d Hempstead, NY Introduction: This study assessed homeless veterans with co-occurring mental health and substance use disorders presenting for SAMHSA-funded MISSION services at the VA Domiciliary for Homeless Veterans Residential Program. Methods: Veterans (n=239) were administered the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM Disorders, Addiction Severity Index, Behavior and Symptom Identification Scale 24, Government Performance Results Act Questionnaire, Homeless History Form, and Course of Homelessness Questionnaire.
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Results: Childhood experiences included family alcohol (59.7%) and drug (30.9%) use, classroom placement for learning disabilities (9.3%), and family use of public assistance (26.5%). Substance use included cocaine (54%), alcohol (47%), and opiate (25%) abuse or dependence. At admission, most mental health diagnoses were related to mood (75%) and anxiety disorders (42%). Approximately one third of veterans met diagnostic criteria for both. MDD (55%) and PTSD (27%) were most common. Other experiences reported included a chronic medical condition (42%), unemployment (90%), and arrests that led to charges (88%). Conclusion: Veterans in the current sample were exposed to many of the same issues that they currently face related to mental health, substance use, homelessness, employment, and legal difficulties as a child. This study provides important information to researchers and clinicians seeking to implement programs that assist homeless veterans and their family members.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.comppsych.2012.07.042
Gender differences in offspring of parents with an addiction L.R.N. Schreiber, B.L. Odlaug, J.E. Grant Minneapolis, MN Introduction: Past research has robustly shown that children with a parent with an addiction (such as drug and alcohol abuse/dependence and pathological gambling) have higher rates of psychopathology, behavioral, and neurocognitive problems. In addition, higher rates of externalizing problems, such as drug and alcohol use and gambling, have been found in males with an addicted parent. Research using various neuropsychological tests as potential vulnerability markers has confirmed that addictive behaviors are associated with impulsivity and dysfunction in decisionmaking. There is less research concerning the complex interactions of gender and impulsivity/decision-making in the development of addictive behaviors. We sought to examine this relationship and hypothesized that among young adults, males reporting parental addiction would exhibit higher rates of behavioral and cognitive impulsivity and poorer decision-making. Methods: Seventy-six participants between the ages of 18 and 29 reporting at least one parent with an addiction (drug and alcohol abuse/dependence and pathological gambling), were evaluated by trained research staff with respect to family history of addiction as well as using the Mini-International Neuropsychiatric Interview and the Minnesota Impulsive Disorders Interview for psychiatric disorders. Research staff also assessed each subject in terms of impulsive behaviors that may not meet full diagnostic criteria and personality measures. All subjects also underwent a comprehensive neurocognitive battery assessing measures of motor impulsivity, cognitive-flexibility, and decisionmaking. Participants were grouped for statistical analysis by gender. Results: A total of 76 subjects (mean age 22.7±3.6years old; 39.4% female) were included in this analysis. Males were significantly more likely to be Caucasian (P=.035). No gender differences were found in the rate of lifetime and current Axis I psychiatric disorders, including alcohol or substance use disorders, alcohol or substance use, or other impulsive behaviors (such as gambling, stealing, fire setting, and sexual behavior). However, females were significantly more likely to report problems with shopping (P=.002). Males scored significantly lower on the Impulsivity and Empathy subscales of the Eysneck Impulsivity Questionnaire. No differences were found on neurocognitive performance. In terms of personality, males scored significantly lower on the Reward Dependence subscale of the Tridimensional Personality Questionnaire. Conclusion: Results suggest that parental addiction may impact offspring differently based on gender. Contrary to previous research, parental addiction may have a greater association with impulsive behaviors and personality measures in female offspring. This challenges the idea that males are more impulsive than females and highlights the multifaceted nature of impulsivity. Longitudinal research is needed to further evaluate how parental addiction influences children across the lifespan.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.comppsych.2012.07.043
Intergenerational transmission of posttraumatic stress disorder in a large community-based sample A. Roberts a, S. Galea b, S.B. Austin a, M. Cerda b, R.J. Wright a, J.W. Rich-Edwards a, K. Koenen b a Boston, MA b New York, NY Introduction: Research in selected populations exposed to extreme stressors has documented an association between parental and offspring posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), but it is unknown whether this associate exists in the general community and whether higher trauma exposure in children of women with PTSD mediates this association. Methods: Using linked cohorts of mothers (Nurses’ Health Study II, n=6924) and their children (Growing Up Today Study, n=8453), we sought to determine whether mothers’ PTSD symptoms are associated with PTSD in their young adult children and whether this association is mediated by higher trauma exposure in children of women with PTSD. We calculated risk ratios (RRs) for child’s PTSD, adjusted for child’s age and sex. Results: Mother’s lifetime PTSD symptoms were associated with child’s PTSD in a dose-response fashion (mother’s 1–3 symptoms, RR=1.2; mother’s 4–5 symptoms, RR=1.3; mother’s 6–7 symptoms, RR=1.6, compared with children of mothers with no symptoms, Pb.001 for all). Mother’s lifetime PTSD symptoms were also associated with child’s trauma exposure in a doseresponse fashion. Elevated exposure to trauma substantially mediated elevated risk for PTSD in children of women with PTSD symptoms (mediation proportion range, 49%–82%). Conclusion: Intergenerational transmission of PTSD is clearly present in a large community-based sample. Increased exposure to traumatic events in children of women with PTSD partly explains how PTSD is transmitted across generations. Health care providers who treat mothers with PTSD should be aware of the higher risk for trauma exposure and PTSD in their children. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.comppsych.2012.07.041
Childhood experiences and demographic characteristics of homeless veterans with co-occurring mental health and substance use disorders in MISSION S. Rodriguesa, A. Kline b, L. Sawh a, D. Smelson a, K. O'Connor c, V. Kane b, J. Kuhn b, M. Serper a, D. Ziedonis d a Bedford, MA b East Orange, NJ c Worcester, MA d Hempstead, NY Introduction: This study assessed homeless veterans with co-occurring mental health and substance use disorders presenting for SAMHSA-funded MISSION services at the VA Domiciliary for Homeless Veterans Residential Program. Methods: Veterans (n=239) were administered the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM Disorders, Addiction Severity Index, Behavior and Symptom Identification Scale 24, Government Performance Results Act Questionnaire, Homeless History Form, and Course of Homelessness Questionnaire.
E9
Results: Childhood experiences included family alcohol (59.7%) and drug (30.9%) use, classroom placement for learning disabilities (9.3%), and family use of public assistance (26.5%). Substance use included cocaine (54%), alcohol (47%), and opiate (25%) abuse or dependence. At admission, most mental health diagnoses were related to mood (75%) and anxiety disorders (42%). Approximately one third of veterans met diagnostic criteria for both. MDD (55%) and PTSD (27%) were most common. Other experiences reported included a chronic medical condition (42%), unemployment (90%), and arrests that led to charges (88%). Conclusion: Veterans in the current sample were exposed to many of the same issues that they currently face related to mental health, substance use, homelessness, employment, and legal difficulties as a child. This study provides important information to researchers and clinicians seeking to implement programs that assist homeless veterans and their family members.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.comppsych.2012.07.042
Gender differences in offspring of parents with an addiction L.R.N. Schreiber, B.L. Odlaug, J.E. Grant Minneapolis, MN Introduction: Past research has robustly shown that children with a parent with an addiction (such as drug and alcohol abuse/dependence and pathological gambling) have higher rates of psychopathology, behavioral, and neurocognitive problems. In addition, higher rates of externalizing problems, such as drug and alcohol use and gambling, have been found in males with an addicted parent. Research using various neuropsychological tests as potential vulnerability markers has confirmed that addictive behaviors are associated with impulsivity and dysfunction in decisionmaking. There is less research concerning the complex interactions of gender and impulsivity/decision-making in the development of addictive behaviors. We sought to examine this relationship and hypothesized that among young adults, males reporting parental addiction would exhibit higher rates of behavioral and cognitive impulsivity and poorer decision-making. Methods: Seventy-six participants between the ages of 18 and 29 reporting at least one parent with an addiction (drug and alcohol abuse/dependence and pathological gambling), were evaluated by trained research staff with respect to family history of addiction as well as using the Mini-International Neuropsychiatric Interview and the Minnesota Impulsive Disorders Interview for psychiatric disorders. Research staff also assessed each subject in terms of impulsive behaviors that may not meet full diagnostic criteria and personality measures. All subjects also underwent a comprehensive neurocognitive battery assessing measures of motor impulsivity, cognitive-flexibility, and decisionmaking. Participants were grouped for statistical analysis by gender. Results: A total of 76 subjects (mean age 22.7±3.6years old; 39.4% female) were included in this analysis. Males were significantly more likely to be Caucasian (P=.035). No gender differences were found in the rate of lifetime and current Axis I psychiatric disorders, including alcohol or substance use disorders, alcohol or substance use, or other impulsive behaviors (such as gambling, stealing, fire setting, and sexual behavior). However, females were significantly more likely to report problems with shopping (P=.002). Males scored significantly lower on the Impulsivity and Empathy subscales of the Eysneck Impulsivity Questionnaire. No differences were found on neurocognitive performance. In terms of personality, males scored significantly lower on the Reward Dependence subscale of the Tridimensional Personality Questionnaire. Conclusion: Results suggest that parental addiction may impact offspring differently based on gender. Contrary to previous research, parental addiction may have a greater association with impulsive behaviors and personality measures in female offspring. This challenges the idea that males are more impulsive than females and highlights the multifaceted nature of impulsivity. Longitudinal research is needed to further evaluate how parental addiction influences children across the lifespan.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.comppsych.2012.07.043