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Gender-ethnic differences in increased arterial pulse pressure among young adults
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ABSTRACTS (ACE)
CYP19 genotype homozygous for > 175 TTTA repeats and an enlarged prostate (HR Z 1.5, 95% CI Z 1.1, 2.1), CYP19 homozygous variant TT genotype and an enlarged prostate (HR Z 1.6, 95% CI Z 1.1, 2.2). ARE1 (-252 G_A) homozygous AA genotype was associated with medical treatment for BPH (HR Z 2.3, 95% CI Z 1.2, 4.4). The risk (HR, 95% CI) of an enlarged prostate was increased in men with 2 high risk genotypes for HSD3B1 (1.4 [1.0, 1.8]) and CYP19 (1.8 [1.3, 2.3]) and >2 high risk ARE1 genotypes was associated with an increased risk of treatment for BPH (2.9 [1.4, 5.8]). CONCLUSION: These findings suggest possible associations between HSD3B1, CYP19, and ARE1 gene polymorphisms and measures of BPH. While no one polymorphism is associated uniformly across surrogate measures of BPH, these data suggest that further examination of these genes for their potential role in the etiology, diagnosis, prevention, or treatment of BPH may be warranted.
P29 GENDER-ETHNIC DIFFERENCES IN INCREASED ARTERIAL PULSE PRESSURE AMONG YOUNG ADULTS WM Hlaing, FG Huffman, R Robert, Stempel School of Public Health, Florida International University, Miami, FL PURPOSE: Arterial stiffness (AS) can be measured in a variety of invasive and noninvasive techniques. AS is most frequently seen among older adults as it is considered a sign of aging. Hence, AS studies are sparse among young adults of different ethnic backgrounds. A common, noninvasive, surrogate measure of AS is arterial pulse pressure (APP). The objective of this study was to assess if ethnic differences in APP exist among young adults. METHODS: College students attending an urban university in Florida were examined cross-sectionally in 2002. Data were initially collected to assess the Coronary Heart Disease Risk Factors among tri-ethnic population. Students of both genders belonging to one of the three ethnic groups (Hispanic, Black not of Hispanic origin, or White not of Hispanic origin) were included in the study. Data collection was performed via several selfadministered questionnaires (e.g. Food Frequency, Cardiac Risk Evaluation), measurements of blood pressure (BP), body composition via Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis (BIA), and blood lipid and homocysteine (Hcy) levels. APP is derived mathematically as the difference between systolic and diastolic blood pressure. RESULTS: There were a total of 300 subjects in the current analyses. Mean age (years) and standard deviation (SD) of the subjects was 20.89 G 3.75. Gender and ethnic breakdown of the study sample were as follows: 150 subjects in each gender group and 100 subjects in each ethnic group. The mean (mmHg) difference between males (43.11 G 6.13) and females (40.80G8.01) was statistically significant (p ! 0.05). However, ethnic differences were not significant with 41.75G7.65, 41.00G7.69 and 43.12G7.27 for Hispanic, Black not of Hispanic origin, and White not of Hispanic origin respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The public health implication derived from a better understanding of the etiologic role of arterial stiffness in cardiovascular disease would be considerable and would play an important role in the prevention of hypertension in later life.
AEP Vol. 15, No. 8 September 2005: 630–665
P30 POPULATION BASED CONTROL SELECTION AND NONRESPONSE AMONG CASE-CONTROL STUDIES IN CANCER RESEARCH RJ Hazen, Department of Epidemiology, University of Illinois at Chicago PURPOSE: To examine response rate reporting in current epidemiology literature and nonresponse bias from a recent population-based case-control study on kidney cancer in Cook County, IL. METHODS: A literature review and summary of 62 populationbased case-control studies on cancer from eight epidemiology and public health journals published during 2000–2004 was conducted to examine response rate reporting, trends in response rates and factors associated with nonresponse. Additionally, the association of nonresponse with age, gender, race (CMS and cases only) and community area was examined from a recently completed casecontrol study on kidney cancer in Cook County. RESULTS: The article review showed lower participation rates among controls from RDD samples, mail interview surveys and for studies on more common forms of cancer. Most articles did not present a final disposition of sample or a formula for calculating response rates. However, a study of the response rates reported in the 62 articles selected showed a decrease in response rates of 10%– 15% since the late 1980’s. Using data from the Kidney Cancer Study and modified AAPOR response rate formula number 5, defined as all completed interviews (I) divided by the sum of completed interviews (I), partially completed interviews (P), refusals (R), and noncontact (NC) response codes, the response rate was 72% for cases and 49% for controls. An analysis of nonresponse bias among cases showed that participation decreased significantly with age, with an OR of 0.97 for a one year increase (95% CI 0.98 to 0.99) and DMV control participation was higher for members of a community area that was more than 70% black, with an OR of 2.08 (95% CI 1.16 to 2.73). CONCLUSIONS: Response rate formulas or calculations for population-based case-control studies are not being presented in current epidemiology literature. Furthermore, response rates appear to be declining despite an increase in response effort. Evidence of lower then expected response rates and nonresponse bias of age among cases and community area among controls is present in a recently conducted case-control study on kidney cancer in Cook County, IL.
P31 TRENDS IN THE INFANT IMMUNIZATION SCHEDULE AND CHILDHOOD ASTHMA PREVALENCE ARE NOT PARALLEL R Enriquez1, VW Persky2, 1Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, 2University of Illinois School of Public Health, Chicago, IL PURPOSE: Various studies have found a positive association between vaccines and prevalent asthma. Aluminum adjuvants used in vaccines are one possible cause of the observed association. We examined recent trends in both the infant immunization schedule and trends in asthma prevalence.
ABSTRACTS (ACE)
CYP19 genotype homozygous for > 175 TTTA repeats and an enlarged prostate (HR Z 1.5, 95% CI Z 1.1, 2.1), CYP19 homozygous variant TT genotype and an enlarged prostate (HR Z 1.6, 95% CI Z 1.1, 2.2). ARE1 (-252 G_A) homozygous AA genotype was associated with medical treatment for BPH (HR Z 2.3, 95% CI Z 1.2, 4.4). The risk (HR, 95% CI) of an enlarged prostate was increased in men with 2 high risk genotypes for HSD3B1 (1.4 [1.0, 1.8]) and CYP19 (1.8 [1.3, 2.3]) and >2 high risk ARE1 genotypes was associated with an increased risk of treatment for BPH (2.9 [1.4, 5.8]). CONCLUSION: These findings suggest possible associations between HSD3B1, CYP19, and ARE1 gene polymorphisms and measures of BPH. While no one polymorphism is associated uniformly across surrogate measures of BPH, these data suggest that further examination of these genes for their potential role in the etiology, diagnosis, prevention, or treatment of BPH may be warranted.
P29 GENDER-ETHNIC DIFFERENCES IN INCREASED ARTERIAL PULSE PRESSURE AMONG YOUNG ADULTS WM Hlaing, FG Huffman, R Robert, Stempel School of Public Health, Florida International University, Miami, FL PURPOSE: Arterial stiffness (AS) can be measured in a variety of invasive and noninvasive techniques. AS is most frequently seen among older adults as it is considered a sign of aging. Hence, AS studies are sparse among young adults of different ethnic backgrounds. A common, noninvasive, surrogate measure of AS is arterial pulse pressure (APP). The objective of this study was to assess if ethnic differences in APP exist among young adults. METHODS: College students attending an urban university in Florida were examined cross-sectionally in 2002. Data were initially collected to assess the Coronary Heart Disease Risk Factors among tri-ethnic population. Students of both genders belonging to one of the three ethnic groups (Hispanic, Black not of Hispanic origin, or White not of Hispanic origin) were included in the study. Data collection was performed via several selfadministered questionnaires (e.g. Food Frequency, Cardiac Risk Evaluation), measurements of blood pressure (BP), body composition via Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis (BIA), and blood lipid and homocysteine (Hcy) levels. APP is derived mathematically as the difference between systolic and diastolic blood pressure. RESULTS: There were a total of 300 subjects in the current analyses. Mean age (years) and standard deviation (SD) of the subjects was 20.89 G 3.75. Gender and ethnic breakdown of the study sample were as follows: 150 subjects in each gender group and 100 subjects in each ethnic group. The mean (mmHg) difference between males (43.11 G 6.13) and females (40.80G8.01) was statistically significant (p ! 0.05). However, ethnic differences were not significant with 41.75G7.65, 41.00G7.69 and 43.12G7.27 for Hispanic, Black not of Hispanic origin, and White not of Hispanic origin respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The public health implication derived from a better understanding of the etiologic role of arterial stiffness in cardiovascular disease would be considerable and would play an important role in the prevention of hypertension in later life.
AEP Vol. 15, No. 8 September 2005: 630–665
P30 POPULATION BASED CONTROL SELECTION AND NONRESPONSE AMONG CASE-CONTROL STUDIES IN CANCER RESEARCH RJ Hazen, Department of Epidemiology, University of Illinois at Chicago PURPOSE: To examine response rate reporting in current epidemiology literature and nonresponse bias from a recent population-based case-control study on kidney cancer in Cook County, IL. METHODS: A literature review and summary of 62 populationbased case-control studies on cancer from eight epidemiology and public health journals published during 2000–2004 was conducted to examine response rate reporting, trends in response rates and factors associated with nonresponse. Additionally, the association of nonresponse with age, gender, race (CMS and cases only) and community area was examined from a recently completed casecontrol study on kidney cancer in Cook County. RESULTS: The article review showed lower participation rates among controls from RDD samples, mail interview surveys and for studies on more common forms of cancer. Most articles did not present a final disposition of sample or a formula for calculating response rates. However, a study of the response rates reported in the 62 articles selected showed a decrease in response rates of 10%– 15% since the late 1980’s. Using data from the Kidney Cancer Study and modified AAPOR response rate formula number 5, defined as all completed interviews (I) divided by the sum of completed interviews (I), partially completed interviews (P), refusals (R), and noncontact (NC) response codes, the response rate was 72% for cases and 49% for controls. An analysis of nonresponse bias among cases showed that participation decreased significantly with age, with an OR of 0.97 for a one year increase (95% CI 0.98 to 0.99) and DMV control participation was higher for members of a community area that was more than 70% black, with an OR of 2.08 (95% CI 1.16 to 2.73). CONCLUSIONS: Response rate formulas or calculations for population-based case-control studies are not being presented in current epidemiology literature. Furthermore, response rates appear to be declining despite an increase in response effort. Evidence of lower then expected response rates and nonresponse bias of age among cases and community area among controls is present in a recently conducted case-control study on kidney cancer in Cook County, IL.
P31 TRENDS IN THE INFANT IMMUNIZATION SCHEDULE AND CHILDHOOD ASTHMA PREVALENCE ARE NOT PARALLEL R Enriquez1, VW Persky2, 1Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, 2University of Illinois School of Public Health, Chicago, IL PURPOSE: Various studies have found a positive association between vaccines and prevalent asthma. Aluminum adjuvants used in vaccines are one possible cause of the observed association. We examined recent trends in both the infant immunization schedule and trends in asthma prevalence.