Generic PWR Simulation Suite for Nuclear Training Improvement after Fukushima

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International Youth Nuclear Congress 2016, IYNC2016, 24-30 July 2016, Hangzhou, China International Youth Nuclear Congress 2016, IYNC2016, 24-30 July 2016, Hangzhou, China

Generic PWR Simulation Suite for Nuclear Training Improvement Generic PWR Simulation Suite for Nuclear Training Improvement after Fukushima The 15th International Symposium on District Heating and Cooling after Fukushima Tao Liu*, Gilthe Moya Assessing the feasibility ofElena using heat demand-outdoor Tao Liu*, Elena Gil Moya Tecnatom china, E -806 Sanlitun NO.8 Gongti Beilu, Chaoyang District, Beijing, demand 100027, China. forecast temperature function forSOHO, a long-term district heat Tecnatom china, E -806 Sanlitun SOHO, NO.8 Gongti Beilu, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100027, China. a,b,c

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Abstract I. Andrić *, A. Pina , P. Ferrão , J. Fournier ., B. Lacarrière , O. Le Corre Abstract a Centerdevelopment for Innovation,ofTechnology and Policy Research - Instituto Superior Técnico,resources Av. Roviscoshortages Pais 1, 1049-001 Lisbon, With IN+ the rapid nuclear power in recent years, the problem of Human becomes morePortugal and more b Veolia Recherche &inInnovation, 291 Avenue Dreyfous Daniel, 78520 Limay, Francelevel With the rapid development of nuclear power recent years, the problem of Human resources shortages becomes moreawareness and more seriously. There will be a large number of people working in the nuclear power field and their technical and safety c Département Systèmes et Environnement IMT Atlantique, 4 rueand Kastler, 44300 Nantes, seriously. willtobe number of people working in the power field their technical andFrance safety are closelyThere related thea large safety of Énergétiques the nuclear power plants. As-nuclear a consequence, the Alfred training quality islevel receiving more awareness and more are closelyInrelated the safety of PWR the nuclear power plants. As a consequence, the training is receiving and more attention. the lasttoyears, Generic simulator is playing a more and more important role quality in nuclear operationmore training. attention. In the last years, Generic PWR simulator is playing a more and more important role in nuclear operation training. At the same time, due to the Fukushima Daiichi accident took place in 2011, the importance of reinforcing the training in safe At the same time, due to the Fukushima Daiichi accident took place in 2011, the importance of reinforcing the training in safe operation Abstractof nuclear power plant is increasing, particularly in training in operation under severe accident conditions. Tecnatom operation nuclear powermodule plant isbased increasing, particularly training in operation under severe conditions. Tecnatom developedof severe accident on MAAP and alsoin some emergency support tools, withaccident its integration in the Generic developed severewhich accident module based on MAAP and also some emergency support tools, with its integration in the Generic PWR simulator, is of great help for the training on severe accident phenomenology and emergency management. District heating networks are commonly addressed in the literature as one of the most effective solutions for decreasing the PWR simulator, which is of great help for the training on severe accident phenomenology and emergency management. greenhouse gas emissions from the building sector. These systems require high investments which are returned through the heat ©sales. 2016 Due The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. and building renovation policies, heat demand in the future could decrease, to the changed climate conditions © 2016 2017 The The Authors. Authors. Published Elsevier Ltd. © Published by by Elsevier Ltd. Peer-review under responsibility of the organizing prolonging under the investment returnofperiod. Peer-review responsibility the organizing committee committee of of IYNC2016. IYNC2016 Peer-review under responsibility of the organizing committee of IYNC2016. The main scope of this paper is to assess the feasibility of using the heat demand – outdoor temperature function for heat demand Keywords: PWR; nuclear; simulator; training; Fukushima forecast. The district of Alvalade, located in Lisbon (Portugal), was used as a case study. The district is consisted of 665 Keywords: PWR; nuclear; simulator; training; Fukushima buildings that vary in both construction period and typology. Three weather scenarios (low, medium, high) and three district renovation scenarios were developed (shallow, intermediate, deep). To estimate the error, obtained heat demand values were 1.compared Introduction with results from a dynamic heat demand model, previously developed and validated by the authors. 1. Introduction The results showed that when only weather change is considered, the margin of error could be acceptable for some applications Full-scope simulators are key tools to than the training plants personnel. They are comprised of renovation (the error in annual demand was lower 20% for of allnuclear weatherpower scenarios considered). However, after introducing Full-scope simulators areincreased key simulation toolsuptotothe training of nuclear power are comprised ofconsidered). complete highly accurate models and encompass all plants functions found inThey the nuclear power plant, so scenarios,and the error value 59.5% (depending on the weather andpersonnel. renovation scenarios combination complete and highly accurate simulation models and encompass all functions found in the nuclear power plant, they are widely used in the training of licensed operators. The value of slope coefficient increased on average within the range of 3.8% up to 8% per decade, that correspondsso to the they are widely used in of theheating training of licensed operators. decrease in the number hours of 22-139h during the heating season (depending on the combination of weather and renovation scenarios considered). On the other hand, function intercept increased for 7.8-12.7% per decade (depending on the coupled scenarios). The values suggested could be used to modify the function parameters for the scenarios considered, and improve the accuracy of heat demand estimations. * Tao Liu. Tel.: +86-10-56301312; fax: +86-10-56301310.

* Tao Liu. Tel.: +86-10-56301312; +86-10-56301310. © 2017 The Authors. Published fax: by Elsevier Ltd. E-mail address: [email protected] E-mailGil address: [email protected] Elena Moya. Tel.: +34 916598600; fax:Scientific +34-916598677. Peer-review under responsibility of the Committee of The 15th International Symposium on District Heating and Elena Moya. Tel.: +34 916598600; fax: +34-916598677. E-mailGil address: [email protected] Cooling. E-mail address: [email protected]

1876-6102 2016demand; The Authors. Published Elsevier Ltd. Keywords:©Heat Forecast; Climatebychange 1876-6102 2016responsibility The Authors. of Published by Elsevier Ltd. of IYNC2016. Peer-review©under the organizing committee Peer-review under responsibility of the organizing committee of IYNC2016.

1876-6102 © 2017 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. Peer-review under responsibility of the Scientific Committee of The 15th International Symposium on District Heating and Cooling.

1876-6102 © 2017 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. Peer-review under responsibility of the organizing committee of IYNC2016 10.1016/j.egypro.2017.08.103

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However, considering the different student profiles and their background and the limitations for non-operating staff, full scope simulators are not always the most suitable tool to provide nuclear operation training. It is necessary to create an interactive and immersive teaching environment to improve learning efficiency and retention during the training. Furthermore, in order to meet the latest regulations of IAEA publication (Nuclear safety review 2014) after Fukushima accident, Tecnatom has developed a Generic PWR Simulator and a number of support applications. The Generic PWR Simulator is optimized for training and education in the fundamental principles of operation of a PWR power plant. It is designed to cover several stages of the training in nuclear power and plant operation and can support the training of different profiles, from University students who need a general overview of nuclear power to future licensed personnel in their early training stages. The student will interact with the simulator through different human machine interfaces according to their profile and the training stage they are in each moment. In the last years, this kind of generic simulators have been developed by different simulator vendors all around the world. In particular, the IAEA established a programme to assist the education and training of nuclear professionals by the distribution of basic principles simulators. Their collection of simulators covers a wide range of reactor types of the different technologies. In 2016, Tecnatom had an honour to collaborate with the IAEA in the development of an integral pressurized water reactor simulator, which will be the first simulator of small modular reactor type in their suite. [1] Tecnatom´s Generic PWR Simulator is based on a Westinghouse PWR, 3-loop, 1 GWe NPP. 2. Generic PWR simulator scope The Generic PWR simulation suite is based on a single computer where the software is executed, along with 6 screens arranged in a 2x3 matrix. This simulator setup is ideal for the student, allowing the display of several graphical interfaces without overwhelming with too much information at the same time.

Fig. 1 Generic PWR simulation suite

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The Generic PWR simulation suite is made up of the following support applications:  Process Diagrams: Represent the systems of the generic nuclear power plant according to the instrumentation and control diagrams, including 44 different diagrams with 10 summary diagrams and 34 interactive diagrams:  10 summary diagrams: a summary of the situation of the different systems including important parameters, variables and status of components.  34 interactive diagrams: operation of equipment is available in these diagrams, valves can be closed, pumps started, controllers set up… the exercises could be operated from these diagrams.

Fig. 2 (a) Summary diagram; (b) Interactive diagram

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Trend application: Generates graphical trends that allow trainees to follow the parameters. 222 simulation variables, the most relevant and commonly used, have been preselected. This tool also allows the student to save the trend result for studying.

Fig. 3 Trend application

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3D Generic Components: a number of generic components in any nuclear power plant were included to help the students visualize their inner structure. 3D visual effect of nuclear power plant components will help students understand how it works. In this way students can not only see the physical arrangement but also see inside a particular element. It allows changing the way the 3D model reacts when the 3D window is clicked and the mouse dragged. The view can be rotated, spanned, panned, and zoomed. The 3D Generic Components can be loaded in any device that can execute a web browser and has sufficient power to render the components in 3D. It includes valves, pumps, torque limiters and heat exchangers, as the picture shows.

Fig. 4 3D generic components

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3D Primary Circuit Visualization Tool: The 3D Primary Visualization Tool allows the students to interact with the simulation. This 3D application monitors the reactor vessel, steam generators, pressurizer, and main primary loops with a high level of detail in real time. The components can be made transparent and different flow regimes can be observed. This tool is extremely helpful for the students to understand the different phenomena inside the primary circuit. Thanks to the color code scales they can follow the evolution of transients very easily and review their knowledge in thermal-hydraulics and nuclear fundamentals. The thermal-hydraulic model of the primary circuit has been developed with the six equations (mass, momentum & energy conservation for water and steam) real time code TRAC_RT, which is a best-estimate two phase fluid engineering code adapted for real time execution. The reactor vessel has been modeled as a true 3D component, thus allowing a 3D visualization.

Fig. 5 3D Primary circuit visualization tool

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Virtual Panel: The Virtual Panels are designed to represent the classical view of a control room. They are loaded in a structure with a PC and three big touch screens called Glasstop simulator. All the components in the virtual panels are dynamic and they show the plant status in every instant. The alarms are audible but can be silenced. The instrumentation displayed is all included in the process diagrams, but in the virtual panels the student will also find alarms and a few screens to support operation. The virtual panels require the student to have a deeper knowledge of the plant systems, components and operation, so they are intended for later training stages.

Fig. 6 Virtual Panel

3. Severe accident simulation As a consequence of the accident that took place at Fukushima, in order to address the need of reinforcing training in severe accident phenomenology and management, Tecnatom developed a severe accident module based on the MAAP code (MAAP, Modular Analysis Accident Program, is a technology owned by EPRI: Electric Power Research Institute, Inc.). This module includes the Nuclear Steam Supply System and the containment models and is integrated in the PWR simulator and communicated with the rest of the models of the simulator. Some of the most relevant features of the severe accident simulator are:  Extension of the simulation scope of available classroom simulators by integrating a severe accident module, based on the MAAP code  Simulation continuity has been guaranteed between normal operation and accident condition  On-line switch between real time and faster than real time execution. This feature allows fitting a severe accident sequence within a training session timeframe by speeding up the simulation while the information is not relevant  Duplication of the most important classroom simulator displays in case of emergency. That way, the displays may show either the instrument values, so that the operators receive the information in the same manner they would receive it in case of real emergency, or the physical values calculated by the model, associated with the instruments, which is of great help to understand the accident progression  Possibility of different type of training configurations, oriented to different type of training sessions. For instance, sessions only with control room operation crew, only with Technical Support Center members or mixed sessions, and a phenomenology training configuration, showing the physical values in the displays.

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Fig. 7 MAAP based containment model

4. Conclusion Tecnatom´s extensive experience as nuclear power plant operator training center enabled the development of an enhanced training simulator. At Tecnatom we work on different activity areas related to nuclear safety, including simulation technology, control rooms design and modernization, plant operation support, plant staff training and safety management. This experience provides a multidisciplinary point of view to Tecnatom as well as a general approach to safe operation of a NPP and an effective response in the event of an accident. The Generic PWR simulator is a comprehensive and versatile tool to support the training of nuclear power students and the different plant personnel profiles: nuclear-aware, nuclearised and nuclear staff. According to the profile of the student and the training needs, different training programs may be defined. A general program can be designed to educate on the fundamentals on nuclear technology at Universities or research centers. In the case of nuclear power plants, specific programs can cover more specific training needs depending on the field of work and the required knowledge. The flexibility of the simulator allows the support of a wide range of program trainings from the functioning of equipment to the operation of the plant from the control room. The Generic PWR simulator and severe accident module will enhance trainee’s technical capability on operation and minimize human factor errors to ensure ongoing safe and reliable operation of nuclear power plant. Acknowledgements I would like to appreciate Antonio Sancho Lizaga and Pablo Rey Alonso for their suggestions and support. References [1] https://www.ungm.org/Public/ContractAward/101970 [2] IAEA, Strategic Approach to Education and Training in Nuclear Safety 2013–2020 [3] IAEA-TECDOC-1500: Guidelines for Upgrade and Modernization of Nuclear Power Plant Training Simulators [4] STI/PUB/1376: Severe Accident Management Programmes for Nuclear Power Plants Safety Guide [5] ANSI/ANS-3.5-2009: Nuclear Power Plant Simulators for Use in Operator Training and Examination [6] GC(58)/INF/3: Nuclear Safety Review 2014