- Email: [email protected]
Genetic variability, analysis of genetic parameters, character associations and contribution for agronomical traits in turmeric (Curcuma longa L.)
Industrial Crops and Products 76 (2015) 204–208
Contents lists available at ScienceDirect
Industrial Crops and Products journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/indcrop
Genetic variability, analysis of genetic parameters, character associations and contribution for agronomical traits in turmeric (Curcuma longa L.) Ritu Mishra, Anil Kumar Gupta, Raj Kishori Lal ∗ , Tripta Jhang, Nisha Banerjee a
CSIR – Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, P.O. CIMAP, Lucknow, UP 226015, India
a r t i c l e
i n f o
Article history: Received 23 March 2015 Received in revised form 19 June 2015 Accepted 21 June 2015 Keywords: Correlations Direct effects Genetic advance Path coefficient Yield components
a b s t r a c t Sixty-five germplasms of Curcuma longa L. were screened for high rhizome yield. The considerable amount of natural and genetic variability in thirteen agro-morphological traits was recorded. The estimate of broad sense heritability (ˆh2 BS %) was high for plant height (99.05) and genetic advance (GA) for fresh weight of rhizome (201.02). Genotypic (G) and phenotypic (P) correlation coefficient among traits revealed that leaves width were highly significant and positively correlated with length of stipulated tuber (0.62**G, 0.48**P); dry weight of rhizome with thickness of stipulated tuber (0.98**G, 0.96**P) and fresh weight of rhizome with days to germination (0.97**G, 0.94**P). Fresh weight of rhizome exhibited highest PCV (38.18%) and GCV (33.16%). The path coefficient analysis revealed that the highest direct contribution to rhizome thickness was made by dry weight of rhizome (1.10). The direct contribution toward total rhizome yield was highest for dry weight of rhizome followed by length of stipulated tuber, respectively. © 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
1. Introduction Turmeric (Curcuma longa L.) is a perennial rhizomatous plant of tropical and subtropical regions from Zingiberaceae family cultivated in many warm regions of the world. It is native to South Asia, particularly India. India is the largest producer (93.3% of the total world production), consumer and exporter (approximately 90%) of turmeric. It is exported to countries such as the UK, USA, Iran, Japan, United Arab Emirates, Saudi Arabia, the Netherlands, South Africa and Singapore in different forms, such as whole dry rhizome, turmeric powder, turmeric oleoresin, curcumin, essential oil and curry powder. In India, it is being cultivated in around 150,000 ha (Sasikumar, 2005). It has been used as a medicine, condiment, ornamental materials and as a dye in India and many East Asian countries for centuries (Anandaraj and Sudharshan, 2011). It is estimated that Indians consume between 80 and 200 mg turmeric extract per day and as a whole the total consumption is about 480,000 ton annually in India (Deb et al., 2013). C. longa L. has importance all over the world as a mighty cure in variety of ailments, as
∗ Corresponding author at: Division of Genetics and Plant Breeding, CSIR–CIMAP, Lucknow, India. E-mail address: [email protected] (R.K. Lal). http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2015.06.049 0926-6690/© 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
the genus carries curcuminoids credited with anti-inflammatory (Gupta et al., 2013), hypocholesterolemic, choleratic, antioxidant, anti-parasitic, antispasmodic, antimicrobial (Nandakumar et al., 2006), antirheumatic, antifibrotic, antivenomous, antiviral, antidiabetic, antihepatotoxic and anticancerous properties as well as insect repellent activity (Chattopadhyay et al., 2004; Sasikumar 2005; Ravindran et al., 2007). In addition, curcumin is also used in clinical trials to treat Alzheimer’s (Hamaguchi et al., 2010). For storage purpose, the antioxidant activity of curcumin and C. longa has their importance as a food additive to prevent the oxidation and resultant rancidity of oils and fats (Sharma, 1976; Khanna, 1999). Turmeric being a cross-pollinated triploid species (2n = 3x = 63), vegetatively propagated by its underground rhizomes restricted to clonal selection, induced mutation and subsequent selection in the crop improvement program (Nair et al., 2010). Rich morphological and genetic diversity is observed among the cultivated types of turmeric (C. longa L.), probably due to vegetative mutations accumulated over a period of time (Ghosh et al., 2013). The viable seed sets obtained in certain cases enable recombination breeding through hybridization and open-pollinated progeny selection (Sasikumar, 2005). For C. longa L. genetic improvement of germplasm collections represents the main source of variability and efforts to characterize these collections, conducted specially in India because of the economic importance crop and most of the genetic diversity found here (Chandra et al., 1997; Lynrah et al.,
R. Mishra et al. / Industrial Crops and Products 76 (2015) 204–208
205
Table 1 Origin/places of collection of 65 accessions of turmeric maintained at CSIR-CIMAP, Lucknow
Fig. 1. Field view of sixty-five accessions of Curcuma longa genetic stocks.
1998; Singh et al., 2003; Chaudhary et al., 2006). Rhizome yield is a complex trait depends upon a number of yield component and their association. Magnitude and direction of association between two or more component result correlation coefficient. Correlation coefficient analysis reveals better understanding of yield component and assists in effective selection and hybridization programs as reported by Johnson et al. (1955) and Singh and Chaudhary (1985). The availability of information on extent of variations, estimates of heritability and expected genetic advance in respect of yield and yield determining traits are the basic requirement for formulating the suitable breeding strategy on genetic improvement program in turmeric. Hence, the present investigation was intended to estimate the genetic associations and direct and indirect effects among sixty five turmeric germplasm along with the estimate of the others allied genetic parameters and thereby development of turmeric cultivars with high rhizome yield and better quality. 2. Materials and methods Sixty five genotypes of turmeric (C. longa L.) were collected from various wild/cultivated sources in different places of India. Out of these sixty five genotypes of turmeric (C. longa L.), sixty five genetic stocks were collected from four states of India: Uttar Pradesh (CSIR–CIMAP, Lucknow (41)); N.D. University, Faizabad (14), Muzaffarnagar (3), Banthara, UP (1), Kannauj, UP (1), Calicut (Kerala) (2), Assam (2) and Pantnagar (Uttarakhand) (1) (Table 1, Figs. 1 and 2). The genotypes were grown in a randomized block design with three replications at the experimental farm of the CSIR – Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Lucknow India, in the year 2013–2014 under normal fertility condition with plot size of single row of 3 m each and plant at 50 cm apart. Plants were harvested after ten months of planting. The experimental farm at the research institute was located at 26.5◦ N latitude and 80.50◦ E longitude, and 120 m above mean sea level. The climate was semiarid to subtropical in nature. Morpho-metric observations were recorded for thirteen economic traits, namely leaves length = LL (cm); leaves width = LW (cm); petiole length = PL (cm); rhizome length = RL (cm); dry weight of rhizome = DWR (gm); fresh weight of rhizome = FWR (gm); days to germination = DG; days to leaves emergence = DLE; number of leaves = NL; length of stipulated tuber = LST (cm); plant height = PH (cm); thickness of rhizome = TR (cm); thickness of stipulated tuber = TST (cm).
S.no.
Accessions
Rhizome color
Places of collection/origin
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 62 64 65
Roma PN Roma 83 Indo Persian B. clone CA20 JL55 32 CA67 CA6 CL72 CLL324 81 56 CA2 86 Pratibha NO60 CH56 NDH15 NDH56 NDH2 NDH11 Banth1 Assam-4 NDH77 HOM60 Assam-3 Muzaff-1 Muzaff-2 Muzaff-3 NDH60 NDH27 NDH57 NDH80 NDH13 NDH35 NDH33 NDH24 NDH32 TC8 TC16 TC5 TC11 TC12 TC15 TC10 TC13 TC14 TC7 TC3 TC4 TC9 TC20 TC6 FFDC TC19 TC18 CH4 CH31 CH22 CH52 CH20 CH50 CH63
Orange Orange Orange Orange Orange Orange Orange Yellow Orange Orange Orange Orange Orange Yellow Orange Orange Orange Orange Yellow Orange Orange Orange Orange Orange Red Orange Orange Orange Orange Orange Orange Orange Orange Orange Orange Orange Orange Orange Orange Orange Orange Orange Orange Orange Orange Red Orange Orange Red Orange Orange Orange Orange Orange Orange Yellow Orange Orange Orange Orange Orange Orange Red Red Orange
Pantnagar,Uttarakhand, India Tamilnadu (Calicut), India CSIR–CIMAP (Lucknow), UP, India CSIR–CIMAP (Lucknow), UP, India CSIR–CIMAP (Lucknow), UP, India CSIR–CIMAP (Lucknow), UP, India CSIR–CIMAP (Lucknow), UP, India CSIR–IMAP (Lucknow), UP, India CSIR–CIMAP (Lucknow), UP, India CSIR–CIMAP (Lucknow), UP, India CSIR–CIMAP (Lucknow), UP, India CSIR–CIMAP (Lucknow), UP, India CSIR–CIMAP (Lucknow), UP, India CSIR–CIMAP (Lucknow), UP, India CSIR–CIMAP (Lucknow), UP, India CSIR–CIMAP (Lucknow), UP, India Tamilnadu (Calicut), India CSIR–CIMAP (Lucknow), UP, India CSIR–CIMAP (Lucknow), UP, India N.D. University (Faizabad), UP, India N.D. University (Faizabad), UP, India N.D. University (Faizabad), UP, India N.D. University (Faizabad), UP, India Banthara, UP, India Assam (Northeast), India N.D. University (Faizabad), UP, India CSIR–CIMAP (Lucknow), UP, India Assam (Northeast), India Muzaffarnagar, UP, India Muzaffarnagar, UP, India Muzaffarnagar, UP, India N.D. University (Faizabad), UP, India N.D. University (Faizabad), UP, India N.D. University (Faizabad), UP, India N.D. University (Faizabad), UP, India N.D. University (Faizabad), UP, India N.D. University (Faizabad), UP, India N.D. University (Faizabad), UP, India N.D. University (Faizabad), UP, India N.D. University (Faizabad), UP, India CSIR–CIMAP (Lucknow), UP, India CSIR–CIMAP (Lucknow), UP, India CSIR–CIMAP (Lucknow), UP, India CSIR–CIMAP (Lucknow), UP, India CSIRkCIMAP (Lucknow), UP, India CSIR–CIMAP (Lucknow), UP, India CSIR–CIMAP (Lucknow), UP, India CSIR–CIMAP (Lucknow), UP, India CSIR–CIMAP (Lucknow), UP, India CSIR–CIMAP (Lucknow), UP, India CSIR–CIMAP (Lucknow), UP, India CSIR–CIMAP (Lucknow), UP, India CSIR–CIMAP (Lucknow), UP, India CSIR–CIMAP (Lucknow), UP, India CSIR–CIMAP (Lucknow), UP, India Kannauj, UP, India CSIR–CIMAP (Lucknow), UP, India CSIR–CIMAP (Lucknow), UP, India CSIR–CIMAP (Lucknow), UP, India CSIR–CIMAP (Lucknow), UP, India CSIR–CIMAP (Lucknow), UP, India CSIR–CIMAP (Lucknow), UP, India CSIR–CIMAP (Lucknow), UP, India CSIR–CIMAP (Lucknow), UP, India CSIR–CIMAP (Lucknow), UP, India
2.1. Statistical analyses The analysis of variance (ANOVA) was performed by using Statistical Software 4.0 version, available in the Division of Genetics and Plant Breeding of the CSIR–CIMAP. Statistical analyses were
done which is based on the standard methods as described by Panse and Sukhatme, 1989 and Singh and Chaudhary (1985). The pooled mean values of all the traits were subjected to correlation and path coefficient analyses (Dewey and Lu, 1959).
206
R. Mishra et al. / Industrial Crops and Products 76 (2015) 204–208
Fig. 2. Transverse section of rhizomes for sixty-five accessions and variations between three accessions for colour and size of Curcuma longa germplasms.
3. Results and discussion Variation among the pooled mean of sixty five germplasm was highly significant (**P < 0.01, *P < 0.05) for all thirteen traits examined (Table 2). The study of analysis of variance, standard errors and critical difference (CD), revealed highly significant differences among all the sixty five germplasm of C. longa L. for all thirteen characters studied indicating thereby existence of considerable genetic variability. Genotypic coefficient of variation (GCV) and phenotypic coefficient of variation (PCV) results indicate the presence of considerable amount of genetic variability, thereby emphasizing wide scope of selection for the improvement of these characters. The sampling variance was moderate to high for nearly all the traits examined as genotypic coefficient of variation (GCV) ranged from 9.07–33.16 and phenotypic coefficient of variation (PCV) from 11.89–38.18. The heritable portion of phenotypic variance reflected by the size of 2 g related to 2 p expressed as ˆh2 BS was generally very high (85.89–99.05) for the seven characters except for dry weight of rhizome (79.94), fresh weight of rhizome (75.45), length of stipulated tuber (63.93), leaves width (60.68) and number of leaves (58.11) that showed moderate heritability besides it, a single trait thickness of stipulated tuber (16.84) showed low heritability. A high heritability estimate (ˆh2 BS ) with correspond-
ing high genetic advance (GA) is more reliable for selection in comparison to low genetic advance (GA). The genetic advance (GA), was high for rhizome fresh weight (GA = 201.02) and rhizome dry weight (GA = 53.23). Therefore, these traits might be highly amenable to direct selection for their genetic improvement over a short span of time. Besides, heritability in broad sense (ˆh2 BS ) and genetic advance (GA), the associations among characters also have a direct bearing on success of selection. In the present study, yield and its components were highly heritable with moderate to high level of genetic advance. Hence, there is a scope to isolate superior genotypes for improving yield through simple clonal selection procedures. A critical perusal of observations indicates that the phenotypic correlations were larger than genotypic correlations for all of the traits (Table 3). Genotypic (G) and phenotypic (P) correlation coefficients among the thirteen traits revealed that leaves length were highly significant and positively correlated with length of stipulated tuber (0.46**G, 0.45**P); leaves width with length of stipulated tuber (0.62**G, 0.48**P); petiole length with thickness of stipulated tuber (0.37**G, 0.31**P); dry weight of rhizome with thickness of stipulated tuber (0.98**G, 0.96**P) and fresh weight of rhizome with days to germination (0.97**G, 0.94**P); whereas, leaves width is highly significant and negatively correlated with plant length (−0.57**G, −0.44**P) and length of stipulated tuber (−0.62**G, −0.48**P) at both genotypic and phenotypic level. The leaves length with leaves width (0.37**G, 0.28*P) and days to leaves emergence (0.38**G, 0.28*P) was also highly significantly correlated with leaves width in genotype and positively with phenotype level; leaves width with days to leaves emergence (0.51**G, 0.25*P); petiole length with dry weight of rhizome (0.31**G); days to leaves emergence with length of stipulated tuber (0.35**G, 0.26*P); number of leaves with thickness of rhizome (0.35*P). Hence, these traits were found to be good criteria for selection. The path co-efficient analysis was worked out to get an insight into the direct and indirect effects of different characters on yield (Table 4). Dry weight of rhizome (1.10) exerted the highest positive direct effect followed by length of stipulated tuber (0.11), plant height (0.10) and days to leaves emergence (0.10) and fresh weight of rhizome (0.06) in percent. Direct contributions of other traits to rhizome thickness were negative. Petiole length (−0.03) had negative direct effect, but had maximum positive indirect effect via dry weight of rhizome. The residual effect of 0.151 revealed that 90% of yield was contributed by the characters studied and thus indicated the adequacy of the character. Among all the thirteen agro-morphological
Table 2 Estimation of phenotypic and genotypic variance, genotypic and phenotypic coefficient of variation; heritability in broad sense (h2 BS %), genetic advance and other allied genetic parameters for thirteen agronomic traits in C. longa L. Characters
Leaves length Leaves width Petiole length Rhizome length Dry weight of rhizome Fresh weight of rhizome Days to germination Days to leaves emergence Number of leaves Length of stipulated tuber Plant height Thickness of rhizome Thickness of stipulated tuber
Genetic parameters 2p
2g
GCV
PCV
h2 BS (%)
GA
C.V.(%)
C.D.(5%)
C.D.(1%)
F value
59.28 3.17 8.79 1.72 1306.70 22167.22 21.48 20.94 2.71 1.92 74.31 4.63 1.32
58.05 1.92 7.85 1.48 1044.69 16726.06 21.21 19.59 1.57 1.23 73.60 4.26 0.23
16.22 9.98 18.65 14.67 31.99 33.16 23.11 15.84 9.07 22.06 19.56 16.75 10.54
16.39 12.81 19.73 15.82 35.78 38.18 23.24 16.37 11.89 27.59 19.66 17.46 25.69
97.93 60.68 89.38 85.98 79.94 75.45 98.74 93.59 58.11 63.93 99.05 91.99 16.84
15.97 1.73 5.16 2.15 53.23 201.02 9.37 8.53 1.50 1.46 17.50 3.91 0.16
10.79 8.38 6.46 5.92 16.02 18.92 2.12 4.14 7.79 16.57 4.49 4.94 23.42
8.24 1.88 1.57 0.79 26.17 119.25 0.72 1.87 1.74 1.35 3.2 0.99 1.69
10.91 2.49 2.07 1.05 34.63 157.79 0.96 2.48 2.31 1.78 4.24 1.3 2.24
6.68** 4.92** 26.21** 19.40** 12.96** 10.22** 465.97** 44.85** 5.65** 6.32** 52.75** 35.45** 1.61*
2 p, 2 g = variance due to phenotype and genotype; GCV, PCV = genotypic and phenotypic coefficient of variation; ˆh2 BS = heritability in broad sense; GA = genetic advance; CV = coefficient of variation; CD = critical difference. * P < 0.05. ** P < 0.01.
R. Mishra et al. / Industrial Crops and Products 76 (2015) 204–208
207
Table 3 Genetic (bold) and phenotypic correlations among thirteen economic traits of sixty five germplasm of turmeric (C. longa L.). Correlation
LL
LW
PL
RL
DWR
FWR
DG
DLE
NL
LST
PH
TR
TST
LL LW PL RL DWR FWR DG DLE NL LST PH TR TST
– 0.28* −0.15 0.01 −0.01 −0.03 −0.06 0.28* 0.16 0.45** −0.002 −0.22 −0.03
0.37** – -0.44** 0.07 −0.14 −0.24* −0.23* 0.25* 0.004 0.48** −0.06 −0.17 −0.16
−0.16 −0.57** – −0.01 0.25* 0.09 0.13 −0.12 0.04 −0.04 0.18 0.09 0.31**
0.01 0.11 -0.02 – −0.11 0.11 0.12 −0.14 −0.06 −0.05 0.05 −0.07 −0.11
−0.02 −0.16 0.31** −0.14 – 0.13 0.12 −0.09 0.09 −0.16 0.04 0.09 0.96**
−0.03 −0.31* 0.11 0.12 0.15 – 0.94** −0.02 0.03 −0.29* −0.11 0.12 0.12
−0.06 −0.27* 0.16 0.13 0.14 0.97** – 0.003 0.01 −0.30* −0.08 0.09 0.11
0.38** 0.51** −0.17 −0.19 −0.17 −0.01 0.03 – −0.004 0.26* −0.25* −0.06 −0.08
0.21 −0.06 0.07 -0.08 0.12 0.03 0.03 −0.02 – 0.14 0.14 0.35** 0.11
0.46** 0.62** −0.04 −0.06 −0.19 −0.29* −0.31** 0.35** 0.18 – −0.02 −0.20 −0.14
−0.21 −0.03 0.19 0.07 0.04 −0.12 −0.08 −0.32** 0.17 0.03 – 0.01 0.10
−0.53** −0.56** 0.24* −0.21 −0.08 0.31** 0.31* −0.14 0.09 −0.49** 0.02 – 0.08
−0.03 −0.20 0.37** −0.15 0.98** 0.14 0.12 −0.16 0.15 −0.16 0.11 0.07 –
Leaves length = LL; leaves width = LW; petiole length = PL; rhizome length = RL; dry weight of rhizome = DWR; fresh weight of rhizome = FWR; days to germination = DG; days to leaves emergence = DLE; number of leaves = NL; length of stipulated tuber = LST; plant height = PH; thickness of rhizome = TR; thickness of stipulated tuber = TST.
Table 4 Direct (bold) and indirect effects on thirteen economic traits related to path analysis in turmeric (C. longa L.) germplasm. Traits
LL
LW
PL
RL
DWR
FWR
DG
DLE
NL
LST
PH
TST
TR (rg)
LL LW PL RL DWR FWR DG DLE NL LST PH TST
−0.04 −0.02 0.01 −0.0004 0.001 0.001 0.002 −0.02 −0.01 −0.02 0.01 0.02
−0.07 −0.18 0.10 −0.02 0.03 0.10 0.10 −0.10 0.01 −0.11 0.01 0.10
0.005 0.02 −0.03 0.0004 −0.01 −0.003 −0.004 0.01 −0.002 0.001 −0.01 −0.01
0.0003 0.003 −0.0004 0.03 −0.004 0.003 0.004 −0.01 −0.002 −0.002 0.002 −0.01
−0.02 −0.16 0.31 −0.14 1.10 0.20 0.14 −0.10 0.12 −0.20 0.04 −0.08
−0.002 −0.02 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.06 0.05 −0.001 0.002 −0.02 −0.01 0.02
0.004 0.02 −0.01 −0.01 −0.01 −0.08 −0.08 −0.002 −0.002 0.02 0.01 −0.02
0.04 0.10 −0.02 −0.02 −0.02 −0.001 0.003 0.10 −0.002 0.04 −0.03 −0.01
0.001 −0.0002 0.0003 −0.0003 0.001 0.0001 0.0001 −0.0001 0.004 0.001 0.001 0.0004
0.05 0.06 −0.004 −0.01 −0.02 −0.03 −0.03 0.03 0.02 0.11 −0.002 −0.05
−0.02 −0.003 0.02 0.01 0.004 −0.01 −0.01 −0.03 0.02 −0.002 0.10 0.002
0.02 0.02 −0.01 0.01 0.003 −0.01 −0.01 0.005 −0.003 0.02 −0.001 −0.03
−0.03 −0.20 0.37 −0.15 0.98 0.14 0.12 −0.20 0.15 −0.20 0.11 −0.10
Residual effects = 0.151; rg = genotypic correlation. Leaves length = LL; leaves width = LW; petiole length = PL; rhizome length = RL; dry weight of rhizome = DWR; fresh weight of rhizome = FWR; days to germination = DG; days to leaves emergence = DLE; number of leaves = NL; length of stipulated tuber = LST; plant height = PH; thickness of rhizome = TR; thickness of stipulated tuber = TST.
traits, fresh weight of rhizome exhibited highest PCV (38.18%) and GCV (33.16%) followed by dry weight of rhizome PCV (35.78%) and GCV (31.99%) and leaves stipulated tuber PCV (27.59%) and GCV (22.06%) (Table 2). Therefore, the choice of most economic traits, days to leaves emergence, and days to germination, petiole length, and leaves number followed by dry weight of rhizome may be used as a better selection criterion for improvement of rhizome yield in the turmeric (C. longa L.). In nut shell, the accession number TC15 (5.289 kg) is the highest fresh rhizome yielder followed by TC 12 (4.72) and TC 13 (4.279) kg/plot and for dry weight basis the accessions CA 20 (120) followed by NDH2 (110) and 83 (110) g/plot. These accessions can be exploited for commercial cultivation.
4. Conclusions Genetic improvement and development of high yielding varieties are dependent upon the amount and nature of genetic variability that are present in the genetic stocks, we examined genetic variation for thirteen agro-morphological traits of sixty five germplasms in order to understand genetic variability, genotypic, phenotypic associations and direct and indirect contribution of various yield components in turmeric. Genotypic and phenotypic coefficient of variation was largest for fresh weight of rhizome followed by dry weight of rhizome. It is evident from the path coefficient analysis that the traits, dry weight of rhizome (1.10) followed by length of stipulated tuber (0.11), plant height (0.10), and days to leaves emergence (0.10) were the highest direct contributor to total rhizome yield in turmeric. All these traits also expressed high heritability (ˆh2 BS ) and medium to high genetic advance with posi-
tive genetic associations. Leaves length and leaves width both have positive and significant correlation with length of stipulated tuber followed by plant length and dry weight of rhizome with thickness of stipulated tuber and fresh weight of rhizome with days to germination. In brief the accession number TC15 (5.289 kg) is the highest fresh rhizome yielder followed by TC 12 (4.72) and TC 13 (4.279) kg/plot and for dry weight basic the accessions CA 20 (120) followed by NDH2 (110) and 83 (110) g/plot. These accessions can be exploited for commercial cultivation. Acknowledgements The authors are highly thankful to the National Medicinal Plants Board, Ministry of Ayush, Government of India for providing financial assistance for conducting the above research work. The authors are also grateful to the Director, CSIR–CIMAP, Lucknow for providing necessary facilities and infrastructure to carry out the research work. References Anandaraj, M., Sudharshan, M.R., 2011. Cardamom, ginger and turmeric. In: Verheye, Willy, H. (Eds.), Encyclopedia of Life Support Systems (EOLSS)—Soils, Plant Growth and Crop Production. EOLSS Publishers, Oxford, UK. Chandra, R., Desai, A.R., Govind, S., Gupta, P.N., 1997. Metroglyph analysis in turmeric (Curcuma longa L.) germplasm in India. Sci. Hortic. 70, 211–222. Chattopadhyay, I., Biswas, K., Bandyopadhyay, U., Banerjee, R.K., 2004. Turmeric and curcumin: biological actions and medicinal applications. Curr. Sci. 87, 44–53. Chaudhary, A.S., Sachan, S.K., Singh, R.L., 2006. Studies on varietal performance of turmeric (Curcuma longa L.). Ind. J. Crop Sci. 1, 189–190. Deb, N., Majumdar, P., Ghosh, A.K., 2013. Pharmacognostic and phytochemical evaluation of the rhizomes of Curcuma longa Linn. J. Pharm. Sci Technol. 2, 81–86.
208
R. Mishra et al. / Industrial Crops and Products 76 (2015) 204–208
Dewey, D.R., Lu, K.H., 1959. A correlation and path-coefficient analysis of components of crested wheatgrass seed production. Agron. J. 51, 515–518. Ghosh, A., Ghosh, P., Chatterjee, P., 2013. Evaluation of the bioactive potentialities of diacetaldehydeterpenoid isolated from Curcuma caesia Roxb. J. Phytopharm. 2, 1–7. Gupta, S.C., Sung, B., Kim, J.H., Prasad, S., Li, S., Aggarwal, B.B., 2013. Multi targeting by turmeric, the golden spice: from kitchen to clinic. Mol. Nutr. Food Res. 57, 1510–1528. Hamaguchi, T., Ono, K., Yamada, M., 2010. Curcumin and Alzheimer’s disease. CNS Neurosci. Ther. 16, 285–297. Johnson, H.W., Robinson, H.F., Comstock, R.E., 1955. Estimates of genetic and environmental variability in soybean. Agron. J. 47, 314–318. Khanna, N.M., 1999. Turmeric—nature’s precious gift. Curr. Sci. 76, 1351–1356. Lynrah, P.G., Barua, P.K., Chakrabarty, B.K., 1998. Pattern of genetic variability in a collection of turmeric (Curcuma spp.) genotypes. Indian J. Genet. 58, 201–207. Nair, R.R., Shiva, K.N., Anchu, S., Zachariah, T.J., 2010. Characterization of open-pollinated seedling progenies of turmeric (Curcuma longa L.) based on
chromosome number, plant morphology, rhizome yield and rhizome quality. Cytologia 75, 443–449. Nandakumar, D.N., Nagaraj, V.A., Vathsala, P.G., Rangarajan, P., Padmanaban, G., 2006. Curcumin–Artemisinin combination therapy for malaria. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 50, 1859–1860. Panse, V.G., Sukhatme, P.V., 1989. Statistical Methods for Agricultural Workers. Indian Council of Agricultural Research, New Delhi, India. Ravindran, P.N., Babu, K.N., Sivaraman, K., 2007. Turmeric: the genus Curcuma. Med. Aromat. Plant 45, 150–155. Sasikumar, B., 2005. Genetics resources of Curcuma: diversity, characterization and utilization. Plant Genet. Resour. 3, 230–251. Sharma, O.P., 1976. Antioxidant activity of curcumin and related compounds. Biochem. Pharmacol. 25, 1811–1812. Singh, R.K., Chaudhary, B.D., 1985. Biometrics in Quantitative Genetics Analysis. Kalayani Publishers, New Delhi, pp. 39–79. Singh, Y., Mittal, P., Katoch, V., Singh, Y., 2003. Genetic variability and heritability in turmeric (Curcuma longa L.). Himachal J. Agric. Res. 29, 31–34.
Contents lists available at ScienceDirect
Industrial Crops and Products journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/indcrop
Genetic variability, analysis of genetic parameters, character associations and contribution for agronomical traits in turmeric (Curcuma longa L.) Ritu Mishra, Anil Kumar Gupta, Raj Kishori Lal ∗ , Tripta Jhang, Nisha Banerjee a
CSIR – Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, P.O. CIMAP, Lucknow, UP 226015, India
a r t i c l e
i n f o
Article history: Received 23 March 2015 Received in revised form 19 June 2015 Accepted 21 June 2015 Keywords: Correlations Direct effects Genetic advance Path coefficient Yield components
a b s t r a c t Sixty-five germplasms of Curcuma longa L. were screened for high rhizome yield. The considerable amount of natural and genetic variability in thirteen agro-morphological traits was recorded. The estimate of broad sense heritability (ˆh2 BS %) was high for plant height (99.05) and genetic advance (GA) for fresh weight of rhizome (201.02). Genotypic (G) and phenotypic (P) correlation coefficient among traits revealed that leaves width were highly significant and positively correlated with length of stipulated tuber (0.62**G, 0.48**P); dry weight of rhizome with thickness of stipulated tuber (0.98**G, 0.96**P) and fresh weight of rhizome with days to germination (0.97**G, 0.94**P). Fresh weight of rhizome exhibited highest PCV (38.18%) and GCV (33.16%). The path coefficient analysis revealed that the highest direct contribution to rhizome thickness was made by dry weight of rhizome (1.10). The direct contribution toward total rhizome yield was highest for dry weight of rhizome followed by length of stipulated tuber, respectively. © 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
1. Introduction Turmeric (Curcuma longa L.) is a perennial rhizomatous plant of tropical and subtropical regions from Zingiberaceae family cultivated in many warm regions of the world. It is native to South Asia, particularly India. India is the largest producer (93.3% of the total world production), consumer and exporter (approximately 90%) of turmeric. It is exported to countries such as the UK, USA, Iran, Japan, United Arab Emirates, Saudi Arabia, the Netherlands, South Africa and Singapore in different forms, such as whole dry rhizome, turmeric powder, turmeric oleoresin, curcumin, essential oil and curry powder. In India, it is being cultivated in around 150,000 ha (Sasikumar, 2005). It has been used as a medicine, condiment, ornamental materials and as a dye in India and many East Asian countries for centuries (Anandaraj and Sudharshan, 2011). It is estimated that Indians consume between 80 and 200 mg turmeric extract per day and as a whole the total consumption is about 480,000 ton annually in India (Deb et al., 2013). C. longa L. has importance all over the world as a mighty cure in variety of ailments, as
∗ Corresponding author at: Division of Genetics and Plant Breeding, CSIR–CIMAP, Lucknow, India. E-mail address: [email protected] (R.K. Lal). http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2015.06.049 0926-6690/© 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
the genus carries curcuminoids credited with anti-inflammatory (Gupta et al., 2013), hypocholesterolemic, choleratic, antioxidant, anti-parasitic, antispasmodic, antimicrobial (Nandakumar et al., 2006), antirheumatic, antifibrotic, antivenomous, antiviral, antidiabetic, antihepatotoxic and anticancerous properties as well as insect repellent activity (Chattopadhyay et al., 2004; Sasikumar 2005; Ravindran et al., 2007). In addition, curcumin is also used in clinical trials to treat Alzheimer’s (Hamaguchi et al., 2010). For storage purpose, the antioxidant activity of curcumin and C. longa has their importance as a food additive to prevent the oxidation and resultant rancidity of oils and fats (Sharma, 1976; Khanna, 1999). Turmeric being a cross-pollinated triploid species (2n = 3x = 63), vegetatively propagated by its underground rhizomes restricted to clonal selection, induced mutation and subsequent selection in the crop improvement program (Nair et al., 2010). Rich morphological and genetic diversity is observed among the cultivated types of turmeric (C. longa L.), probably due to vegetative mutations accumulated over a period of time (Ghosh et al., 2013). The viable seed sets obtained in certain cases enable recombination breeding through hybridization and open-pollinated progeny selection (Sasikumar, 2005). For C. longa L. genetic improvement of germplasm collections represents the main source of variability and efforts to characterize these collections, conducted specially in India because of the economic importance crop and most of the genetic diversity found here (Chandra et al., 1997; Lynrah et al.,
R. Mishra et al. / Industrial Crops and Products 76 (2015) 204–208
205
Table 1 Origin/places of collection of 65 accessions of turmeric maintained at CSIR-CIMAP, Lucknow
Fig. 1. Field view of sixty-five accessions of Curcuma longa genetic stocks.
1998; Singh et al., 2003; Chaudhary et al., 2006). Rhizome yield is a complex trait depends upon a number of yield component and their association. Magnitude and direction of association between two or more component result correlation coefficient. Correlation coefficient analysis reveals better understanding of yield component and assists in effective selection and hybridization programs as reported by Johnson et al. (1955) and Singh and Chaudhary (1985). The availability of information on extent of variations, estimates of heritability and expected genetic advance in respect of yield and yield determining traits are the basic requirement for formulating the suitable breeding strategy on genetic improvement program in turmeric. Hence, the present investigation was intended to estimate the genetic associations and direct and indirect effects among sixty five turmeric germplasm along with the estimate of the others allied genetic parameters and thereby development of turmeric cultivars with high rhizome yield and better quality. 2. Materials and methods Sixty five genotypes of turmeric (C. longa L.) were collected from various wild/cultivated sources in different places of India. Out of these sixty five genotypes of turmeric (C. longa L.), sixty five genetic stocks were collected from four states of India: Uttar Pradesh (CSIR–CIMAP, Lucknow (41)); N.D. University, Faizabad (14), Muzaffarnagar (3), Banthara, UP (1), Kannauj, UP (1), Calicut (Kerala) (2), Assam (2) and Pantnagar (Uttarakhand) (1) (Table 1, Figs. 1 and 2). The genotypes were grown in a randomized block design with three replications at the experimental farm of the CSIR – Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Lucknow India, in the year 2013–2014 under normal fertility condition with plot size of single row of 3 m each and plant at 50 cm apart. Plants were harvested after ten months of planting. The experimental farm at the research institute was located at 26.5◦ N latitude and 80.50◦ E longitude, and 120 m above mean sea level. The climate was semiarid to subtropical in nature. Morpho-metric observations were recorded for thirteen economic traits, namely leaves length = LL (cm); leaves width = LW (cm); petiole length = PL (cm); rhizome length = RL (cm); dry weight of rhizome = DWR (gm); fresh weight of rhizome = FWR (gm); days to germination = DG; days to leaves emergence = DLE; number of leaves = NL; length of stipulated tuber = LST (cm); plant height = PH (cm); thickness of rhizome = TR (cm); thickness of stipulated tuber = TST (cm).
S.no.
Accessions
Rhizome color
Places of collection/origin
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 62 64 65
Roma PN Roma 83 Indo Persian B. clone CA20 JL55 32 CA67 CA6 CL72 CLL324 81 56 CA2 86 Pratibha NO60 CH56 NDH15 NDH56 NDH2 NDH11 Banth1 Assam-4 NDH77 HOM60 Assam-3 Muzaff-1 Muzaff-2 Muzaff-3 NDH60 NDH27 NDH57 NDH80 NDH13 NDH35 NDH33 NDH24 NDH32 TC8 TC16 TC5 TC11 TC12 TC15 TC10 TC13 TC14 TC7 TC3 TC4 TC9 TC20 TC6 FFDC TC19 TC18 CH4 CH31 CH22 CH52 CH20 CH50 CH63
Orange Orange Orange Orange Orange Orange Orange Yellow Orange Orange Orange Orange Orange Yellow Orange Orange Orange Orange Yellow Orange Orange Orange Orange Orange Red Orange Orange Orange Orange Orange Orange Orange Orange Orange Orange Orange Orange Orange Orange Orange Orange Orange Orange Orange Orange Red Orange Orange Red Orange Orange Orange Orange Orange Orange Yellow Orange Orange Orange Orange Orange Orange Red Red Orange
Pantnagar,Uttarakhand, India Tamilnadu (Calicut), India CSIR–CIMAP (Lucknow), UP, India CSIR–CIMAP (Lucknow), UP, India CSIR–CIMAP (Lucknow), UP, India CSIR–CIMAP (Lucknow), UP, India CSIR–CIMAP (Lucknow), UP, India CSIR–IMAP (Lucknow), UP, India CSIR–CIMAP (Lucknow), UP, India CSIR–CIMAP (Lucknow), UP, India CSIR–CIMAP (Lucknow), UP, India CSIR–CIMAP (Lucknow), UP, India CSIR–CIMAP (Lucknow), UP, India CSIR–CIMAP (Lucknow), UP, India CSIR–CIMAP (Lucknow), UP, India CSIR–CIMAP (Lucknow), UP, India Tamilnadu (Calicut), India CSIR–CIMAP (Lucknow), UP, India CSIR–CIMAP (Lucknow), UP, India N.D. University (Faizabad), UP, India N.D. University (Faizabad), UP, India N.D. University (Faizabad), UP, India N.D. University (Faizabad), UP, India Banthara, UP, India Assam (Northeast), India N.D. University (Faizabad), UP, India CSIR–CIMAP (Lucknow), UP, India Assam (Northeast), India Muzaffarnagar, UP, India Muzaffarnagar, UP, India Muzaffarnagar, UP, India N.D. University (Faizabad), UP, India N.D. University (Faizabad), UP, India N.D. University (Faizabad), UP, India N.D. University (Faizabad), UP, India N.D. University (Faizabad), UP, India N.D. University (Faizabad), UP, India N.D. University (Faizabad), UP, India N.D. University (Faizabad), UP, India N.D. University (Faizabad), UP, India CSIR–CIMAP (Lucknow), UP, India CSIR–CIMAP (Lucknow), UP, India CSIR–CIMAP (Lucknow), UP, India CSIR–CIMAP (Lucknow), UP, India CSIRkCIMAP (Lucknow), UP, India CSIR–CIMAP (Lucknow), UP, India CSIR–CIMAP (Lucknow), UP, India CSIR–CIMAP (Lucknow), UP, India CSIR–CIMAP (Lucknow), UP, India CSIR–CIMAP (Lucknow), UP, India CSIR–CIMAP (Lucknow), UP, India CSIR–CIMAP (Lucknow), UP, India CSIR–CIMAP (Lucknow), UP, India CSIR–CIMAP (Lucknow), UP, India CSIR–CIMAP (Lucknow), UP, India Kannauj, UP, India CSIR–CIMAP (Lucknow), UP, India CSIR–CIMAP (Lucknow), UP, India CSIR–CIMAP (Lucknow), UP, India CSIR–CIMAP (Lucknow), UP, India CSIR–CIMAP (Lucknow), UP, India CSIR–CIMAP (Lucknow), UP, India CSIR–CIMAP (Lucknow), UP, India CSIR–CIMAP (Lucknow), UP, India CSIR–CIMAP (Lucknow), UP, India
2.1. Statistical analyses The analysis of variance (ANOVA) was performed by using Statistical Software 4.0 version, available in the Division of Genetics and Plant Breeding of the CSIR–CIMAP. Statistical analyses were
done which is based on the standard methods as described by Panse and Sukhatme, 1989 and Singh and Chaudhary (1985). The pooled mean values of all the traits were subjected to correlation and path coefficient analyses (Dewey and Lu, 1959).
206
R. Mishra et al. / Industrial Crops and Products 76 (2015) 204–208
Fig. 2. Transverse section of rhizomes for sixty-five accessions and variations between three accessions for colour and size of Curcuma longa germplasms.
3. Results and discussion Variation among the pooled mean of sixty five germplasm was highly significant (**P < 0.01, *P < 0.05) for all thirteen traits examined (Table 2). The study of analysis of variance, standard errors and critical difference (CD), revealed highly significant differences among all the sixty five germplasm of C. longa L. for all thirteen characters studied indicating thereby existence of considerable genetic variability. Genotypic coefficient of variation (GCV) and phenotypic coefficient of variation (PCV) results indicate the presence of considerable amount of genetic variability, thereby emphasizing wide scope of selection for the improvement of these characters. The sampling variance was moderate to high for nearly all the traits examined as genotypic coefficient of variation (GCV) ranged from 9.07–33.16 and phenotypic coefficient of variation (PCV) from 11.89–38.18. The heritable portion of phenotypic variance reflected by the size of 2 g related to 2 p expressed as ˆh2 BS was generally very high (85.89–99.05) for the seven characters except for dry weight of rhizome (79.94), fresh weight of rhizome (75.45), length of stipulated tuber (63.93), leaves width (60.68) and number of leaves (58.11) that showed moderate heritability besides it, a single trait thickness of stipulated tuber (16.84) showed low heritability. A high heritability estimate (ˆh2 BS ) with correspond-
ing high genetic advance (GA) is more reliable for selection in comparison to low genetic advance (GA). The genetic advance (GA), was high for rhizome fresh weight (GA = 201.02) and rhizome dry weight (GA = 53.23). Therefore, these traits might be highly amenable to direct selection for their genetic improvement over a short span of time. Besides, heritability in broad sense (ˆh2 BS ) and genetic advance (GA), the associations among characters also have a direct bearing on success of selection. In the present study, yield and its components were highly heritable with moderate to high level of genetic advance. Hence, there is a scope to isolate superior genotypes for improving yield through simple clonal selection procedures. A critical perusal of observations indicates that the phenotypic correlations were larger than genotypic correlations for all of the traits (Table 3). Genotypic (G) and phenotypic (P) correlation coefficients among the thirteen traits revealed that leaves length were highly significant and positively correlated with length of stipulated tuber (0.46**G, 0.45**P); leaves width with length of stipulated tuber (0.62**G, 0.48**P); petiole length with thickness of stipulated tuber (0.37**G, 0.31**P); dry weight of rhizome with thickness of stipulated tuber (0.98**G, 0.96**P) and fresh weight of rhizome with days to germination (0.97**G, 0.94**P); whereas, leaves width is highly significant and negatively correlated with plant length (−0.57**G, −0.44**P) and length of stipulated tuber (−0.62**G, −0.48**P) at both genotypic and phenotypic level. The leaves length with leaves width (0.37**G, 0.28*P) and days to leaves emergence (0.38**G, 0.28*P) was also highly significantly correlated with leaves width in genotype and positively with phenotype level; leaves width with days to leaves emergence (0.51**G, 0.25*P); petiole length with dry weight of rhizome (0.31**G); days to leaves emergence with length of stipulated tuber (0.35**G, 0.26*P); number of leaves with thickness of rhizome (0.35*P). Hence, these traits were found to be good criteria for selection. The path co-efficient analysis was worked out to get an insight into the direct and indirect effects of different characters on yield (Table 4). Dry weight of rhizome (1.10) exerted the highest positive direct effect followed by length of stipulated tuber (0.11), plant height (0.10) and days to leaves emergence (0.10) and fresh weight of rhizome (0.06) in percent. Direct contributions of other traits to rhizome thickness were negative. Petiole length (−0.03) had negative direct effect, but had maximum positive indirect effect via dry weight of rhizome. The residual effect of 0.151 revealed that 90% of yield was contributed by the characters studied and thus indicated the adequacy of the character. Among all the thirteen agro-morphological
Table 2 Estimation of phenotypic and genotypic variance, genotypic and phenotypic coefficient of variation; heritability in broad sense (h2 BS %), genetic advance and other allied genetic parameters for thirteen agronomic traits in C. longa L. Characters
Leaves length Leaves width Petiole length Rhizome length Dry weight of rhizome Fresh weight of rhizome Days to germination Days to leaves emergence Number of leaves Length of stipulated tuber Plant height Thickness of rhizome Thickness of stipulated tuber
Genetic parameters 2p
2g
GCV
PCV
h2 BS (%)
GA
C.V.(%)
C.D.(5%)
C.D.(1%)
F value
59.28 3.17 8.79 1.72 1306.70 22167.22 21.48 20.94 2.71 1.92 74.31 4.63 1.32
58.05 1.92 7.85 1.48 1044.69 16726.06 21.21 19.59 1.57 1.23 73.60 4.26 0.23
16.22 9.98 18.65 14.67 31.99 33.16 23.11 15.84 9.07 22.06 19.56 16.75 10.54
16.39 12.81 19.73 15.82 35.78 38.18 23.24 16.37 11.89 27.59 19.66 17.46 25.69
97.93 60.68 89.38 85.98 79.94 75.45 98.74 93.59 58.11 63.93 99.05 91.99 16.84
15.97 1.73 5.16 2.15 53.23 201.02 9.37 8.53 1.50 1.46 17.50 3.91 0.16
10.79 8.38 6.46 5.92 16.02 18.92 2.12 4.14 7.79 16.57 4.49 4.94 23.42
8.24 1.88 1.57 0.79 26.17 119.25 0.72 1.87 1.74 1.35 3.2 0.99 1.69
10.91 2.49 2.07 1.05 34.63 157.79 0.96 2.48 2.31 1.78 4.24 1.3 2.24
6.68** 4.92** 26.21** 19.40** 12.96** 10.22** 465.97** 44.85** 5.65** 6.32** 52.75** 35.45** 1.61*
2 p, 2 g = variance due to phenotype and genotype; GCV, PCV = genotypic and phenotypic coefficient of variation; ˆh2 BS = heritability in broad sense; GA = genetic advance; CV = coefficient of variation; CD = critical difference. * P < 0.05. ** P < 0.01.
R. Mishra et al. / Industrial Crops and Products 76 (2015) 204–208
207
Table 3 Genetic (bold) and phenotypic correlations among thirteen economic traits of sixty five germplasm of turmeric (C. longa L.). Correlation
LL
LW
PL
RL
DWR
FWR
DG
DLE
NL
LST
PH
TR
TST
LL LW PL RL DWR FWR DG DLE NL LST PH TR TST
– 0.28* −0.15 0.01 −0.01 −0.03 −0.06 0.28* 0.16 0.45** −0.002 −0.22 −0.03
0.37** – -0.44** 0.07 −0.14 −0.24* −0.23* 0.25* 0.004 0.48** −0.06 −0.17 −0.16
−0.16 −0.57** – −0.01 0.25* 0.09 0.13 −0.12 0.04 −0.04 0.18 0.09 0.31**
0.01 0.11 -0.02 – −0.11 0.11 0.12 −0.14 −0.06 −0.05 0.05 −0.07 −0.11
−0.02 −0.16 0.31** −0.14 – 0.13 0.12 −0.09 0.09 −0.16 0.04 0.09 0.96**
−0.03 −0.31* 0.11 0.12 0.15 – 0.94** −0.02 0.03 −0.29* −0.11 0.12 0.12
−0.06 −0.27* 0.16 0.13 0.14 0.97** – 0.003 0.01 −0.30* −0.08 0.09 0.11
0.38** 0.51** −0.17 −0.19 −0.17 −0.01 0.03 – −0.004 0.26* −0.25* −0.06 −0.08
0.21 −0.06 0.07 -0.08 0.12 0.03 0.03 −0.02 – 0.14 0.14 0.35** 0.11
0.46** 0.62** −0.04 −0.06 −0.19 −0.29* −0.31** 0.35** 0.18 – −0.02 −0.20 −0.14
−0.21 −0.03 0.19 0.07 0.04 −0.12 −0.08 −0.32** 0.17 0.03 – 0.01 0.10
−0.53** −0.56** 0.24* −0.21 −0.08 0.31** 0.31* −0.14 0.09 −0.49** 0.02 – 0.08
−0.03 −0.20 0.37** −0.15 0.98** 0.14 0.12 −0.16 0.15 −0.16 0.11 0.07 –
Leaves length = LL; leaves width = LW; petiole length = PL; rhizome length = RL; dry weight of rhizome = DWR; fresh weight of rhizome = FWR; days to germination = DG; days to leaves emergence = DLE; number of leaves = NL; length of stipulated tuber = LST; plant height = PH; thickness of rhizome = TR; thickness of stipulated tuber = TST.
Table 4 Direct (bold) and indirect effects on thirteen economic traits related to path analysis in turmeric (C. longa L.) germplasm. Traits
LL
LW
PL
RL
DWR
FWR
DG
DLE
NL
LST
PH
TST
TR (rg)
LL LW PL RL DWR FWR DG DLE NL LST PH TST
−0.04 −0.02 0.01 −0.0004 0.001 0.001 0.002 −0.02 −0.01 −0.02 0.01 0.02
−0.07 −0.18 0.10 −0.02 0.03 0.10 0.10 −0.10 0.01 −0.11 0.01 0.10
0.005 0.02 −0.03 0.0004 −0.01 −0.003 −0.004 0.01 −0.002 0.001 −0.01 −0.01
0.0003 0.003 −0.0004 0.03 −0.004 0.003 0.004 −0.01 −0.002 −0.002 0.002 −0.01
−0.02 −0.16 0.31 −0.14 1.10 0.20 0.14 −0.10 0.12 −0.20 0.04 −0.08
−0.002 −0.02 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.06 0.05 −0.001 0.002 −0.02 −0.01 0.02
0.004 0.02 −0.01 −0.01 −0.01 −0.08 −0.08 −0.002 −0.002 0.02 0.01 −0.02
0.04 0.10 −0.02 −0.02 −0.02 −0.001 0.003 0.10 −0.002 0.04 −0.03 −0.01
0.001 −0.0002 0.0003 −0.0003 0.001 0.0001 0.0001 −0.0001 0.004 0.001 0.001 0.0004
0.05 0.06 −0.004 −0.01 −0.02 −0.03 −0.03 0.03 0.02 0.11 −0.002 −0.05
−0.02 −0.003 0.02 0.01 0.004 −0.01 −0.01 −0.03 0.02 −0.002 0.10 0.002
0.02 0.02 −0.01 0.01 0.003 −0.01 −0.01 0.005 −0.003 0.02 −0.001 −0.03
−0.03 −0.20 0.37 −0.15 0.98 0.14 0.12 −0.20 0.15 −0.20 0.11 −0.10
Residual effects = 0.151; rg = genotypic correlation. Leaves length = LL; leaves width = LW; petiole length = PL; rhizome length = RL; dry weight of rhizome = DWR; fresh weight of rhizome = FWR; days to germination = DG; days to leaves emergence = DLE; number of leaves = NL; length of stipulated tuber = LST; plant height = PH; thickness of rhizome = TR; thickness of stipulated tuber = TST.
traits, fresh weight of rhizome exhibited highest PCV (38.18%) and GCV (33.16%) followed by dry weight of rhizome PCV (35.78%) and GCV (31.99%) and leaves stipulated tuber PCV (27.59%) and GCV (22.06%) (Table 2). Therefore, the choice of most economic traits, days to leaves emergence, and days to germination, petiole length, and leaves number followed by dry weight of rhizome may be used as a better selection criterion for improvement of rhizome yield in the turmeric (C. longa L.). In nut shell, the accession number TC15 (5.289 kg) is the highest fresh rhizome yielder followed by TC 12 (4.72) and TC 13 (4.279) kg/plot and for dry weight basis the accessions CA 20 (120) followed by NDH2 (110) and 83 (110) g/plot. These accessions can be exploited for commercial cultivation.
4. Conclusions Genetic improvement and development of high yielding varieties are dependent upon the amount and nature of genetic variability that are present in the genetic stocks, we examined genetic variation for thirteen agro-morphological traits of sixty five germplasms in order to understand genetic variability, genotypic, phenotypic associations and direct and indirect contribution of various yield components in turmeric. Genotypic and phenotypic coefficient of variation was largest for fresh weight of rhizome followed by dry weight of rhizome. It is evident from the path coefficient analysis that the traits, dry weight of rhizome (1.10) followed by length of stipulated tuber (0.11), plant height (0.10), and days to leaves emergence (0.10) were the highest direct contributor to total rhizome yield in turmeric. All these traits also expressed high heritability (ˆh2 BS ) and medium to high genetic advance with posi-
tive genetic associations. Leaves length and leaves width both have positive and significant correlation with length of stipulated tuber followed by plant length and dry weight of rhizome with thickness of stipulated tuber and fresh weight of rhizome with days to germination. In brief the accession number TC15 (5.289 kg) is the highest fresh rhizome yielder followed by TC 12 (4.72) and TC 13 (4.279) kg/plot and for dry weight basic the accessions CA 20 (120) followed by NDH2 (110) and 83 (110) g/plot. These accessions can be exploited for commercial cultivation. Acknowledgements The authors are highly thankful to the National Medicinal Plants Board, Ministry of Ayush, Government of India for providing financial assistance for conducting the above research work. The authors are also grateful to the Director, CSIR–CIMAP, Lucknow for providing necessary facilities and infrastructure to carry out the research work. References Anandaraj, M., Sudharshan, M.R., 2011. Cardamom, ginger and turmeric. In: Verheye, Willy, H. (Eds.), Encyclopedia of Life Support Systems (EOLSS)—Soils, Plant Growth and Crop Production. EOLSS Publishers, Oxford, UK. Chandra, R., Desai, A.R., Govind, S., Gupta, P.N., 1997. Metroglyph analysis in turmeric (Curcuma longa L.) germplasm in India. Sci. Hortic. 70, 211–222. Chattopadhyay, I., Biswas, K., Bandyopadhyay, U., Banerjee, R.K., 2004. Turmeric and curcumin: biological actions and medicinal applications. Curr. Sci. 87, 44–53. Chaudhary, A.S., Sachan, S.K., Singh, R.L., 2006. Studies on varietal performance of turmeric (Curcuma longa L.). Ind. J. Crop Sci. 1, 189–190. Deb, N., Majumdar, P., Ghosh, A.K., 2013. Pharmacognostic and phytochemical evaluation of the rhizomes of Curcuma longa Linn. J. Pharm. Sci Technol. 2, 81–86.
208
R. Mishra et al. / Industrial Crops and Products 76 (2015) 204–208
Dewey, D.R., Lu, K.H., 1959. A correlation and path-coefficient analysis of components of crested wheatgrass seed production. Agron. J. 51, 515–518. Ghosh, A., Ghosh, P., Chatterjee, P., 2013. Evaluation of the bioactive potentialities of diacetaldehydeterpenoid isolated from Curcuma caesia Roxb. J. Phytopharm. 2, 1–7. Gupta, S.C., Sung, B., Kim, J.H., Prasad, S., Li, S., Aggarwal, B.B., 2013. Multi targeting by turmeric, the golden spice: from kitchen to clinic. Mol. Nutr. Food Res. 57, 1510–1528. Hamaguchi, T., Ono, K., Yamada, M., 2010. Curcumin and Alzheimer’s disease. CNS Neurosci. Ther. 16, 285–297. Johnson, H.W., Robinson, H.F., Comstock, R.E., 1955. Estimates of genetic and environmental variability in soybean. Agron. J. 47, 314–318. Khanna, N.M., 1999. Turmeric—nature’s precious gift. Curr. Sci. 76, 1351–1356. Lynrah, P.G., Barua, P.K., Chakrabarty, B.K., 1998. Pattern of genetic variability in a collection of turmeric (Curcuma spp.) genotypes. Indian J. Genet. 58, 201–207. Nair, R.R., Shiva, K.N., Anchu, S., Zachariah, T.J., 2010. Characterization of open-pollinated seedling progenies of turmeric (Curcuma longa L.) based on
chromosome number, plant morphology, rhizome yield and rhizome quality. Cytologia 75, 443–449. Nandakumar, D.N., Nagaraj, V.A., Vathsala, P.G., Rangarajan, P., Padmanaban, G., 2006. Curcumin–Artemisinin combination therapy for malaria. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 50, 1859–1860. Panse, V.G., Sukhatme, P.V., 1989. Statistical Methods for Agricultural Workers. Indian Council of Agricultural Research, New Delhi, India. Ravindran, P.N., Babu, K.N., Sivaraman, K., 2007. Turmeric: the genus Curcuma. Med. Aromat. Plant 45, 150–155. Sasikumar, B., 2005. Genetics resources of Curcuma: diversity, characterization and utilization. Plant Genet. Resour. 3, 230–251. Sharma, O.P., 1976. Antioxidant activity of curcumin and related compounds. Biochem. Pharmacol. 25, 1811–1812. Singh, R.K., Chaudhary, B.D., 1985. Biometrics in Quantitative Genetics Analysis. Kalayani Publishers, New Delhi, pp. 39–79. Singh, Y., Mittal, P., Katoch, V., Singh, Y., 2003. Genetic variability and heritability in turmeric (Curcuma longa L.). Himachal J. Agric. Res. 29, 31–34.