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Genome Analysis of Adenovirus Type 7 and Adenovirus Type 11
ABSTRACTS
Abstracts of Published Articles in Nippon Ganka Gakkai Zasshi (Journal of the Japanese Ophthalmological Society)
Clinical and Genetic Features of Choroideremia Background: Choroideremia is an X-linked hereditary eye disease that causes progressive degeneration of the choroid and retina and frequently leads to legal blindness in later life. Recent molecular genetic studies have revealed mutations involving the Rab escort protein (REP-1) gene localized at Xq 21. Clinical Features: The clinical picture and rate of progression may vary among affected individuals in different families and within the same family. Usually, hemizygous males develop night blindness in their teenage years, followed by progressive peripheral visual field constriction and visual disability in late age. Heterozygous female carriers are mostly asymptomatic, but their fundi show characteristic pigment changes in the midperiphery closely resembling the fine mottling observed in the initial stage of the disease in males. Molecular Genetics: Assessment of the REP-1 gene in European and Japanese choroideremia patients has revealed a wide variety of mutations, including gross deletions and point mutations such as nonsense, frameshift, and splice-site mutations. All these mutations are thought to fail in intact REP-1 protein synthesis. Conclusions: The recent molecular studies may open a new chapter in the research on choroideremia as well as diagnosis and genetic counseling. (J Jpn Ophthalmol Soc 103:773–781, 1999) Norio Ohba* and Yasushi Isashiki† *Department of Ophthalmology, Kagoshima University Faculty of Medicine †Center for Chronic Viral Diseases, Kagoshima University Faculty of Medicine PII S0021-5155(00)00153-2
A Pathological Study on Rabbit Corneas after Laser In Situ Keratomileusis Purpose: To investigate pathological changes in rabbit corneas after laser in situ keratomileusis (LASIK). Jpn J Ophthalmol 44, 317–324 (2000) © 2000 Japanese Ophthalmological Society Published by Elsevier Science Inc.
Materials and Methods: We performed LASIK on rabbit corneas to theoretically correct 10.0 diopters of myopia. The corneas were studied pathologically at day 0, and 3 days, 1 week, 3 weeks, 4 months, and 9 months after LASIK. Results: At 3 days after LASIK, keratocytes in the ablated area changed morphologically into fibroblastic cells. And the structure of collagen fibers in the stroma was broken. These changes had disappeared almost entirely at 4 months after LASIK. There were no proliferative changes in the stroma of the ablated cornea 9 months after LASIK. No significant changes were observed in the endothelium. Conclusions: The damage to rabbit corneas induced by LASIK was mild to moderate under the present experimental conditions. (J Jpn Ophthalmol Soc 103: 782–789, 1999) Yuji Hosoda and Kiyoo Nakayasu Department of Ophthalmology, Juntendo University School of Medicine PII S0021-5155(00)00154-4
Genome Analysis of Adenovirus Type 7 and Adenovirus Type 11 Purpose: To study the epidemiology of adenovirus type 7 (Ad 7) conjunctivitis and adenovirus type 11 (Ad 11) conjunctivitis by determining genome types and subgenomic types. Materials and Methods: For Ad 7 I used twelve strains from patients with acute viral conjunctivitis and one strain from a patient with pneumonia. For Ad 11 I used seventeen strains from patients with cystitis. For Ad 7 genome typing, I used eleven DNA restriction endonucleases (REs) recognizing 6- or 7-base pair sequences and for Ad 11 genome typing, I used seven. For Ad 7 and for Ad 11 subgenome typing, I used Taq 1 and Hinf I which recognize 4- or 5-base pair sequences. Results: The thirteen Ad 7 strains all belonged to the same genome type and subgenome type. Ad 11 strains showed six genome types. Ad 11 p was the
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Jpn J Ophthalmol Vol 44: 317–324, 2000
most frequent strain. Fifteen Ad 11 p strains showed three subgenome types, but none of them was the same as the prototype. Conclusions: Ad 7 seems quite stable and the Ad 7 epidemic may recur again. On the other hand Ad 11 showed several different types. Ad 11 was probably not epidemic in the first half of the 1990s. (J Jpn Ophthalmol Soc 103:790–799, 1999) Noriko Kitumura Department of Ophthalmology, Yokohama City Kowan Hospital PII S0021-5155(00)00155-6
Observation of Human Corneal and Scleral Collagen Fibrils by Atomic Force Microscopy Purpose: We attempted to analyze the three-dimensional ultrastructure of human corneal and scleral collagen fibrils with an atomic force microscope (AFM). Methods: A normal eye removed from a 66-year-old male was used in the study. Suspended corneal and scleral collagen fibrils were individually attached to glass slides by centrifugation. These collagen fibrils were air-dried and observed with a noncontact mode AFM in air. Results: AFM imaging provided information on the surface topography of both corneal and scleral collagen fibrils. The corneal collagen fibrils had a height of 11.9 ⫾ 1.0 (mean ⫾ standard deviation) nm and the scleral fibrils of 82.5 ⫾ 35.6 nm. A periodic banding pattern of grooves and ridges was clearly found in both types of fibrils: the D-periodicity and the groove depth were 65.7 ⫾ 0.8 nm and 1.46 ⫾ 0.50 nm in the corneal fibrils, and 67.3 ⫾ 1.1 nm and 6.16 ⫾ 1.23 nm in the scleral fibrils. Conclusions: Surface topographic images of human corneal and scleral collagen fibrils were clearly obtained with the AFM. This technique provides quantitative information on the surface morphology of the collagen fibrils at high resolution. (J Jpn Ophthalmol Soc 103:800–805, 1999) Susumu Yamamoto,*† Jiro Hitomi,† Shoichi Sawaguchi,‡ Haruki Abe,* Masatsugu Shigeno§ and Tatsuo Ushiki† *Department of Ophthalmology, Niigata University School of Medicine †Department of Anatomy, Niigata University School of Medicine ‡Department of Ophthalmology, Ryukyu University School of Medicine, §Seiko Instruments Inc PII S0021-5155(00)00156-8
A New Method for Quantification of Metamorphopsia in Patients with Epiretinal Membrane Purpose: We have developed a new method for quantification of metamorphopsia and applied it to study distorted vision resulting from epiretinal membrane (ERM). Patients and Methods: We prepared a modified Amsler chart, which was a square grid formed by black lines on a white background with 12 cm on a side and divided into 2-cm quadrants. The patients were asked to trace any straight lines on the chart which appeared irregular or curved. The length of all lines traced by the patients was measured except for the outer frame. The total length of the chart itself was 1.200 mm, but it would appear longer in patients with metamorphopsia. In addition, the severity of metamorphopsia was scored subjectively as follows: 1, absent; 2, slight; 3, mild; 4, moderate; and 5, severe. The relationship of the length to the score and to the visual acuity were analysed. Sixty-three patients with unilateral ERM were examined. Results: The length of the line ranged from 1,200 to 1,259 mm (mean 1,223.3 mm) and was correlated significantly to the score. Conclusions: This method might be applied usefully in evaluating the severity of metamorphopsia and the surgical outcome of eyes with ERM. (J Jpn Ophthalmol Soc 103:806–810, 1999) Kei Shinoda,* Susumu Ishida,* Shinichi Kawashima,* Tadayuki Matsuzaki,* Kyoko Yamada* and Hiroshi Katsura† *Department of Ophthalmology, Keio University School of Medicine †Department of Ophthalmology, Tachikawa Hospital, KKR PII S0021-5155(00)00157-X
Effect of the Consumption of Ethanol on the Microcirculation of the Human Optic Nerve Head in the Acute Phase Purpose: The effect of the consumption of ethanol on the circulation of the optic nerve head (ONH) in the human eye in the acute phase and its mechanism were studied. Methods: Eleven volunteers drank a bottle of beer (633 mL) with or without ethanol (29.5 g). Normalized blur (NB), a quantitative index of blood flow
Abstracts of Published Articles in Nippon Ganka Gakkai Zasshi (Journal of the Japanese Ophthalmological Society)
Clinical and Genetic Features of Choroideremia Background: Choroideremia is an X-linked hereditary eye disease that causes progressive degeneration of the choroid and retina and frequently leads to legal blindness in later life. Recent molecular genetic studies have revealed mutations involving the Rab escort protein (REP-1) gene localized at Xq 21. Clinical Features: The clinical picture and rate of progression may vary among affected individuals in different families and within the same family. Usually, hemizygous males develop night blindness in their teenage years, followed by progressive peripheral visual field constriction and visual disability in late age. Heterozygous female carriers are mostly asymptomatic, but their fundi show characteristic pigment changes in the midperiphery closely resembling the fine mottling observed in the initial stage of the disease in males. Molecular Genetics: Assessment of the REP-1 gene in European and Japanese choroideremia patients has revealed a wide variety of mutations, including gross deletions and point mutations such as nonsense, frameshift, and splice-site mutations. All these mutations are thought to fail in intact REP-1 protein synthesis. Conclusions: The recent molecular studies may open a new chapter in the research on choroideremia as well as diagnosis and genetic counseling. (J Jpn Ophthalmol Soc 103:773–781, 1999) Norio Ohba* and Yasushi Isashiki† *Department of Ophthalmology, Kagoshima University Faculty of Medicine †Center for Chronic Viral Diseases, Kagoshima University Faculty of Medicine PII S0021-5155(00)00153-2
A Pathological Study on Rabbit Corneas after Laser In Situ Keratomileusis Purpose: To investigate pathological changes in rabbit corneas after laser in situ keratomileusis (LASIK). Jpn J Ophthalmol 44, 317–324 (2000) © 2000 Japanese Ophthalmological Society Published by Elsevier Science Inc.
Materials and Methods: We performed LASIK on rabbit corneas to theoretically correct 10.0 diopters of myopia. The corneas were studied pathologically at day 0, and 3 days, 1 week, 3 weeks, 4 months, and 9 months after LASIK. Results: At 3 days after LASIK, keratocytes in the ablated area changed morphologically into fibroblastic cells. And the structure of collagen fibers in the stroma was broken. These changes had disappeared almost entirely at 4 months after LASIK. There were no proliferative changes in the stroma of the ablated cornea 9 months after LASIK. No significant changes were observed in the endothelium. Conclusions: The damage to rabbit corneas induced by LASIK was mild to moderate under the present experimental conditions. (J Jpn Ophthalmol Soc 103: 782–789, 1999) Yuji Hosoda and Kiyoo Nakayasu Department of Ophthalmology, Juntendo University School of Medicine PII S0021-5155(00)00154-4
Genome Analysis of Adenovirus Type 7 and Adenovirus Type 11 Purpose: To study the epidemiology of adenovirus type 7 (Ad 7) conjunctivitis and adenovirus type 11 (Ad 11) conjunctivitis by determining genome types and subgenomic types. Materials and Methods: For Ad 7 I used twelve strains from patients with acute viral conjunctivitis and one strain from a patient with pneumonia. For Ad 11 I used seventeen strains from patients with cystitis. For Ad 7 genome typing, I used eleven DNA restriction endonucleases (REs) recognizing 6- or 7-base pair sequences and for Ad 11 genome typing, I used seven. For Ad 7 and for Ad 11 subgenome typing, I used Taq 1 and Hinf I which recognize 4- or 5-base pair sequences. Results: The thirteen Ad 7 strains all belonged to the same genome type and subgenome type. Ad 11 strains showed six genome types. Ad 11 p was the
0021-5155/00/$–see front matter
318
Jpn J Ophthalmol Vol 44: 317–324, 2000
most frequent strain. Fifteen Ad 11 p strains showed three subgenome types, but none of them was the same as the prototype. Conclusions: Ad 7 seems quite stable and the Ad 7 epidemic may recur again. On the other hand Ad 11 showed several different types. Ad 11 was probably not epidemic in the first half of the 1990s. (J Jpn Ophthalmol Soc 103:790–799, 1999) Noriko Kitumura Department of Ophthalmology, Yokohama City Kowan Hospital PII S0021-5155(00)00155-6
Observation of Human Corneal and Scleral Collagen Fibrils by Atomic Force Microscopy Purpose: We attempted to analyze the three-dimensional ultrastructure of human corneal and scleral collagen fibrils with an atomic force microscope (AFM). Methods: A normal eye removed from a 66-year-old male was used in the study. Suspended corneal and scleral collagen fibrils were individually attached to glass slides by centrifugation. These collagen fibrils were air-dried and observed with a noncontact mode AFM in air. Results: AFM imaging provided information on the surface topography of both corneal and scleral collagen fibrils. The corneal collagen fibrils had a height of 11.9 ⫾ 1.0 (mean ⫾ standard deviation) nm and the scleral fibrils of 82.5 ⫾ 35.6 nm. A periodic banding pattern of grooves and ridges was clearly found in both types of fibrils: the D-periodicity and the groove depth were 65.7 ⫾ 0.8 nm and 1.46 ⫾ 0.50 nm in the corneal fibrils, and 67.3 ⫾ 1.1 nm and 6.16 ⫾ 1.23 nm in the scleral fibrils. Conclusions: Surface topographic images of human corneal and scleral collagen fibrils were clearly obtained with the AFM. This technique provides quantitative information on the surface morphology of the collagen fibrils at high resolution. (J Jpn Ophthalmol Soc 103:800–805, 1999) Susumu Yamamoto,*† Jiro Hitomi,† Shoichi Sawaguchi,‡ Haruki Abe,* Masatsugu Shigeno§ and Tatsuo Ushiki† *Department of Ophthalmology, Niigata University School of Medicine †Department of Anatomy, Niigata University School of Medicine ‡Department of Ophthalmology, Ryukyu University School of Medicine, §Seiko Instruments Inc PII S0021-5155(00)00156-8
A New Method for Quantification of Metamorphopsia in Patients with Epiretinal Membrane Purpose: We have developed a new method for quantification of metamorphopsia and applied it to study distorted vision resulting from epiretinal membrane (ERM). Patients and Methods: We prepared a modified Amsler chart, which was a square grid formed by black lines on a white background with 12 cm on a side and divided into 2-cm quadrants. The patients were asked to trace any straight lines on the chart which appeared irregular or curved. The length of all lines traced by the patients was measured except for the outer frame. The total length of the chart itself was 1.200 mm, but it would appear longer in patients with metamorphopsia. In addition, the severity of metamorphopsia was scored subjectively as follows: 1, absent; 2, slight; 3, mild; 4, moderate; and 5, severe. The relationship of the length to the score and to the visual acuity were analysed. Sixty-three patients with unilateral ERM were examined. Results: The length of the line ranged from 1,200 to 1,259 mm (mean 1,223.3 mm) and was correlated significantly to the score. Conclusions: This method might be applied usefully in evaluating the severity of metamorphopsia and the surgical outcome of eyes with ERM. (J Jpn Ophthalmol Soc 103:806–810, 1999) Kei Shinoda,* Susumu Ishida,* Shinichi Kawashima,* Tadayuki Matsuzaki,* Kyoko Yamada* and Hiroshi Katsura† *Department of Ophthalmology, Keio University School of Medicine †Department of Ophthalmology, Tachikawa Hospital, KKR PII S0021-5155(00)00157-X
Effect of the Consumption of Ethanol on the Microcirculation of the Human Optic Nerve Head in the Acute Phase Purpose: The effect of the consumption of ethanol on the circulation of the optic nerve head (ONH) in the human eye in the acute phase and its mechanism were studied. Methods: Eleven volunteers drank a bottle of beer (633 mL) with or without ethanol (29.5 g). Normalized blur (NB), a quantitative index of blood flow