Geochemistry and petrogenesis of extension-related magmas close to the volcanic front of the central part of the Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt

Accepted Manuscript Geochemistry and petrogenesis of extension-related magmas close to the volcanic front of the central part of the Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt Surendra P. Verma, Darío Torres-Sánchez, Fernando Velasco-Tapia, K.S.V. Subramanyam, C. Manikyamba, Rajneesh Bhutani PII:

S0895-9811(16)30151-1

DOI:

10.1016/j.jsames.2016.08.006

Reference:

SAMES 1605

To appear in:

Journal of South American Earth Sciences

Received Date: 13 July 2016 Revised Date:

16 August 2016

Accepted Date: 16 August 2016

Please cite this article as: Verma, S.P., Torres-Sánchez, D., Velasco-Tapia, F., Subramanyam, K.S.V., Manikyamba, C., Bhutani, R., Geochemistry and petrogenesis of extension-related magmas close to the volcanic front of the central part of the Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt, Journal of South American Earth Sciences (2016), doi: 10.1016/j.jsames.2016.08.006. This is a PDF file of an unedited manuscript that has been accepted for publication. As a service to our customers we are providing this early version of the manuscript. The manuscript will undergo copyediting, typesetting, and review of the resulting proof before it is published in its final form. Please note that during the production process errors may be discovered which could affect the content, and all legal disclaimers that apply to the journal pertain.

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Geochemistry and petrogenesis of extension-related magmas close to the volcanic front of the central part of the Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt a, *

, Darío Torres-Sánchez b, Fernando Velasco-Tapia c, K.S.V.

Subramanyam d, C. Manikyamba d, Rajneesh Bhutani e a

Instituto de Energías Renovables, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México,

Facultad de Ciencias de la Tierra, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Linares,

N.L. 67700, México. d

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Posgrado, Facultad de Ciencias de la Tierra, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León,

Linares, N.L. 67700, México. c

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Temixco, Morelos 62580, México. b

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Surendra P. Verma

Geochemistry Division, CSIR-National Geophysical Research Institute, Uppal Road,

e

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Hyderabad-500007, India

Department of Earth Science, School of Physical, Chemical & Applied Sciences,

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Pondicherry University, Kalapet, Puducherry 605014, India

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* Corresponding author email: [email protected]; telephone +52-55-56229745

Manuscript submitted to: Journal of South American Earth Sciences, July 12, 2016; revised August 15, 2016.

Supplementary data file with 9 tables (Tables S1-S9) and 2 figures (Figs. S1-S2).

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ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT ABSTRACT New geochemical data for 23 samples from the Sierra de Chichinautzin (SCN) and Sierra Santa Catarina (SSC) located at the volcanic front of the central part of the Trans-

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Mexican Volcanic Belt were combined with the published data on 580 samples from the SCN to explore the origin and evolution of the Quaternary trachybasalt and basalt to andesite and dacite. The rare-earth element concentrations for the evolved intermediate and acid rocks are lower than those for the more basic varieties, implying that the

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evolved magmas cannot be generated by a simple fractional crystallization process

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without crustal assimilation. The size of the Nb and Ta negative anomalies increases from basic to acid, which is similar to the behaviour of most continental rifts and extension-related areas, but contrasts from all island and continental arcs. The multidimensional tectonomagmatic diagrams indicate a continental rift setting from basic and alkaline intermediate magmas. The SSC represents a new site of within-plate

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alkaline magmas discovered in this work, which complements the earlier interpretation of the adjacent SCN as a manifestation of continental rift or extension-related

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magmatism.

Keywords:

Subduction · Within-plate · Quantitative geochemical constraints · Statistics · Mexico

1. Introduction The Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt (TMVB) is a Miocene to Recent, approximately E-W oriented volcanic province that extends to over 1000 km from Tepic to Veracruz 2

ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT (Fig. 1; modified after Andreani et al., 2008). Modifications in Fig. 1 include removing the controversial extrapolated depth contours beneath the central part of the TMVB (CTMVB; Pardo and Suarez, 1995), because the presence of the slab beneath the CTMVB has not been confirmed even from the recent dense seismic network, i.e., no

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deep earthquakes, deeper than about 60 km depth have been registered (e.g., PérezCampos et al., 2008; Pacheco and Singh, 2010; Verma, 2015a).

Due to the complexity of the TMVB and significant differences in geochemical and

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isotopic composition as well as tectonic setting from the Central American Volcanic

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Arc (CAVA; Fig. 1), all kinds of models (conventional subduction-related to continental rifting or plume-related, strike-slip faulting, including hybrid models) have been proposed for the origin of the TMVB. For more than three decades, its controversial origin has been periodically reviewed by different workers (e.g., Verma, 1987, 2015a, 2015b; Ferrari et al., 2000a, 2000b; Sheth et al., 2000; Gómez-Tuena et al., 2007;

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Verma et al., 2016). In order to keep the paper short, we will not elaborate on the published literature. We presume that more constraints are required for a controversial

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topic to eventually achieve consensus in our thinking. Therefore, to provide new geochemical constraints on the CTMVB is the objective of this paper.

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At the volcanic front of the CTMVB, the SCN (Fig. 2a) housing around 220 volcanic centres (e.g., Bloomfield, 1975; Gunn and Mooser, 1971; Márquez et al., 1999; Wallace and Carmichael, 1999; Siebe et al., 2004; Schaaf et al., 2005; Arce et al., 2013; Koloskov and Khubunaya, 2013), was studied by several workers, whereas, to the best of our knowledge, practically no geochemical study exists for the SSC (Fig. 2b). A geomorphological study was reported by Lugo-Hubp et al. (1994) who described the SSC as an ENE system of Late Pleistocene (probably < 20 ka) cinder cones and lava flows. 3

ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT We report new geochemical data on 23 volcanic rock samples from both the SCN and SSC (Fig. 2), combine them with the published data from the SCN, and provide

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geochemical constraints on the origin and evolution of magmas in the CTMVB.

2. Brief geological background

The SCN houses around 220 Quaternary (mainly late Pleistocene-Holocene covering

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an area of over 600 km2) volcanic centres whose orientation was inferred to be dominantly east-west with the consequent north-south extension of the area (Márquez et

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al., 1999). The origin of this volcanism ranging from basalt to dacite (no rhyolites are present or have been sampled) has been controversial (e.g., Márquez et al., 1999; Verma, 1999; Wallace and Carmichael, 1999; Velasco-Tapia and Verma, 2013). The Quaternary rocks are underlain by older Eocene-Miocene granitic and volcanic rocks

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and Cretaceous sedimentary sequence (Velasco-Tapia and Verma, 2013). The phenocryst mineralogy of the SCN rocks includes olivine, ortho- and clino-pyroxene,

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plagioclase, and minor spinel and biotite.

The SSC located in the eastern part of Mexico City consists of an ENE trending

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group of Quaternary volcanic centres and associated lava flows and covers an area of about 75 km2 surrounded by the lacustrine plain of the Basic of Mexico (Lugo-Hubp et al., 1994). All volcanic centres are likely to disappear in future because of the extraction of volcanic material. The Quaternary (late Pleistocene) volcanism in the SSC appears to have migrated from west to east and is represented by six scoria cones, one dome, and one maar (Lugo-Hubp et al., 1994). To the best of our knowledge, this is the first geochemical study of the SSC. Petrographically, besides the glass, the main phenocrysts are of olivine, plagioclase, clino- and ortho-pyroxene, and opaque minerals. 4

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3. Analytical methods A total of 23 samples (9 from the SCN and 14 from the SSC) were analysed for their

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geochemical composition at the National Geophysical Research Institute, Hyderabad, India. X-ray fluorescence spectrometry was used for major and trace elements following the procedures reported by Krishna et al. (2007). High-resolution inductively-coupled

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plasma mass spectrometry (HR-ICP-MS; Manikyamba et al., 2014) provided the rareearth (REE) and other trace element data in all 23 samples. Standard decomposition

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techniques were used for sample preparation for the HR-ICP-MS analysis (Subramanyam et al., 2013). Data quality control from geochemical reference materials was also documented in these papers. The Sr and Nd isotope composition was determined in 4 selected samples from the SSC by thermal ionisation mass spectrometry

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at the Pondicherry University, Puducherry, India, from procedures of Anand and Balakrishnan (2010). The respectively, to

86

87

Sr/86Sr and

Sr/88Sr = 0.11940 and

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143

Nd/144Nd ratios were normalised,

Nd/144Nd = 0.72190. In radiogenic isotope

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studies, it is customary to analyse standards simultaneously with the unknown samples. The standards run simultaneously with the samples in the same instrument provided the

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following values: 0.710236 ± 0.000006 (one standard deviation–1 s; number of measurements–n = 2) for for

143

87

Sr/88Sr in SRM987 and 0.511978 ± 0.000002 (1 s; n = 2)

Nd/144Nd in AMES 97. The long-time values were, respectively, 0.710248 ±

0.000013 (1s; n = 19) and 0.511975 ± 0.000006 (1 s; n = 20). The standard values can be used to correct very small instrumental bias in isotopic ratios. Independently of the quality control of geochemical data documented in the earlier papers (Krishna et al., 2007; Subramanyam et al., 2013; Manikyamba et al., 2014), three

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ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT geochemical reference materials were simultaneously analysed, along with the Mexican samples. The results for basalt BHVO-1, basalt JB-2, and rhyolite RGM-1 are reported in Tables S1-S3 (Supplementary Material file) and compared with the literature statistics. The literature data for BHVO-1 and RGM-1 were taken from Gladney and

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Roelandts (1988) and Velasco-Tapia et al. (2001), whereas those for JB-2 were from

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Ando et al. (1989) and Imai et al. (1995).

4. Results

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New major and trace element geochemical data for 23 samples are presented in Table 1. The data for 580 Quaternary to Recent volcanic rock samples from the literature (all were from the SCN – Fig. 2a; practically none from the SSC – Fig. 2b) were compiled from the following sources: Agustín-Flores et al. (2011; 25 samples); Arce et al. (2013;

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23 samples); Bloomfield (1975; 29 samples); Delgado et al. (1998; 9 samples); GarcíaPalomo et al. (2002; 9 samples); Guilbaud et al. (2009; 9 samples); Gunn and Mooser (1971; 9 samples); Koloskov and Khubunaya (2013; 10 samples); Martin del Pozzo

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(1989; 49 samples); Meriggi et al. (2008; 60 samples); Negendank (1972a, 1972b; 38

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samples); Nixon (1988; 2 samples); Pérez et al. (1979; 3 samples); Schaaf et al. (2005; 39 samples); Siebe et al. (2004; 47 samples); Straub et al. (2008; 12 samples); Swinamer (1989; 63 samples); Velasco-Tapia and Verma (2001; 8 samples); VelascoTapia and Verma (2013; 31 samples); Verma (1999; 8 samples); Verma (2000; 6 samples); and Wallace and Carmichael (1999; 91 samples). This database complemented the new data (Table 1) and allowed us to arrive at statistically significant inferences.

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ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT The geochemical data for the SCN and SSC were plotted in the conventional TAS diagram (Fig. 3; Le Bas et al., 1986; Middlemost, 1989). The adjusted data from computer program IgRoCS by Verma and Rivera-Gómez (2013a), which are fully consistent with the IUGS (Le Bas et al., 1986) were used. The rocks vary from

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trachybasalt to dacite. No rhyolitic rocks are encountered in this area (neither observed in the field nor sampled and analysed), but both subalkaline and alkaline rocks have been sampled. The newly analysed 9 samples from the SCN (Table 1) proved to be

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trachybasalt (1 nepheline-normative sample), subalkali basalt (1 hypersthene-normative sample), basaltic trachyandesite (2 hypersthene-normative samples), basaltic andesite (1

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hypersthene-normative sample), andesite (3 quartz- and hypersthene-normative samples), and dacite (1 quartz- and hypersthene-normative sample). All 14 samples from the SSC were classified as basaltic trachyandesite, with adjusted SiO2 values of 52.07% to 53.51% (Table 1). Most of these samples (10) are nepheline-normative, with

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the remaining 4 being hypersthene-normative. The basic and alkaline intermediate rocks (Table 1) have high concentrations of MgO (5.8–8.5%m/m), Cr (127–313 µg/g), and Ni

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(63–166 µg/g).

The REE data for all samples are shown as chondrite-normalised plots in Fig. 4. The

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chondrite concentration values for normalisation were taken from McDonough and Sun (1995). The individual samples (Fig. 4a) show light-REE enriched patterns ([La/Yb]N ~ 3.9–7.7 for the SCN and 6.7–10.5 for the SSC) with a small negative Eu anomaly ([Eu/Eu*]N ~ 0.83–0.96 for the SCN and 0.79–0.91 for the SSC). The average values for the four rock types clearly show that the basic and intermediate alkaline rocks have indistinguishable concentration levels for most elements at the 99% confidence level (Fig. 4b). The intermediate subalkaline and acid rocks (new data) have significantly lower concentrations than the basic and intermediate alkaline rocks (Fig. 4b). The 7

ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT complete (new and literature) data indicate that the intermediate alkaline rocks have significantly higher concentrations of light-REE than the basic rocks but overlapping heavy-REE. The subalkaline intermediate and acid rocks show significantly lower concentrations than the basic and alkaline intermediate rocks, with the exception of La,

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Ce, and Pr, which overlap for the subalkaline intermediate and acid rocks with the basic rocks (Fig. 4c).

Fig. 5 gives the primitive mantle normalised multielement plots for the SCN and

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SSC samples. Individual samples (Fig. 5a) showed that the size of the negative Nb and

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Ta anomalies increases from basic and alkaline intermediate ([Nb/Nb*]N and [Ta/Ta*]N ~ 0.25–0.67 and 0.28–0.78, respectively) to subalkaline intermediate and acid rocks ([Nb/Nb*]N and [Ta/Ta*]N ~ 0.15–0.27 and 0.23–0.34, respectively). This observation becomes even clearer from the average data and their 99% confidence limits (Fig. 5b).

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The complete dataset fully confirms this behaviour (Fig. 5c).

In the Sr-Nd isotope diagram (Fig. 6), the SCN and SSC samples plot within the mantle array (Faure, 1986) and are indistinguishable from continental rifts. The island

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and continental arc rocks are shifted towards the composition of the downgoing slab (Verma, 2000). Although the rocks from the study area show wide variation in both Sr

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and Nd isotopes for any given rock type, the subalkaline intermediate rocks are slightly higher in 87Sr/86Sr at a given 143Nd/144Nd level as compared to the other rock types (Fig. 6).

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Discussion The inversion of the REE concentrations (lower REE of intermediate and acid rocks

as compared to basic rocks), is clearly depicted in Fig. 4. Another way of looking at this 8

ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT behaviour is to plot the total REE concentrations with respect to (SiO2)adj (Fig. 7a), in which a statistically significant negative correlation (n = 107; r = − 0.4706; the regression equation is given in the legend) is observed at the 99% confidence level. This behaviour cannot be explained by a simple fractional crystallisation (FC) process

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(Verma, 1999), because all common mineral-melt partition coefficients for the REE are much less than 1 (e.g., Rollinson, 1993; Torres-Alvarado et al., 2003). The FC process should increase the REE in more differentiated rocks. Therefore, more complex

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petrogenetic processes such as fractional crystallisation coupled or uncoupled with

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assimilation of country rocks are required.

Similarly, the size of the negative Nb anomaly Nb/Nb * (refer to primitive mantlenormalised plots of Fig. 5) decreases significantly (at the 99% confidence level) with the increase of adjusted silica (SiO2)adj (n = 285; r = − 0.6299; Fig. 7b). The quantification of this anomaly is summarised in Table S4 and compared with extensive

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data for rifts and arcs compiled by Verma (2015a). It is clear that the behaviour of the volcanic rocks from the study area (SCN and SSC; Figs. 1 and 2; Table S4) is similar to

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that of most continental rifts and extension-related areas but distinct from all island and continental arcs. This poses a very stringent statistical control on the tectonic setting of

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the CTMVB. Similarly, Table S4 also provides the behaviour of Ta/Ta * anomaly, which is fully consistent with the Nb anomaly. New multidimensional tectonomagmatic discrimination diagrams (plots are

optional and only two sets of figures – Figs. S1 and S2 – are shown in this work) along with the probability estimates (Verma et al., 2006; Agrawal et al., 2008; Verma and Agrawal, 2011; Verma and Verma, 2013), were also used for better understanding the implications of the new data from the SCN and SSC and literature data from the SCN (Fig. 2). Computer programs TecD (for basic and ultrabasic rocks; Verma and Rivera9

ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT Gómez, 2013b) and TecDIA (for intermediate rocks; Verma et al., 2015) were used for this purpose. The three diagram sets (Verma et al., 2006; Agrawal et al., 2008; Verma and

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Agrawal, 2011) for a total of 49 (Fig. S1), 14, and 19 samples of basic rocks, respectively, consistently provided a continental rift setting for the study area, because the respective percent success values for this setting were about 76%, 74%, and 76% (Table S5). Note the maximum success value is likely to be close to 80% (and not

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100%), because the expected tectonic setting is missing for one of the five diagrams in a

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given set (Verma et al., 2006; Agrawal et al., 2008; or Verma and Agrawal, 2011). The application of appropriate diagrams to intermediate rocks was considered separately for the four main types of rocks. The basaltic trachyandesite rocks (89 samples for the major-element based diagrams, Fig. S2; 30 for the combined major and

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trace element based; and 22 for the trace element based; Verma and Verma, 2013) also consistently indicated a within-plate setting, with the percent success values of about 69%, 75%, and 67%, respectively (Table S6). The higher silica trachyandesite rocks

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(27 samples for the first set; 6 for the second set; but only 3 for the third set of diagrams not reported) provided a less consistent result (Table S7). Although the major element

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based diagrams indicated a collision setting (success of about 66%), the combined major and trace element based ones were more consistent with a transitional collision to within-plate setting (Table S7). These discrepancies are likely related to the significant differences in the petrogenetic processes that gave rise to the different types of evolved magmas, because higher silica magmas may have a greater crustal component. The tectonic inference from the evolved rocks, therefore, will be influenced by assimilation of heterogeneous crustal sources.

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ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT The subalkaline rocks (all from the SCN, none from the SSC; basaltic andesite, Table S8; and andesite, Table S9) also indicated less consistent tectonic inferences. The indications varied from a continental arc, a transitional arc to within-plate, a collision, or even an indeterminate tectonic setting (Tables S8 and S9). These discrepancies are

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likely related to the complex petrogenesis of evolved rocks in the SCN (Verma, 1999; Velasco-Tapia and Verma, 2013). Therefore, from the combined petrogenetic and multidimensional criteria, the indications from the basic and less evolved intermediate

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rocks are that this region is consistent with a within-plate setting. This inference is supported by inverse modelling of primitive magmas from the SCN (Velasco-Tapia and

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Verma 2001, 2013), which indicated that the large ion lithophile, rare-earth, and high field strength elements were not decoupled during partial melting. This is a characteristic feature of within-plate magmatism. On the other hand, the argument that the CTMVB houses presumably subduction-related stratovolcanoes, such as Iztaccíhuatl

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and Popocatépetl, consequently this region will have to be a continental arc, can be easily refuted. Stratovolcanoes are common in continental rifts; Kilimanjaro and

rift setting.

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Nyamuragira volcanoes of Africa are clear examples of large edifices in a continental

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In this context, according to a recent seismic study in the CTMVB (Pacheco and Singh, 2010) that supersedes all earlier studies in the TMVB (e.g., Pardo and Suárez, 1995; Pérez-Campos et al., 2008), the subducted Cocos plate cannot be traced below about 60 km beneath southern Mexico, and even at that shallow depth, it lies far away from the volcanic front of the CTMVB towards the MAT. A preliminary plate tectonic model involving continental rifting and mantle upwelling within the TMVB and downwelling towards the south of the TMVB was recently proposed by Verma (2015a), which will be fully consistent with all the evidence presented in this paper, as well as 11

ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT with the identity of the Southern Mexico Block independent of the North American plate (Fig. 1; Andreani et al., 2008). In the western part of the TMVB, all workers (e.g., Luhr et al., 1985; Allan et al., 1991; Bandy et al., 1999; Alvarez, 2002; Núñez-Cornú et al., 2002; Frey et al., 2007; Selvans et al., 2011) agree that the Jalisco block is in the

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initial stage of separation from the Mainland Mexico in the western part of the TMVB, but in the CTMVB a controversy still exists. Nevertheless, from the new geochemical constraints and consideration of all available evidence (e.g., Andreani et al., 2008;

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Pacheco and Singh, 2010; Campos-Enríquez et al., 2015), we can conclude that the Southern Mexico block is incipiently moving southwards with respect to the central and

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northern Mexico or North American plate.

Conclusions

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The analyses of Quaternary rocks (9 new and 580 literature samples from the Sierra de Chichinautzin, SCN; and 14 new samples the Sierra Santa Catarina, SSC) show light-REE enriched patterns, with the evolved andesitic and dacitic rocks having lower

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REE concentrations than the less evolved basic rocks. The size of the negative Nb and

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Ta anomalies increases from basic to intermediate rocks, similar to the behaviour of most continental rifts and extension-related areas and contrasting from all island and continental arcs. These relationships cannot be explained by simple fractional crystallisation models and more complex assimilation fractional crystallisation models are required to generate evolved rocks from basic magmas. The multidimensional diagrams for basic and alkaline intermediate rocks clearly indicate a continental rift or within-plate setting for both SCN and SSC, whereas the evolved rocks provide a less consistent inference. The Quaternary volcanism in both SCN and SSC is due to

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ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT continental rifting, which enables the formation of Southern Mexico block as a separate identity from the northern and central Mexico.

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Acknowledgements This work was partly supported by DGAPA-PAPIIT grants IN104813 (2013-2015) and IN100816 (2016-2017) to the first author (SPV). Fredy Hernández Corona participated

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in the sampling of the SSC rocks and Oinam Kingson helped with the isotopic analyses of selected samples; we are grateful to both of them. We also express our sincere thanks

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to two journal reviewers and the Regional Editor Francisco J. Vega for their time to evaluate our work efficiently and provide valuable comments.

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Appendix A. Supplementary data

Supplementary data related to this article (9 tables: Tables S1–S9 and 2 figures: Figs. S1

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Mexican Volcanic Belt. J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res. 93, 125–150. Martin del Pozzo, A.L., 1989. Geoquímica y paleomagnetismo de la Sierra Chichinautzin. Ph.D. thesis, U.N.A.M., 148 p

McDonough, W.F., Sun, S.-s., 1995. The composition of the Earth. Chem. Geol. 120 (3–4), 223–253. Meriggi, L., Macías, J.L., Tommasini, S., Capra, L., Conticelli, S., 2008. Heterogeneous magmas of the Quaternary Sierra Chichinautzin volcanic field (central Mexico): the 17

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basaltic magma influx. J. Petrology 29, 265–303.

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ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT Pérez, R.J., Pal, S., Terrell, D.J., Urrutia, F.J., López, M.M., 1979. Preliminary report on the analysis of some "in-house" geochemical reference samples from Mexico. Geofísica Int. 18, 197–209.

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1993.

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L18303. Data:

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Interpretation. Longman Scientific Technical, Essex, p. 344.

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a unified tectonic-petrogenetic model for the Mexican Volcanic Belt. Int. Geol. Rev. 42, 1116–1132.

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ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT Straub, S.M., LaGatta, A.B., Martin-Del Pozzo, A.L., Langmuir, C.H., 2008. Evidence from high-Ni olivines for a hybridized peridotite/pyroxenite source for orogenic andesites from the central Mexican Volcanic Belt. Geochem. Geophys. Geosys. 9,

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Swinamer, R.T., 1989. The geomorphology, petrography, geochemistry and petrogenesis of the volcanic rocks in the Sierra del Chichinautzin, Mexico. M.S. thesis, Queen's University, 212 p.

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1191–1198.

Velasco-Tapia, F., Verma, S.P., 2001. First partial melting inversion model for a rift-

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related origin of the Sierra de Chichinautzin volcanic field, central Mexican Volcanic Belt. Int. Geol. Rev. 43, 788–817.

Velasco-Tapia, F., Verma, S.P., 2013. Magmatic processes at the volcanic front of Central Mexican Volcanic Belt: Sierra de Chichinautzin volcanic field (Mexico). Turk. J. Earth Sci. 22, 32–60. Velasco-Tapia, F., Guevara, M., Verma, S.P., 2001. Evaluation of concentration data in geochemical reference materials. Chem. Erde 61, 69–91.

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ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT Verma, S.P., 1987. Mexican Volcanic Belt: present state of knowledge and unsolved problems. Geofísica Int. 26, 309–340. Verma, S.P., 1999. Geochemistry of evolved magmas and their relationship to

Volcanic Belt. J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res. 93, 151–171.

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subduction-unrelated mafic volcanism at the volcanic front of the central Mexican

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subduction-unrelated mafic volcanism at the volcanic front of the central Mexican Volcanic Belt. In: Delgado-Granados, H., Aguirre-Díaz, G., Stock, J.M. (Eds.),

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Cenozoic Tectonics and Volcanism of Mexico, Boulder, Colorado: Geological Society of America Special Paper 334, pp. 195–222.

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24 (5), 399–460.

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American Volcanic Arc in terms of near and far trench magmas. Turk. J. Earth Sci.

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Verma, S.P., 2015b. Origin, evolution, and tectonic setting of the eastern part of the Mexican Volcanic Belt and comparison with the Central American Volcanic Arc conventional

multielement

normalized

and

new

multidimensional

AC C

from

discrimination diagrams and discordancy and significance tests. Turk. J. Earth. Sci. 24 (2), 111–164.

Verma, S.P., Agrawal, S., 2011. New tectonic discrimination diagrams for basic and ultrabasic volcanic rocks through log-transformed ratios of high field strength elements and implications for petrogenetic processes. Rev. Mex. Cienc. Geol. 28, 24–44.

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ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT Verma, S.P., Rivera-Gómez, M.A., 2013a. Computer programs for the classification and nomenclature of igneous rocks. Episodes 36 (2), 115–124. Verma, S.P., Rivera-Gómez, M.A., 2013b. New computer program TecD for

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Verma, S.P., Verma, S.K., 2013. First 15 probability-based multi-dimensional discrimination diagrams for intermediate magmas and their robustness against post-

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emplacement compositional changes and petrogenetic processes. Turk. J. Earth Sci. 22, 931–995.

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ratio transformation of major-element data. J. Earth Syst. Sci. 115 (5), 485–528. Verma, S.P., Cruz-Huicochea, R., Díaz-González, L., Verma, S.K., 2015. A new

EP

computer program TecDIA for multidimensional tectonic discrimination of intermediate and acid magmas and its application to the Bohemian Massif, Czech

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Republic. J. Geosci. 60, 203–218. Verma, S.P., Pandarinath, K., Rivera-Gómez, M.A., 2016. Evaluation of the ongoing rifting and subduction processes in the geochemistry of magmas from the western part of the Mexican Volcanic Belt. J. South Am. Earth Sci. 66, 125–148. Wallace, P.J., Carmichael, I.S.E., 1999. Quaternary volcanism near the Valley of Mexico: implications for subduction zone magmatism and the effects of crustal

22

ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT thickness variations on primitive magma compositions. Contrib. Mineral. Petrol.

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135, 291–314.

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Figure legends Fig. 1 Simplified sketch map of the Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt (TMVB) along with

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the Quaternary plate tectonic setting of southern Mexico (modified after Andreani et al. 2008 and Verma 2015a), showing the study area (small square box in the TMVB; amplified in Fig. 2). The numbers 20, 40, and 60 represent the depth in km of the

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subducted slab beneath southern Mexico. The faults and fracture zones are: TZR−Tepic-Zacoalco Rift; CR−Colima Rift; ChR−Chapala Rift; TCFS−Tula-Chapala

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fault system; VF–Veracruz fault; SSFP–Strike-Slip fault province; PMFS–PolochicMotagua fault system; GCA–graben of Central America; Other abbreviations are: T−Tepic; V−Veracruz; EAP–Eastern Alkaline Province (with mainly rift-type volcanism; the area is stippled by dashed vertical lines); LTVF–Los Tuxtlas Volcanic (with

mainly

rift-type

volcanism);

MAT–Middle

America

Trench;

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Field

CAVA−Central American Volcanic Belt (a continental arc; the area is stippled by black vertical lines); thick black arrows represent relative motions at plates; strike-slip vectors

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and other normal faults are also shown schematically.

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Fig. 2 Location of the samples analysed in this study from (a) the Sierra Chichinautzin (SCN) and (b) Sierra Santa Catarina (SSC) in the central part (C) of the Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt (TMVB). The area of SSC is amplified in part (b) to show details on the volcanic centres. The sample names are the same as in Table 1. Fig. 3 TAS diagram for the samples from the Sierra Chichinautzin (SCN) and Sierra Santa Catarina (SSC) areas. The symbols (New – new data reported in Table 1; Lit. − literature data compiled from several sources; Rock–rock types as obtained from IgRoCS by Verma and Rivera-Gómez 2013a) are explained in the insets. The rock 24

ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT abbreviations are as follows: TB−trachybasalt; B−basalt; BTA−basaltic trachyandesite; BA−basaltic andesite; TA−trachyandesite; A−andesite; D−dacite; PB−picrobasalt; TEP−tephriphonolite;

BSN−basanite;

PHT−phonotephrite;

TD−trachydacite;

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T−trachyte; R−rhyolite. Fig. 4 Chondrite-normalised rare-earth element plots for (a) the new individual data for 23 samples; (b) the new average data; (c) the complete (new and literature) average

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data. The vertical bars represent the 99% confidence limits of the mean.

Fig. 5 Primitive mantle normalised multielement diagrams for (a) the new individual

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data for 23 samples; (b) the new average data; (c) the complete (new and literature) average data; and (d) average data for the Central American Volcanic Arc (CAVA; modified after Verma 2015a). The vertical bars in (b) and (c) represent 99% confidence limits of the mean.

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Fig. 6 Sr-Nd isotope diagram for the Sierra Chichinautzin (SCN) and Sierra Santa Catarina (SSC) samples. Also plotted for reference are samples from worldwide rifts and arcs including the CAVA (these data were compiled by Verma 2015a), the trace of

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the mantle array (Faure, 1986), and the composition of the downgoing slab (sediment-

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altered MORB mixture, where the number 2% to 20% give the percentage of the sediments in the mixture; Verma, 2000). Fig. 7 Bivariate plots with linear regression equations for all SCN and SSC data. (a) ∑ REE

versus

(SiO2)adj,

the

[

regression

]

equation

∑ REE = [420 (± 54 )] − 5.15 (± 0.90) × (SiO 2 ) adj , n = 107; r = −0.4706 ;

versus

(SiO2)adj,

the

regression

[

]

(b)

equation

Nb/Nb* = [2.07 (± 0.13)] − 0.0303 (± 0.0022) × (SiO 2 ) adj , n = 285; r = −0.6299 ,

25

is

Nb/Nb *

is where

ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT Nb * is the expected Nb concentration for a smooth pattern with respect to Ba and La

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(refer to Fig. 5).

26

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Fig. 1

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Fig. 2

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Fig. 3

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Fig. 5

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Fig. 6

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Fig. 7

33

ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT Table 1 New geochemical data of the Pliocene-Holocene volcanic rock samples from the central part of the Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt (CTMVB). BCU1

Area

Ciudad Universitaria Basic

CHI13 Sierra de Chichinautzin Basic

SSC01 Mazatepéc (SSC) Intermediate

SiO2 TiO2 Al2O3 Fe2O3T MnO MgO CaO Na2O K2O P2O5 LOI Sum

Trachybasalt, hawaiite 49.00 2.05 15.13 10.56 0.14 8.17 8.81 3.97 1.37 0.48 0.05 99.73

Subalkali basalt 51.67 1.61 15.66 9.75 0.15 8.47 8.08 3.42 1.22 0.47 -0.27 100.23

BTA, mugearite 51.14 1.69 13.58 10.67 0.16 6.45 9.29 3.78 1.74 0.53 0.36 99.39

BTA, mugearite 51.45 1.61 13.6 9.79 0.15 6.09 9.33 3.80 1.73 0.51 0.78 98.84

BTA, mugearite 51.75 1.63 13.89 9.55 0.15 6.02 9.28 3.89 1.84 0.46 0.66 99.12

(SiO2)adj

49.57

51.84

52.07

52.87

(Na2O + K2O)adj

5.40 0.00 8.19 28.11 19.64 3.18 17.26 0.00 15.26 3.29 3.94 1.13 66.06 1.16 25.9 56 7.0 30.3 6.7

4.66 0.00 7.23 29.03 23.85 0.00 10.74 14.34 8.47 2.16 3.07 1.09 67.00 1.04 31.0 70 9.7 40.4 8.8

5.62 0.00 10.47 32.57 15.22 0.00 22.88 0.96 9.62 3.77 3.27 1.25 61.16 1.49 49.7 101 12.5 52.5 10.2

5.68 0.00 10.51 33.04 15.35 0.00 23.34 3.14 6.77 3.49 3.14 1.21 61.84 1.45 48.9 102 12.9 51.7 10.3

2.19

2.69

2.56

7.3 1.19 5.7 1.17 3.28 0.52

9.4 1.29 7.1 1.43 3.80 0.57

3.21 0.50 312 39.2 306 0.70 5.8

3.72 0.58 484 31.8 272 0.67 6.4

La Ce Pr Nd Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu Ba Co Cr Cs Hf

BTA, mugearite 52.09 1.57 14.25 9.01 0.13 6.01 9.30 4.00 1.90 0.41 0.87 99.54

BTA, mugearite 52.1 1.52 13.79 9.08 0.14 5.98 9.16 3.99 1.86 0.43 0.91 98.96

52.95

53.05

53.16

53.51

5.86 0.00 11.13 33.68 15.35 0.00 23.24 1.04 7.91 3.39 3.17 1.09 62.15 1.43 49.5 104 12.8 51.5 10.5

6.06 0.00 11.75 33.58 15.24 0.46 23.28 0.00 8.31 3.30 3.12 0.95 62.42 1.41 39.9 82 10.1 39.8 8.2

6.02 0.00 11.46 33.88 15.63 0.36 23.23 0.00 8.24 3.19 3.04 0.97 63.47 1.35 39.2 81 10.2 40.3 8.3

6.01 0.00 11.29 34.68 14.61 0.00 23.62 1.09 7.49 3.24 2.97 1.02 63.18 1.37 41.9 88 11.1 43.6 8.6

2.58

2.59

2.09

2.21

2.22

9.3 1.37 7.1 1.44 4.09 0.54

9.1 1.34 7.0 1.42 4.01 0.55

9.1 1.33 6.9 1.41 4.06 0.54

7.5 1.11 5.6 1.15 3.22 0.44

7.7 1.12 5.7 1.14 3.21 0.43

7.9 1.15 5.9 1.18 3.35 0.46

3.23 0.55 469 24.9 182 0.88 9.1

3.45 0.57 485 22.2 255 0.94 9.3

3.41 0.55 477 24.7 258 0.86 9.1

2.78 0.45 471 22.6 233 1.07 7.8

2.88 0.46 489 22.4 239 1.09 7.9

2.9 0.48 497 21.8 225 1.02 8.2

SC

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Q Or Ab An Ne Di Hy Ol Mt Il Ap Mg# FeOT / MgO

SSC06 Xaltepéc (SSC) Intermediate

BTA, mugearite 52.01 1.61 14.15 9.33 0.14 5.95 9.22 3.99 1.95 0.40 0.55 99.3

EP

Rock−type:

AC C

Magma−type:

SSC02 SSC03 SSC04 SSC05 Mazatepéc MazatepécTetecón Tetecón (SSC) Tetecón (SSC) (SSC) (SSC) Intermediate Intermediate Intermediate Intermediate

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Sample:

34

ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT

Magma−type: Rock−type: Ni Pb Rb Sc Sr Ta Th U V

16.9 CHI13 Sierra de Chichinautzin Basic Subalkali basalt

22.9 SSC01 Mazatepéc (SSC) Intermediate BTA, mugearite

166 4.7 20.7 21.4 560 1.32 2.7 0.81 147

131 4.6 27.7 22.2 618 1.43 3.56 0.96 142

94 7.1 32.8 14.8 466 1.45 4.4 1.18 115

26.3 26.9 20.6 22.8 SSC02 SSC03 SSC04 SSC05 Mazatepéc MazatepécTetecón Tetecón (SSC) Tetecón (SSC) (SSC) (SSC) Intermediate Intermediate Intermediate Intermediate BTA, BTA, BTA, BTA, mugearite mugearite mugearite mugearite 79 10.5 35.9 14.4 490 1.52 4.3 1.19 125

36

30

39

32

Zr

269 0.703631* 0.512898*

222 0.703973* 0.512815*

285 0.704684 0.512709

290

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Nd/144Nd

EP

Sr/86Sr

83 9.8 33.4 15.5 475 1.59 4.1 1.15 115 33

298

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Y

AC C

87 143

19.7 BCU1 Ciudad Universitaria Basic Trachybasalt, hawaiite

35

75 9.5 41.2 13.8 477 1.29 5.1 1.26 122

73 9.6 42.8 14.7 491 1.28 4.9 1.29 131

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Sample: Area

23.3 SSC06 Xaltepéc (SSC) Intermediate BTA, mugearite 77 10.3 39.1 13.3 509 1.21 5.1 1.35 132

35

32

31

239 0.704493 0.512698

241

255 0.704752 0.512690

SC

Nb

ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT Table 1 (continued) New geochemical data of the Pliocene-Holocene volcanic rock samples from the central part of the Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt (CTMVB).

BTA, mugearite 51.88 1.68 14.38 9.33 0.13 5.97 9.54 3.96 1.85 0.41 1.01 100.14

BTA, mugearite 52.00 1.64 14.60 9.52 0.14 5.83 9.29 4.07 1.91 0.35 0.45 99.80

(SiO2)adj

52.91

52.71

52.73

(Na2O + K2O)adj Q Or Ab An Ne Di Hy Ol Mt Il Ap Mg# FeOT / MgO

5.72 0.00 10.31 33.31 15.44 0.17 25.37 0.00 8.09 3.39 3.02 0.90 62.43 1.41 42.1 84 10.5 42.1 8.5

5.90 0.00 11.11 32.83 16.25 0.66 23.56 0.00 8.09 3.29 3.24 0.97 62.50 1.41 33.3 66 8.4 34.2 7.5

6.06 0.00 11.44 32.76 16.15 1.17 22.92 0.00 8.23 3.35 3.16 0.82 61.47 1.47 41.5 83 10.4 41.3 8.4

Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu Ba Co Cr Cs Hf

EP

La Ce Pr Nd Sm

AC C

Rock−type:

SSC11 SSC12 SSC13 SSC14 V. La Caldera Santa Catarina Santa Catarina Pino (SSC) (SSC) (SSC) (SSC) Intermediate Intermediate Intermediate Intermediate

BTA, mugearite 51.97 1.66 14.12 9.69 0.14 5.93 9.12 4.22 1.66 0.38 0.66 99.55

BTA, mugearite 51.61 1.78 13.97 9.48 0.12 5.68 9.36 4.25 1.98 0.46 0.69 99.38

BTA, mugearite 52.07 1.59 14.57 9.34 0.13 5.71 9.33 3.84 2.03 0.35 0.88 99.84

BTA, mugearite 51.68 1.59 14.17 9.37 0.13 5.98 9.35 3.96 1.87 0.38 0.78 99.26

BTA, mugearite 51.76 1.57 14.00 9.04 0.13 6.00 9.49 3.92 1.85 0.41 0.39 98.56

52.95

5.99 0.00 9.99 35.14 14.96 0.67 23.20 0.00 8.50 3.43 3.21 0.90 61.45 1.47 25.3 54 7.7 29.5 6.6

52.68

53.00

52.86

53.10

6.36 0.00 11.94 32.07 13.47 2.51 25.01 0.00 7.10 3.36 3.45 1.09 60.95 1.50 25.5 55 7.1 29.7 6.7

5.97 0.00 12.21 32.99 16.82 0.05 22.68 0.00 8.06 3.30 3.074 0.83 61.43 1.47 36.8 78 9.6 38.5 8.1

5.96 0.00 11.30 33.01 15.72 0.68 23.64 0.00 8.33 3.33 3.09 0.90 62.44 1.41 41.3 83 10.5 41.1 8.4

5.92 0.00 11.22 33.45 15.53 0.31 24.28 0.00 7.96 3.22 3.06 0.97 63.36 1.36 26.8 53 6.6 26.1 5.5

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SiO2 TiO2 Al2O3 Fe2O3T MnO MgO CaO Na2O K2O P2O5 LOI Sum

BTA, mugearite 51.54 1.55 13.72 9.50 0.14 6.06 9.68 3.87 1.70 0.38 0.96 99.10

Magma−type:

SSC09 SSC10 Santa Catarina V. La Caldera (SSC) (SSC) Intermediate Intermediate

SC

SSC08 Tecuatzi (SSC) Intermediate

TE D

SSC07 Yuhualixqui (SSC) Intermediate

Area

M AN U

Sample:

2.25

2.07

2.22

1.97

1.96

2.15

2.25

1.51

7.8 1.16 5.9 1.19 3.35 0.47

7.3 1.08 5.6 1.15 3.23 0.46

7.9 1.15 5.9 1.19 3.39 0.46

6.5 0.97 5.1 1.05 2.87 0.41

6.6 1.01 5.2 1.06 2.96 0.4

8.1 1.12 5.8 1.16 3.31 0.45

7.9 1.15 5.8 1.17 3.26 0.44

5.1 0.72 3.6 0.69 1.91 0.28

2.93 0.49 482 21.9 255 1.03 8.4

2.69 0.47 388 21.5 228 1.13 6.2

2.91 0.51 500 20.3 245 1.11 8.2

2.58 0.43 340 32.7 217 0.63 5.9

2.52 0.42 345 33.3 305 0.68 6.1

2.96 0.46 472 21.6 236 1.05 7.9

2.98 0.48 487 22.2 280 1.11 7.8

1.77 0.27 562 16.8 313 1.34 5.7

36

ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT

Ni Pb Rb Sc Sr Ta Th U V

87

71 9.8 37.7 13.9 503 1.25 4.9 1.29 138

63 8.1 39.9 13.7 447 0.98 5.1 1.07 130

20.2 17.7 SSC09 SSC10 Santa Catarina V. La Caldera (SSC) (SSC) Intermediate Intermediate BTA, BTA, mugearite mugearite 70 10.4 45.1 14.7 460 1.24 5.6 1.39 137

114 6.3 23.9 16.5 449 1.06 3.2 0.78 118

Y

29

35

36

31

Zr

244

185

264

188

Sr/86Sr

18.8 21.7 22.1 10.5 SSC11 SSC12 SSC13 SSC14 V. La Caldera Santa Catarina Santa Catarina Pino (SSC) (SSC) (SSC) (SSC) Intermediate Intermediate Intermediate Intermediate BTA, BTA, BTA, BTA, mugearite mugearite mugearite mugearite 125 6.4 25.5 16.4 448 1.15 3.3 0.81 151 30

182

EP

TE D

M AN U

Nd/144Nd

AC C

143

15.6 SSC08 Tecuatzi (SSC) Intermediate BTA, mugearite

37

74 10.3 40.6 14.9 434 1.21 5.3 1.27 140

84 9.8 42.2 14.1 476 1.27 5.5 1.28 147

RI PT

Magma−type: Rock−type:

21.1 SSC07 Yuhualixqui (SSC) Intermediate BTA, mugearite

63 9.9 50.1 11.7 375 0.68 5.9 1.14 133

32

29

22

233

234

156 0.705008 0.512641

SC

Nb Sample: Area

ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT Table 1 (continued) New geochemical data of the Pliocene-Holocene volcanic rock samples from the central part of the Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt (CTMVB).

BTA, mugearite 52.72 1.86 15.55 10.4 0.17 7.12 6.93 3.84 1.41 0.86 -0.48 100.38

(SiO2)adj

53.15

52.68

(Na2O + K2O)adj Q Or Ab An Ne Di Hy Ol Mt Il Ap Mg# FeOT / MgO

5.44 0.00 7.44 35.35 22.19 0.00 10.60 11.56 5.95 3.05 2.93 0.93 68.08 1.10 23.1 52 7.3 30.0 6.5

5.25 0.00 8.33 32.47 21.01 0.00 6.25 22.45 0.36 3.61 3.53 1.99 64.07 1.31 33.4 75 10.3 41.3 8.6

Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu Ba Co Cr Cs Hf

EP

La Ce Pr Nd Sm

AC C

Rock−type:

RI PT

SiO2 TiO2 Al2O3 Fe2O3T MnO MgO CaO Na2O K2O P2O5 LOI Sum

BTA, mugearite 52.8 1.53 16.26 8.72 0.14 7.14 7.61 4.15 1.25 0.4 -0.38 99.62

Magma−type:

CHI64 CHI11 CHI71 CHI08 CHI21 Sierra de Sierra de Sierra de Sierra de Sierra de Chichinautzin Chichinautzin Chichinautzin Chichinautzin Chichinautzin Intermediate Intermediate Intermediate Intermediate Acid Basaltic Andesite Andesite Andesite Dacite andesite 52.63 60.7 60.87 60.83 63.22 0.922 0.72 0.807 0.8 0.72 16 16.33 16.57 16.11 15.74 7.99 5.66 5.61 5.48 4.69 0.121 0.09 0.092 0.09 0.079 8.51 4.39 4.65 4.12 3.33 7.9 5.81 5.87 5.62 4.7 3.5 4.01 3.94 4.17 3.95 0.98 1.73 1.52 1.66 2.03 0.19 0.17 0.21 0.24 0.17 0.16 0.51 0.16 -0.07 1.07 98.90 100.12 100.30 99.05 99.70

SC

CHI04 Sierra de Chichinautzin Intermediate

53.64

61.20

61.05

61.63

64.32

4.57 0.00 5.90 30.19 25.53 0.00 10.56 19.74 3.34 2.51 1.78 0.45 72.82 0.85 10.5 25 3.6 15.7 3.8

5.79 11.42 10.31 34.21 21.63 0.00 5.10 13.57 0.00 1.98 1.38 0.40 66.89 1.16 11.2 25 3.5 14.3 3.1

5.48 12.09 9.01 33.44 23.10 0.00 3.81 14.57 0.00 1.95 1.54 0.49 68.35 1.09 17.3 38 5.1 20.7 4.4

5.91 12.04 9.94 35.75 20.60 0.00 4.89 12.74 0.00 1.93 1.54 0.56 66.20 1.20 25.8 58 7.5 29.7 6.1

6.08 17.21 12.21 34.01 19.56 0.00 2.45 10.95 0.00 1.83 1.39 0.40 65.67 1.27 15.4 32 4.4 17.5 3.8

TE D

CHI01 Sierra de Chichinautzin Intermediate

Area

M AN U

Sample:

2.02

2.45

1.21

0.96

1.35

1.71

1.14

6.9 0.90 4.9 0.97 2.56 0.37

9.2 1.18 6.3 1.27 3.35 0.50

4.0 0.59 3.3 0.70 1.85 0.28

3.2 0.42 2.2 0.45 1.21 0.18

4.5 0.60 3.3 0.66 1.83 0.28

6.4 0.82 4.3 0.86 2.29 0.34

4.0 0.52 2.8 0.56 1.48 0.22

2.49 0.38 378 22.0 142 0.26 4.6

3.26 0.50 414 18.0 127 0.61 6.4

1.86 0.29 220 23.3 260 0.48 3.1

1.21 0.18 335 15.4 79 0.67 2.7

1.84 0.29 414 13.0 90 1.08 3.8

2.29 0.35 474 13.6 68 0.79 5.1

1.50 0.23 457 10.1 74 1.42 3.9

38

ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT

Magma−type: Rock−type: Ni Pb Rb Sc Sr Ta Th U V

23.4 CHI04 Sierra de Chichinautzin Intermediate BTA, mugearite

93 4.5 26.5 13.8 644 0.91 2.47 0.82 86

74 3.4 29.6 12.5 457 0.99 2.50 0.78 80

4.2 3.4 5.4 10.1 4.7 CHI64 CHI11 CHI71 CHI08 CHI21 Sierra de Sierra de Sierra de Sierra de Sierra de Chichinautzin Chichinautzin Chichinautzin Chichinautzin Chichinautzin Intermediate Intermediate Intermediate Intermediate Acid Basaltic Andesite Andesite Andesite Dacite andesite 100 3.3 22.4 15.6 390 0.32 1.37 0.45 99

46 3.4 27.5 11.9 525 0.34 2.07 0.71 79

42 3.6 42.0 9.8 613 0.42 3.28 1.08 79

Y

27

35

19

13

Zr

214 0.703608* 0.512926*

334 0.704325* 0.512753*

125 0.704164* 0.512854*

105 0.703700* 0.512862*

Sr/86Sr

49 3.7 55.1 8.2 417 0.42 3.20 1.18 54

19

24

16

234 0.703959* 0.512889*

157

M AN U

Nd/144Nd

43 4.2 42.4 10.9 535 0.72 3.34 0.99 73

150 0.704065* *0.512787

SC

87

EP

TE D

Abbreviations: The subscript 'adj' refers to adjusted data (anhydrous 100% adjusted basis); major element (oxide) data are in % m/m and trace elements in µg/g; Mg# = 100 Mg2+ / (Mg2+ + Fe2+ ), atomic; FeOT = total iron expressed as FeO (the computer program for adjustments and norm calculations is IgRoCS by Verma and Rivera-Gómez, 2013a); SSC─Sierra de Santa Catarina; BTA─Basaltic trachyandesite; the major element data for: CHI01, CHI04, and CHI13 are from Verma (2000), for CHI08 and CHI11 from Verma (1999), and CHI21, CHI64, and CHI71 from Velasco-Tapia and Verma (2013); the isotopic data for the samples identified by an asterisk (*) are from the literature (Verma, 1999, 2000; Velasco-Tapia and Verma, 2013).

AC C

143

15.7 CHI01 Sierra de Chichinautzin Intermediate BTA, mugearite

RI PT

Nb Sample: Area

39

ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT Highlights New extension-related site at the volcanic front of the Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt Continental rift setting for the central part of the Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt generally considered a presumably continental arc

AC C

EP

TE D

M AN U

SC

RI PT

New quantitative considerations of Nb and Ta anomalies