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Georgia
79.23 Georgia
The editors received a national centennial report of Georgia from Dr. Tamaz L. Chelidze, Director of the Institute of Geophysics, Georgian Academy of Sciences, 1 Alexidze str, 380093 Tbilisi, Georgia. This report is archived as a computer-readable file on the attached Handbook CD#2, under the directory of \7923Georgia. Earthquake engineering in Georgia is reviewed in Chapter 80.8. Biographies and biographical sketches of some Georgian scientists and engineers may be found in Chapter 89, and in Appendix 3 of this Handbook, respectively.
1. Introduction Macroseismic data on the strong Caucasian earthquakes beginning from the 1 l th century are recorded in old Georgian manuscripts. The instrumental period began January 6, 1899, when the first seismograms were recorded by the Reuber-Ehlert seismograph with horizontal pendulum. In the period from 1902 to 1909 in the Caucasus, besides Tiflis, nine seismic stations of II class were established. The data obtained in this period were used for seismological research. For example, Wiechert and Zoeppritz extensively used the Caucasian data for plotting master curves of seismic wave arrivals.
2. The Tiflis Seismic Station By 1903 the Tiflis seismic station was equipped with most seismographs existing at that time: Reuber-Ehlerts system, consisting of three horizontal pendulums with photographic registration, Cancani seismograph with vertical pendulum, Mein's horizontal pendulum, and Bosch's heavy horizontal pendulum. Later on Zrllner's and Galitzin's seismographs were deployed in Tbilisi. All seismographs in Tbilisi worked without interruption until 1916, and the station was functioning again after the civil w a r in Russia. Beginning in 1900, materials from Tiflis seismic station were published as monthly bulletins. INTERNATIONAL HANDBOOK OF EARTHQUAKEAND ENGINEERING SEISMOLOGY, VOLUME 81B
Copyright 9 2003by the Int'l Assoc. Seismol. & Phys. Earth's Interior, Committee on Education. All rights of reproduction in any form reserved.
3. Early Accomplishments E. Bjuss compiled the first macroseismic maps of the Southern Caucasus (1931) and the first detailed description of seismicity of the region in three volumes (1948, 1952, 1955). The first theoretical and experimental hodographs (travel-time tables) for the Caucasian region were suggested by G. Tvaltvadze, A. Tskhakaja, T. Lebedava, et al. Beginning from 1933 the seismological research was carried out by the newly organized Institute of Geophysics. In 1930-1945 Niko Muskhelishvili developed a new approach to the solution of problems of elasticity, based on the theory of functions of complex variable. The outstanding Georgian mathematician, V. Kupradze, in 1953 gave the integral formulation of the Huygen's principle for steady-state vector elastic waves. He and, independently, P.M. Morse and H. Feshbach extracted from the Stokes-Love solution the fundamental singular solution of elastodynamics, otherwise known as the elastic Green's tensor
Gij.
4. Recent Advances For a long time Tbilisi has been the regional center for seismological research in the Caucasus. Outstanding contributions to the progress of seismology in Georgia have been made in the past four decades. A computer database of Caucasian Earthquakes from ancient times to the present was created in the 1970s (O. Gotsadze). Extensive studies of conditions of surface wave generation and propagation led to discovery of new fundamental phenomena. In particular, the existence of surface waves reflected and refracted from the lateral heterogeneities (faults) was predicted theoretically and discovered experimentally (D. Sikharulidze). Some fundamental forward and inverse seismological problems, such as true motion reconstruction and delineation of seismogenetic lineaments, were analyzed by M. Alexidze. Seismicity, seismic regime, and seismotectonic
ISBN: 0-12-440658-0
1345
1346 deformation of the Caucasus were thoroughly investigated by E. Jibladze. Percolation (fractal) model of fracture was first suggested by Georgian scientists in 1979 (T. Chelidze). The percolation model explains many experimental seismological and geophysical data, related to pre-, co- and post-seismic processes and the earthquake prognosis problem. New probabilistic GISbased maps of seismic hazards in Georgia have been developed in recent years on the basis of a modern refined scheme of active faults and a new seismic catalog of the Caucasian region compiled by internationally accepted methods (Z. Javakhishvili).
5. Research Cooperation Georgian seismology traditionally has been connected with Russian seismologists: P. Nikiforov, G. Gamburtsev, E. Savarensky, Yu. Riznichenko, M. Sadovsky, V. Keilis-Borok, A. Nikolaev, G. Sobolev, N. Shebalin, A. Vvedenskaja, and many others.
Georg/a There has been active collaboration between Russia and Georgia, and many Georgian seismologists have advance training in Russia. There are also very close ties with Azerbaijani and Armenian colleagues.
6. Biographies and Biographical Sketches The full report on the Handbook CD includes biographical sketches of Tamaz Lucka Chelidze, Eleonora Alexander Jibladze, David Ilia Sikharulidze, Zurab Javakhishvili, and Otar Varazanashvili, and memorials of outstanding seismologists of Georgia: Merab Alexidze (1930-1993), Otar Gotsadze (19291993), Peter Mandj galadze ( 1944-1993), Alexander Tskhakaia (1902-1970), Evgeni Bjuss (1885-1965), Guri Tvaltvadze (1907-1970), and Georgi Murusidze (1915-1988).
The editors received a national centennial report of Georgia from Dr. Tamaz L. Chelidze, Director of the Institute of Geophysics, Georgian Academy of Sciences, 1 Alexidze str, 380093 Tbilisi, Georgia. This report is archived as a computer-readable file on the attached Handbook CD#2, under the directory of \7923Georgia. Earthquake engineering in Georgia is reviewed in Chapter 80.8. Biographies and biographical sketches of some Georgian scientists and engineers may be found in Chapter 89, and in Appendix 3 of this Handbook, respectively.
1. Introduction Macroseismic data on the strong Caucasian earthquakes beginning from the 1 l th century are recorded in old Georgian manuscripts. The instrumental period began January 6, 1899, when the first seismograms were recorded by the Reuber-Ehlert seismograph with horizontal pendulum. In the period from 1902 to 1909 in the Caucasus, besides Tiflis, nine seismic stations of II class were established. The data obtained in this period were used for seismological research. For example, Wiechert and Zoeppritz extensively used the Caucasian data for plotting master curves of seismic wave arrivals.
2. The Tiflis Seismic Station By 1903 the Tiflis seismic station was equipped with most seismographs existing at that time: Reuber-Ehlerts system, consisting of three horizontal pendulums with photographic registration, Cancani seismograph with vertical pendulum, Mein's horizontal pendulum, and Bosch's heavy horizontal pendulum. Later on Zrllner's and Galitzin's seismographs were deployed in Tbilisi. All seismographs in Tbilisi worked without interruption until 1916, and the station was functioning again after the civil w a r in Russia. Beginning in 1900, materials from Tiflis seismic station were published as monthly bulletins. INTERNATIONAL HANDBOOK OF EARTHQUAKEAND ENGINEERING SEISMOLOGY, VOLUME 81B
Copyright 9 2003by the Int'l Assoc. Seismol. & Phys. Earth's Interior, Committee on Education. All rights of reproduction in any form reserved.
3. Early Accomplishments E. Bjuss compiled the first macroseismic maps of the Southern Caucasus (1931) and the first detailed description of seismicity of the region in three volumes (1948, 1952, 1955). The first theoretical and experimental hodographs (travel-time tables) for the Caucasian region were suggested by G. Tvaltvadze, A. Tskhakaja, T. Lebedava, et al. Beginning from 1933 the seismological research was carried out by the newly organized Institute of Geophysics. In 1930-1945 Niko Muskhelishvili developed a new approach to the solution of problems of elasticity, based on the theory of functions of complex variable. The outstanding Georgian mathematician, V. Kupradze, in 1953 gave the integral formulation of the Huygen's principle for steady-state vector elastic waves. He and, independently, P.M. Morse and H. Feshbach extracted from the Stokes-Love solution the fundamental singular solution of elastodynamics, otherwise known as the elastic Green's tensor
Gij.
4. Recent Advances For a long time Tbilisi has been the regional center for seismological research in the Caucasus. Outstanding contributions to the progress of seismology in Georgia have been made in the past four decades. A computer database of Caucasian Earthquakes from ancient times to the present was created in the 1970s (O. Gotsadze). Extensive studies of conditions of surface wave generation and propagation led to discovery of new fundamental phenomena. In particular, the existence of surface waves reflected and refracted from the lateral heterogeneities (faults) was predicted theoretically and discovered experimentally (D. Sikharulidze). Some fundamental forward and inverse seismological problems, such as true motion reconstruction and delineation of seismogenetic lineaments, were analyzed by M. Alexidze. Seismicity, seismic regime, and seismotectonic
ISBN: 0-12-440658-0
1345
1346 deformation of the Caucasus were thoroughly investigated by E. Jibladze. Percolation (fractal) model of fracture was first suggested by Georgian scientists in 1979 (T. Chelidze). The percolation model explains many experimental seismological and geophysical data, related to pre-, co- and post-seismic processes and the earthquake prognosis problem. New probabilistic GISbased maps of seismic hazards in Georgia have been developed in recent years on the basis of a modern refined scheme of active faults and a new seismic catalog of the Caucasian region compiled by internationally accepted methods (Z. Javakhishvili).
5. Research Cooperation Georgian seismology traditionally has been connected with Russian seismologists: P. Nikiforov, G. Gamburtsev, E. Savarensky, Yu. Riznichenko, M. Sadovsky, V. Keilis-Borok, A. Nikolaev, G. Sobolev, N. Shebalin, A. Vvedenskaja, and many others.
Georg/a There has been active collaboration between Russia and Georgia, and many Georgian seismologists have advance training in Russia. There are also very close ties with Azerbaijani and Armenian colleagues.
6. Biographies and Biographical Sketches The full report on the Handbook CD includes biographical sketches of Tamaz Lucka Chelidze, Eleonora Alexander Jibladze, David Ilia Sikharulidze, Zurab Javakhishvili, and Otar Varazanashvili, and memorials of outstanding seismologists of Georgia: Merab Alexidze (1930-1993), Otar Gotsadze (19291993), Peter Mandj galadze ( 1944-1993), Alexander Tskhakaia (1902-1970), Evgeni Bjuss (1885-1965), Guri Tvaltvadze (1907-1970), and Georgi Murusidze (1915-1988).