Procedia Engineering Volume 143, 2016, Pages 51–58 Advances in Transportation Geotechnics 3 . The 3rd International Conference on Transportation Geotechnics (ICTG 2016)
*HRWHFKQLFDODQG*HRHQYLURQPHQWDO$VVHVVPHQWRI 5HF\FOHG&RQVWUXFWLRQDQG'HPROLWLRQ:DVWHIRU5RDG (PEDQNPHQWV 1XQR&ULVWHOR &DVWRULQD6LOYD9LHLUDDQG0DULDGH/XUGHV/RSHV 1
University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, CQVR, Vila Real, Portugal 2 University of Porto, Construct, Porto, Portugal
[email protected],
[email protected],
[email protected]
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eywords:&RQVWUXFWLRQDQG'HPROLWLRQ:DVWHV6XVWDLQDELOLW\5RDGHPEDQNPHQWV*HRV\QWKHWLFUHLQIRUFHPHQW
,QWURGXFWLRQ (QYLURQPHQWDO SROLFLHV KDYH EHHQ LQFUHDVLQJO\ DLPLQJ WKH GHYHORSPHQW RI VXVWDLQDELOLW\ KDYLQJ LQFOXGHGLQWKHLUOLVWRIIDYRXULWHWDUJHWVWKHPLQLPLVDWLRQRIWKHODQGILOOHGZDVWHYROXPHV2QHZD\WR SURPRWH WKLV UHGXFWLRQ LV LWV UHXVH LQ WKH FRQVWUXFWLRQ LQGXVWU\ WKXV DOORZLQJ WKH GLVSRVDO RI
&RUUHVSRQGLQJDXWKRU
Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the Scientific Programme Committee of ICTG 2016
c The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. doi:10.1016/j.proeng.2016.06.007
51
Geotechnical
and Geoenvironmental Assessment of RCDW for Road Embankments
Cristelo et al.
VLJQLILFDQWTXDQWLWLHVRIUHVLGXHVVLQFHJUDQXODUPDWHULDOVDUHZLGHO\XVHGLQWKLVLQGXVWU\QDPHO\LQ HDUWKJHRWHFKQLFDOZRUNVVXFKDVHPEDQNPHQWVUHWDLQLQJZDOOVURDGEDVHVDQGUDLOZD\EDOODVW 2QHRIWKHPDMRUWDUJHWVLQWHUPVRIZDVWHUHF\FOLQJDUHWKH&RQVWUXFWLRQDQG'HPROLWLRQ:DVWHV & ': ZKLFKKDYHEHHQLQVSLULQJDQLQFUHDVLQJQXPEHURIUHVHDUFKSURMHFWVPDLQO\UHODWHGWRWKH SURGXFWLRQRIDJJUHJDWHVIRUXVHLQFRQFUHWH%HKHUDet al6LOYDet al DQGIRUXVHLQEDVH OD\HUV RI WUDQVSRUWDWLRQ LQIUDVWUXFWXUHV $JUHOD et al +HUUDGRU et al $UXOUDMDK et al /HLWHet al 7KHDSSOLFDWLRQRI& ':LQJHRWHFKQLFDOZRUNVLQSDUWLFXODUKDVEHHQPDLQO\IRFXVHGRQURDG EDVHDQGVXEEDVHOD\HUV$SDUWIURPWKLVDSSOLFDWLRQQRWPDQ\UHIHUHQFHVFDQEHIRXQGUHJDUGLQJWKH XVH RI & ': ZLWK WKH SRVVLEOH H[FHSWLRQ RI HPEDQNPHQWV 9LHLUD 3HUHLUD ,I ZH DOVR FRQVLGHU WKH DGGLWLRQ RI JHRV\QWKHWLF UHLQIRUFHPHQW WKDW OLVW EHFRPHV HYHQ VKRUWHU ZLWK D IHZ H[FHSWLRQV$UXOUDMDKet al6DQWRVet al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
0DWHULDOVDQG0HWKRGV 7KHIROORZLQJLVWKHGHWDLOLQJRIWKHPDWHULDOVXVHGLQWKLVVWXG\DVZHOODVDVPDOOGHVFULSWLRQRI WKH PDLQ WHVWV SHUIRUPHG LH OHDFKLQJ DQG WULD[LDO FRPSUHVVLRQ WHVWV 'HVFULSWLRQ RI JHQHUDO JHRWHFKQLFDOWHVWVZDVQRWGLVFULPLQDWHGVLQFHWKHVHWHVWVDUHZHOONQRZQE\WKHJHRWHFKQLFDOUHVHDUFK SURMHFWFRPPXQLW\DQGWKXVGRQRWXVXDOO\QHHGWREHIXUWKHUFKDUDFWHUL]HG
0DWHULDOV 7KHUHF\FOHG& ':XVHGLQWKURXJKRXWWKLVVWXG\)LJXUH ZDVSDUWRIDODUJHVDPSOHSURYLGHG E\ D 3RUWXJXHVH UHF\FOLQJ SODQW %DVHG RQ WKH SURYLGHG WHFKQLFDO VKHHW WKH PDWHULDO LV PDLQO\ RULJLQDWHG IURP WKH GHPROLWLRQ RI VLQJOH IDPLO\ KRXVHV DQG UHFRYHULQJ RI & ': IURP LOOHJDO GHSRVLWVLHLWLVDPL[HG& ':
)LJXUH*HQHUDODVSHFWDQGSDUWLFOHVL]HGLVWULEXWLRQRIWKHUHF\FOHG& ':
52
Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Assessment of RCDW for Road Embankments
Cristelo et al.
7KHSDUWLFOHVL]HGLVWULEXWLRQRIWKH PDWHULDOLVDOVRLOOXVWUDWHGLQ)LJXUHZKLOHWKHFRQVWLWXHQWV GHWHUPLQHGLQ DFFRUGDQFHZLWKWKH(XURSHDQ 6WDQGDUG(1 DUH OLVWHGLQ 7DEOH 7KH UHVXOWV SUHVHQWHG LQGLFDWHG WKDW WKLV SDUWLFXODU & ': FRQVLVWV PDLQO\ RI FRQFUHWH XQERXQGHG DJJUHJDWHVPDVRQU\DQGVRLO &RQVWLWXHQWV & ': &RQFUHWHFRQFUHWHSURGXFWVPRUWDUFRQFUHWHPDVRQU\XQLWV5F 8QERXQGDJJUHJDWHQDWXUDOVWRQHK\GUDXOLFDOO\ERXQGDJJUHJDWH5X &OD\DQGFDOFLXPVLOLFDWHPDVRQU\XQLWVDHUDWHGQRQIORDWLQJFRQFUHWH5E %LWXPLQRXVPDWHULDOV5D *ODVV5J 6RLOV5V 2WKHUPDWHULDOV; )ORDWLQJSDUWLFOHV)/FPNJ 7DEOH&ODVVLILFDWLRQRIUHF\FOHG& ':FRQVWLWXHQWV
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
7KHJHRV\QWKHWLFXVHGLQWKLVVWXG\)LJXUH LVDKLJKVWUHQJWKFRPSRVLWHJHRWH[WLOHPDQXIDFWXUHG RI SRO\SURS\OHQH 33 FRQWLQXRXV ILODPHQW QHHGOHSXQFKHG QRQZRYHQ DQG KLJK VWUHQJWK SRO\HVWHU 3(7 \DUQV LQ WKH ORQJLWXGLQDO GLUHFWLRQ UHIHUUHG DV *&5 7KH WHFKQLFDO VKHHW UHIHUV D QRPLQDO WHQVLOHVWUHQJWKRIN1P
)LJXUH*HQHUDODVSHFWRIWKH*&5XVHGIRUUHLQIRUFHPHQW
53
Geotechnical
and Geoenvironmental Assessment of RCDW for Road Embankments
Cristelo et al.
6SHFLPHQ3UHSDUDWLRQ 3UHSDUDWLRQ RI WKH PDWHULDO LQFOXGHG GU\LQJ DQG GHIORFFXODWLRQ E\ KDQG 7KH & ': ZDV WKHQ PL[HG ZLWK ZDWHU GHLRQLVHG IRU PLQ LQ D +REDUW FRXQWHU PL[HU $ ZDWHU FRQWHQW RI ZDV FRQVLGHUHGFRUUHVSRQGLQJWRRIWKH0RGLILHG3URFWRUWHVWUHVXOWV7KHPL[WXUHVZHUHWKHQNHSWLQ SODVWLFEDJVIRUKRXUVDW&DQG5+ 7KH F\OLQGULFDO VSHFLPHQV ZHUH VWDWLFDOO\ FRPSDFWHG WR D GU\ XQLW ZHLJKW RI N1P WKXV WDUJHWLQJDGLDPHWHURIPPDQGKHLJKWRIPPDQGOHIWLQVLGHWKHPRXOGIRUKRXUV ,QRUGHUWRDFFRPPRGDWHWKHJHRV\QWKHWLFUHLQIRUFHPHQWWKHUHVSHFWLYHWKLFNQHVVZDVVXEWUDFWHG IURPWKHWRWDOVRLOZHLJKWDQGWKHZDWHUZDVFRUUHFWHGDFFRUGLQJO\
/HDFKLQJ7HVWV ,QRUGHUWRHYDOXDWHWKHVKRUWWHUPUHOHDVHRIFRQWDPLQDQWVRIWKHUHF\FOHG& ':OHDFKLQJWHVWV ZHUHFDUULHGRXW7KHHOXDWHZDVREWDLQHGLQDFFRUGDQFHZLWK%6(1 DQGZDVWKHQ VXEPLWWHG WR FKHPLFDO FKDUDFWHUL]DWLRQ XVLQJ PHWKRGV GHYHORSHG IRU ZDWHU DQDO\VLV ZKLFK ZHUH DGDSWHGWRPHHWFULWHULDIRUDQDO\VHVRIHOXDWHV
7ULD[LDO&RPSUHVVLRQ7HVWV 7ZR VHWV RI IRXU FRQVROLGDWHGGUDLQHG &' WULD[LDO FRPSUHVVLRQ WHVWV ZHUH SHUIRUPHG IRU WKH XQUHLQIRUFHGDQGUHLQIRUFHG& ':XVLQJFRQVROLGDWLRQLVRWURSLFHIIHFWLYHVWUHVVVWDWHVS¶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
5HVXOWVDQG'LVFXVVLRQ /HDFKDWH3URSHUWLHV 7KH (XURSHDQ &RXQFLO 'HFLVLRQ (& ZDV XVHG DV WKH DFFHSWDQFH FULWHULD UHJDUGLQJ WKH OHDFKHGPD[LPXPFRQFHQWUDWLRQIRULQHUWODQGILOO)URPWKHDQDO\VLVRIWKHUHVXOWVSUHVHQWHGLQ7DEOH LWFDQEHFRQFOXGHGWKDWRQO\WKHYDOXHRIVXOSKDWHVH[FHHGVWKHPD[LPXPYDOXHVHVWDEOLVKHGE\WKH (XURSHDQDQG3RUWXJXHVHOHJLVODWLRQ +RZHYHU WKH 'LUHFWLYH (& VWDWHV WKDW ³if the waste does not meet these values for sulphate, it may still be considered as complying with the acceptance criteria if the leaching does not exceed 6000 mg/kg at L/S = 10 l/kg, determined either by a batch leaching test or by a percolation test under conditions approaching local equilibrium.´ $FDPSDLJQRISHUFRODWLRQWHVWVLVDOUHDG\XQGHUZD\WRGHWHUPLQHLIWKLVPDWHULDOFDQLQGHHGEHLQ FRPSOLDQFHZLWKWKHDFFHSWDQFHFULWHULD
54
Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Assessment of RCDW for Road Embankments
3DUDPHWHU $UVHQLF$V /HDG3E &DGPLXP&G &KURPLXP&U &RSSHU&X 1LFNHO1L 0HUFXU\+J =LQF=Q %DULXP%D 0RO\EGHQXP0R $QWLPRQ\6E 6HOHQLXP6H &KORULGH&O )OXRULGH) 6XOSKDWH62 3KHQROLQGH[ 'LVVROYHG2UJDQLF&DUERQ S+
&RQFHQWUDWLRQ PJNJ
Cristelo et al.
$FFHSWDQFHFULWHULD ,QHUWODQGILOO
7DEOH/HDFKLQJWHVWUHVXOWV
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qYVp0VSDFHIRUERWKWKHXQUHLQIRUFHGDQGUHLQIRUFHG & ':$IULFWLRQDQJOHI¶ RIDQGDFRKHVLRQLQWHUFHSWRIN3DZHUHREWDLQHGIRUWKHIRUPHU ZKLOHWKHUHLQIRUFHPHQWSURGXFHGDQLQFUHDVHRILQWKHI¶YDOXHXSWR DQGLQWKHF¶ YDOXHXSWRN3D 7KHLQFOXVLRQRIWKHUHLQIRUFHPHQWSURGXFHGDVLJQLILFDQWLQFUHDVHLQWKHVWUHQJWK SDUDPHWHUV HVSHFLDOO\ FRQVLGHULQJ WKDW WKH PDWHULDO KDV D ORZ FHPHQWDWLRQ OHYHO $Q LQFUHDVH LQ FHPHQWDWLRQZRXOGLQFUHDVHWKHVWLIIQHVVRIWKH& ':PDWUL[WKXVIXUWKHULQFUHDVLQJWKHUROHRIWKH UHLQIRUFHPHQW
55
Geotechnical
and Geoenvironmental Assessment of RCDW for Road Embankments
Cristelo et al.
)LJXUH7ULD[LDOFRPSUHVVLRQWHVWVSHUIRUPHGRQWKHXQUHLQIRUFHGDQGUHLQIRUFHG& ':
)LJXUH6WUHQJWKHQYHORSVREWDLQHGIURPWKHWULD[LDOFRPSUHVVLRQVWUHQJWKWHVWV
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
56
Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Assessment of RCDW for Road Embankments
Cristelo et al.
& ':
&RQVROLGDWLRQ &RQVROLGDWLRQ &RQVROLGDWLRQ &RQVROLGDWLRQ N3D N3D N3D N3D 8QUHLQIRUFHG N3D N3D N3D N3D 5HLQIRUFHG N3D N3D N3D N3D 7DEOH(ODVWLFPRGXOXVDWRIWKHGHYLDWRULFVWUHVV(
5HJDUGLQJWKHVWLIIQHVVGHJUDGDWLRQZLWKWKHLQFUHDVLQJORDG)LJXUH LWLVLQWHUHVWLQJWRQRWHWKDW HVSHFLDOO\ IRU WKH ORZHU FRQILQLQJ SUHVVXUHV WKH UDWH DW ZKLFK WKH XQUHLQIRUFHG & ': VWLIIQHVV GHJUDGHV LV VLJQLILFDQWO\ KLJKHU WKDQ WKDW REVHUYHG LQ WKH UHLQIRUFHG VSHFLPHQV :KLOH WKH VWLIIQHVV GHJUDGDWLRQUDWHRIWKHXQUHLQIRUFHGVSHFLPHQVSURYHGWREHDIXQFWLRQRIWKHFRQILQLQJSUHVVXUHLH LQFUHDVLQJ ZLWK WKH GHFUHDVH LQ FRQILQLQJ SUHVVXUH WKH UHLQIRUFHPHQW DSSHDUV WR RYHUULGH WKH LQIOXHQFH RI VXFK SDUDPHWHU SURGXFLQJ YHU\ VLPLODU GHJUDGDWLRQ UDWHV DPRQJ WKH UHLQIRUFHG VSHFLPHQV DQG WKXV VXJJHVWLQJ WKDW WKH KLJK UDWHV REWDLQHG IRU WKH ORZ FRQILQLQJ SUHVVXUHV DUH PLWLJDWHGE\WKHLQWURGXFWLRQRIWKHUHLQIRUFHPHQW
)LJXUH(YROXWLRQRIWKHVWLIIQHVVPRGXOXVQRUPDOL]HGE\WKHDYHUDJHLVRWURSLFVWUHVVp¶
&RQFOXVLRQV 7KLVSDSHUIRFXVRQWKHDQDO\VLVRIWKHPDLQFRQFHUQVZKHQGHDOLQJZLWKWKHSRVVLEOHVXEVWLWXWLRQ RI QDWXUDO DJJUHJDWHV E\ UHF\FOHG & ': ,W LV RI WKH HVVHQFH WR IXOO\ FKDUDFWHUL]H HLWKHU WKH PHFKDQLFDO EHKDYLRU DQG WKH HQYLURQPHQWDO SHUIRUPDQFH RI WKH QHZ PDWHULDO EHIRUH DQ\ UHDO OLYH VFDOHDSSOLFDWLRQFDQEHEURXJKWWRGD\OLJKW 5HVXOWV VKRZ WKDW WKLV SDUWLFXODU & ': EDWFK LV HQYLURQPHQWDOO\ VRXQG DQG LQ DFFRUGDQFH ZLWK WKH OLPLWV LPSRVHG E\ WKH (XURSHDQ 'LUHFWLYH (& $V VXFK LW FDQ EH FODVVLILHG DV DQ inert material
57
Geotechnical
and Geoenvironmental Assessment of RCDW for Road Embankments
Cristelo et al.
7KHPHFKDQLFDOEHKDYLRULVFRQVLVWHQWZLWKWKDWRIDQDWXUDOVRLOUHDFKLQJVWUHQJWKHQYHORSVDQG HODVWLFVWLIIQHVVYDOXHVFRPSHWLWLYHZLWKWKRVHREWDLQHGZLWKDQDWXUDOJUDQXODUPDWHULDOZLWKDVLPLODU SDUWLFOHVL]HGLVWULEXWLRQ7KHLQWURGXFWLRQRIDJHRV\QWKHWLFUHLQIRUFHPHQWOD\HUSURGXFHGDQLQFUHDVH LQ PD[LPXP ORDG DQG DOWKRXJK GLG QRW LQFUHDVH WKH PDWHULDO¶V VWLIIQHVV SURPRWHG D GHFUHDVH LQ VWLIIQHVVGHJUDGDWLRQDWOHDVWIRUWKHORZHUFRQILQLQJSUHVVXUHVSHFLPHQV
$FNQRZOHGJHPHQWV 7KH DXWKRUV ZRXOG OLNH WR WKDQN WKH 3RUWXJXHVH 6FLHQFH DQG 7HFKQRORJ\ )RXQGDWLRQ )&7 DQG )('(5 IRU ILQDQFLDO VXSSRUW WKURXJK WKH 5HVHDUFK 3URMHFW )&203)('(5 RCD-VALOR±6XVWDLQDEOHDSSOLFDWLRQRI5HF\FOHG&RQVWUXFWLRQDQG'HPROLWLRQ:DVWHV& ': LQ JHRV\QWKHWLFVUHLQIRUFHGVWUXFWXUHV37'&(&0*(2
5HIHUHQFHV $JUHOD ) %DUEXGR $ 5DPtUH] $ $\XVR - &DUYDMDO 0' -LPpQH] -5 Construction of road sections using mixed recycled aggregates treated with cement in Malaga, Spain 5HVRXUFHV&RQVHUYDWLRQDQG5HF\FOLQJ $UXOUDMDK $ 3LUDWKHHSDQ - 'LVIDQL 00 %R 0: Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Properties of Recycled Construction and Demolition Materials in Pavement Subbase Applications-RXUQDORI0DWHULDOVLQ&LYLO(QJLQHHULQJ1R $UXOUDMDK $ 5DKPDQ 0$ 3LUDWKHHSDQ - %R 0: ,PWHD] 0$ Evaluation of Interface Shear Strength Properties of Geogrid-Reinforced Construction and Demolition Materials using a Modified Large Scale Direct Shear Testing Apparatus -RXUQDO RI 0DWHULDOV LQ &LYLO (QJLQHHULQJ1R %HKHUD 0 %KDWWDFKDU\\D 6. 0LQRFKD $. 'HROL\D 5 0DLWL 6 Recycled aggregate from C&D waste & its use in concrete – A breakthrough towards sustainability in construction sector: A review&RQVWUXFWLRQDQG%XLOGLQJ0DWHULDOV +HUUDGRU 5 3pUH] 3 *DUDFK / 2UGyxH] - Use of recycled Construction and Demolition Waste aggregate for road course surfacing -RXUQDO RI 7UDQVSRUWDWLRQ (QJLQHHULQJ /HLWH)&0RWWD569DVFRQFHORV./%HUQXFFL/ Laboratory evaluation of recycled construction and demolition waste for pavements&RQVWUXFWLRQDQG%XLOGLQJ0DWHULDOV 6DQWRV (&* 3DOPHLUD (0 %DWKXUVW 5- Performance of two geosynthetic reinforced walls with recycled construction waste backfill and constructed on collapsible ground *HRV\QWKHWLFV,QWHUQDWLRQDO1R± 6LOYD59%ULWR- 'KLU5. Properties and composition of recycled aggregates from construction and demolition waste suitable for concrete production &RQVWUXFWLRQ DQG %XLOGLQJ 0DWHULDOV 9LHLUD &6 3HUHLUD 30 Use of recycled construction and demolition materials in geotechnical applications: A review5HVRXUFHV&RQVHUYDWLRQDQG5HF\FOLQJ 9LHLUD&63HUHLUD30 Interface shear properties of geosynthetics and construction and demolition waste from large-scale direct shear tests*HRV\QWKHWLFV,QWHUQDWLRQDO1R
58