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Glass in electronics
Book reviews
Materials for High Temperatures by B Cech et al. SNTL, Praha Czechoslovakia (1967), 268 pages, price Kcs 23 (in Czech-original title: Vysokoteplotni materialy). The properties of high melting point materials are of interest to vacuum engineers not only for high temperature applications (eg in furnaces and as cathodes) but also because of their low vapour pressures at normal temperatures. Owing to the great variety of users of these materials, the book has been designed to cater for a very wide readership. Notwithstanding that, the book is well-arranged and in the coverage of material properties and applications, those of interest to vacuum engineers have not been omitted. The contents of the book divide into: (1) Introduction, (2) High melting point metals and alloys, (3) Graphite, (4) High melting point compounds, (carbides, nitrides, beryllides etc), (5) High melting point oxides, (6) Cermets, (7) Heterogeneous systems of materials for high temperatures, and (8) Economic aspects. In order to ensure a fuller appreciation of the potential of these materials, methods of production, forming, machining and moulding are also given in addition to their properties and applications. In each section the authors have included a considerable amount of recent development and 262 references are appended. However, some materials of long-standing application such as heat-resisting steels and simple refractories for the thermal shielding of furnaces are given only brief mention. Nevertheless, the book provides a modem survey of high mehing point metals, refractory ceramics and cermets and will therefore be read and studied by many vacuum engineers. V Vunek Glass in Electronics by B Rous. SNTL, Praha, Czechoslovakia (1967). 228 pages, price Kcs 17.50 (in Czech-original title: Sklo v elektronice). Manv problems associated with the use of glass are common to both the high vacuum engineer and the designer of electron tubes. This book by B Rous, manager of the Materials Laboratory of Tesla Roznov, Czechoslovakia’s largest electron tube manufacturer, will also interest designers of vacuum systems. Some of the problems discussed are the direct concern of vacuum technology (such as the use of glass in high voltage insulation for capacitors, fabrication of glass resistors and thin films, etc) but other chapters are important in understanding where, when and how to use glass. The properties of glasses are described in the first 48 pages and the following 77 pages cover the theory and practice of glass-to-glass and glass-to-metal soldering and sealing. In connection with the latter, a 22 page discussion follows on the problem of annealing and internal stress in glass seals. The next 23 pages deal with glass surface processing including rinsing, cleaning, lyophilizing and coating with conductive films. Special glasses, such as quartz glass, Vycor, Pyroceram and Fotoceram are described in 21 pages. The final chapter (18 pages) covers the application of glass in the design of electronic components and gives typical data and Czechoslovak standards. The book is distinguished by its readability (one example: a uniform system of units is used throughout all the data presented) and it may therefore be especially recommended for students and specialist engineers in different technological fields. However, research workers will not find “do-it-yourself” instructions on simple glass-to-metal seals, since the book is concerned rather with large-scale fabrication methods. In the text, the accent is always on domestic production but comparisons-with Corning, Sovirel and other glasses are given. 93 references are included. V Vanek
Engineering Principles of Vacuum Apparatus Manufacture by A V Balitskiy, 2nd revised edition, Engeriya, Moscow-Leningrad (1966), 312 pages, price Rb 0.95 (in Russian-riginal title: Tekhnologiya izgotovleniya Vakuunoy apparatury). Intended for skilled workers and foremen, this book provides the basic engineering know-how on manufacturing procedures for vacuum systems. Starting with an explanation of the nature of high vacuum and ending with leak detection, the basic knowledge on the working and machining of materials to make vacuum apparatus is presented without resort to physical theory but with care and clarity. After the introduction, the properties of materials commonly used in vacuum techniques are described to indicate criteria for material selection. Some attention is given to the machining of metals and the fabrication of simple components. A great deal of the book is devoted to the welding, brazing and soldering of metals and some unusual methods are described for the preparation of vacuum-tight connections (eg friction welding). Operating instructions are provided for the production of high vacuum apparatus in any workshop. Brief descriptions of glass-to-metal and ceramic-to metal seals are included. For newcomers to high vacuum, a chapter giving recommendations on high and ultrahigh vacuum hygiene will be very important. Recommendations on the lay-out of workshops for vacuum system assembly are also presented. In describing demountable seals, the typical designs for high and ultrahigh vacuum are given. For foreign readers, it is interesting to note the shortage of high quality elastomers in the USSR. Excluding Teflon (Soviet name: Ftoroplast-4) they have no higher order elastomers. One might also wonder at the wide tolerances allowed for groove dimensions which are probably necessitated by the wide tolerances of elastomers for seals. Relatively little attention is paid to leak detection, but this problem has been extensively treated in the well-known book by Lanis and Levina. Throughout the entire book, only Soviet standards, materials and auxiliary devices are considered, but this may interest foreign readers, wishing information on the Soviet technological background. The issue of 10,000 copies reflects the respect for high and ultrahigh vacuum engineers, in the USSR. V Vanek
a3
Materials for High Temperatures by B Cech et al. SNTL, Praha Czechoslovakia (1967), 268 pages, price Kcs 23 (in Czech-original title: Vysokoteplotni materialy). The properties of high melting point materials are of interest to vacuum engineers not only for high temperature applications (eg in furnaces and as cathodes) but also because of their low vapour pressures at normal temperatures. Owing to the great variety of users of these materials, the book has been designed to cater for a very wide readership. Notwithstanding that, the book is well-arranged and in the coverage of material properties and applications, those of interest to vacuum engineers have not been omitted. The contents of the book divide into: (1) Introduction, (2) High melting point metals and alloys, (3) Graphite, (4) High melting point compounds, (carbides, nitrides, beryllides etc), (5) High melting point oxides, (6) Cermets, (7) Heterogeneous systems of materials for high temperatures, and (8) Economic aspects. In order to ensure a fuller appreciation of the potential of these materials, methods of production, forming, machining and moulding are also given in addition to their properties and applications. In each section the authors have included a considerable amount of recent development and 262 references are appended. However, some materials of long-standing application such as heat-resisting steels and simple refractories for the thermal shielding of furnaces are given only brief mention. Nevertheless, the book provides a modem survey of high mehing point metals, refractory ceramics and cermets and will therefore be read and studied by many vacuum engineers. V Vunek Glass in Electronics by B Rous. SNTL, Praha, Czechoslovakia (1967). 228 pages, price Kcs 17.50 (in Czech-original title: Sklo v elektronice). Manv problems associated with the use of glass are common to both the high vacuum engineer and the designer of electron tubes. This book by B Rous, manager of the Materials Laboratory of Tesla Roznov, Czechoslovakia’s largest electron tube manufacturer, will also interest designers of vacuum systems. Some of the problems discussed are the direct concern of vacuum technology (such as the use of glass in high voltage insulation for capacitors, fabrication of glass resistors and thin films, etc) but other chapters are important in understanding where, when and how to use glass. The properties of glasses are described in the first 48 pages and the following 77 pages cover the theory and practice of glass-to-glass and glass-to-metal soldering and sealing. In connection with the latter, a 22 page discussion follows on the problem of annealing and internal stress in glass seals. The next 23 pages deal with glass surface processing including rinsing, cleaning, lyophilizing and coating with conductive films. Special glasses, such as quartz glass, Vycor, Pyroceram and Fotoceram are described in 21 pages. The final chapter (18 pages) covers the application of glass in the design of electronic components and gives typical data and Czechoslovak standards. The book is distinguished by its readability (one example: a uniform system of units is used throughout all the data presented) and it may therefore be especially recommended for students and specialist engineers in different technological fields. However, research workers will not find “do-it-yourself” instructions on simple glass-to-metal seals, since the book is concerned rather with large-scale fabrication methods. In the text, the accent is always on domestic production but comparisons-with Corning, Sovirel and other glasses are given. 93 references are included. V Vanek
Engineering Principles of Vacuum Apparatus Manufacture by A V Balitskiy, 2nd revised edition, Engeriya, Moscow-Leningrad (1966), 312 pages, price Rb 0.95 (in Russian-riginal title: Tekhnologiya izgotovleniya Vakuunoy apparatury). Intended for skilled workers and foremen, this book provides the basic engineering know-how on manufacturing procedures for vacuum systems. Starting with an explanation of the nature of high vacuum and ending with leak detection, the basic knowledge on the working and machining of materials to make vacuum apparatus is presented without resort to physical theory but with care and clarity. After the introduction, the properties of materials commonly used in vacuum techniques are described to indicate criteria for material selection. Some attention is given to the machining of metals and the fabrication of simple components. A great deal of the book is devoted to the welding, brazing and soldering of metals and some unusual methods are described for the preparation of vacuum-tight connections (eg friction welding). Operating instructions are provided for the production of high vacuum apparatus in any workshop. Brief descriptions of glass-to-metal and ceramic-to metal seals are included. For newcomers to high vacuum, a chapter giving recommendations on high and ultrahigh vacuum hygiene will be very important. Recommendations on the lay-out of workshops for vacuum system assembly are also presented. In describing demountable seals, the typical designs for high and ultrahigh vacuum are given. For foreign readers, it is interesting to note the shortage of high quality elastomers in the USSR. Excluding Teflon (Soviet name: Ftoroplast-4) they have no higher order elastomers. One might also wonder at the wide tolerances allowed for groove dimensions which are probably necessitated by the wide tolerances of elastomers for seals. Relatively little attention is paid to leak detection, but this problem has been extensively treated in the well-known book by Lanis and Levina. Throughout the entire book, only Soviet standards, materials and auxiliary devices are considered, but this may interest foreign readers, wishing information on the Soviet technological background. The issue of 10,000 copies reflects the respect for high and ultrahigh vacuum engineers, in the USSR. V Vanek
a3