Glass medium doped rare earth for sensor material

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ScienceDirect Materials Today: Proceedings 5 (2018) 15126–15130

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ICAPMA_2017

Glass medium doped rare earth for sensor material M. Djamala,*, L. Yuliantinia, R. Hidayata, K. Booninb,c, P. Yasakab,c, J. Kaewkhaob,c a

Department of Physics, Faculty of Mathematic and Natural Science, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Jl. Ganesha No. 10, Bandung 46123, Indonesia b Center of Excellence in Glass Technology and Materials Science (CEGM), Nakhon Pathom Rajabhat University, 85 Malaiman Road Mueang, Nakhon Pathom 73000, Thailand c Physics Program, Faculty of Science and Technology, Nakhon Pathom Rajabhat University, 85 Malaiman Road Mueang, Nakhon Pathom 73000, Thailand

Abstract Nowadays, research on sensor materials become more intensive due to the benefit of the sensor for human life. Recently, glass medium doped rare earth ion has been investigated for some applications, e.g. laser, LED, optical amplifier, and some others. However, its application for sensor material is still limited. Experimental results showed that the glass medium doped rare earth ion has good potential for sensor applications, such as for radiation and temperature measurement. The addition of dopant improved the glass structure. In this paper, characterization of optical and photoluminescence properties of glass medium doped rare earth for sensor applications was observed. © 2018 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Selection and/or Peer-review under responsibility of 3rd International Conference on Applied Physics and Materials Applications. Keywords: Glass medium; luminescence; radition; rare earth ion; sensor

1. Introduction Sensor is one of the important devices in human daily life in the last decade due to the advantages in many fields such as industry, medical, military, automotive, and electronics. In addition, the advanced technology does not be separated from sensor and transducer of the system. Therefore sensor materials such as polymers, ionic salts, metal oxide, covalent semiconductors and crystals have been widely developed for improving the quality or finding new sensor material. However, these materials have several disadvantages such as poor stability for ionic salts, poor

* Corresponding author. Tel.: +62-8211-6591-960 ; fax: +62-22-2506-452 . E-mail address: [email protected] 2214-7853 © 2018 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Selection and/or Peer-review under responsibility of 3rd International Conference on Applied Physics and Materials Applications.

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selectivity for metal oxide and covalent semiconductor. Beside of that, polymer-based sensor has a limited temperature range, stability problems, long-term drift, and short lifetime [1]. Recently, the development of glass medium doped rare earth becomes more intensive due to its application in photonic devices like laser, LED, and amplifier optic materials, but less and limit be investigated for optical sensor materials. The benefits of glass are transparent, high refractive index, low melting point, and low-cost manufacture. The glass medium consists of three parts including glass former, modifier, and intermediate. Glass former has the single bond strength about 80 kcal/mol, while the single bond strength of modifier and intermediate are less than 60 kcal/mol, and between 60-80 kcal/mol respectively. Generally, glass formers are borate oxide, tellurite glass, phosphate glass, silicate glass and germinate glass. The addition of modifier and intermediate in glass former are to create the better glass network structure, especially to increase the bond strength [2]. Rare earth ion has strong luminescence in the visible until the infrared region and that is affected by the 4f-4f transitions. The optical and luminescence properties of glass medium have been investigated by [3–5]. Their investigations show that the glass medium doped rare earth is the suitable candidate for sensor material and other optoelectronic devices. In this paper, we summarize the general properties of glass medium for sensor material such as UV sensor, X-ray scintillator crystal, and optical temperature sensor. The development of glass medium used conventional method called melt and quenching technique. 2. Fabrication of glass medium The development of glass medium was prepared by the melt-quenching method as reported [6]–[7]. Raw materials such as ZnO, B2O3, Al2O3, BaO, and Er2O3 were calculated by batch calculation to satisfy the stoichiometry. All materials were mixed in the alumina crucible and stirred until homogeneity. Afterwards, they were melted in an electric furnace at 1000 0C for 3 hours and annealed at 300 0C for 3 hours to release the thermal strain of glass medium. Before annealing, the glass liquid was air quenched by pouring the glass liquid on preheated 300 0C stainless steel [8]. Finally, the glass medium was cut and polished for characterization including optical and luminescence properties. The glass medium with the composition of 20La2O3:10CaO:69P2O5:1Dy2O3 (G1) and 20La2O3:10CaF2:69P2O5:1Dy2O3 (G2) were presented in Fig. 1 and showed that developed glass is exactly transparent. The absorption spectra were measured by Shimadzu UV-3600 spectrophotometer that was used 50W halogen and deuterium lamp as the light source in the visible until near infrared region. The detectors of absorption spectra are PMT for the ultraviolet and visible region, while InGaAs photodiode and cooled PbS photoconductive element for the near-infrared region detection. The photoluminescence properties including excitation and emission spectra of glass medium were measured by fluorescence spectrophotometer (Agilent Technologies, Cary Eclipse) and xenon lamp was used as light source of the instrument.

Fig. 1. development of phosphate calcium oxide (G1) and calcium fluoride (G2) doped Dy2O3 by melt-quenching technique [9].

3. General properties of optical sensor-based on glass 3.1. Optical and photoluminescence properties Optical properties of glass medium describe the transition in the glass medium. The absorption spectra of borate glass doped 2.5 mol% Nd2O3 has been investigated by Zaman et al. The absorption spectra exhibited several

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transitions originated from 4I9/2 to upper states including 2P1/2, 2G9/2, 4G9/2, 4G7/2, 4G5/2+2G7/2, 4F9/2, 4F7/2+4S3/2, 4 F5/2+2H5/2, and 4F3/2 state. The transitions were corresponded by wavelengths such as 432 nm, 475 nm, 514 nm, 526 nm, 584 nm, 682 nm, 744 nm, 804 nm and 877 nm, respectively. The highest peak of absorption intensity occurred in the 4I9/2→4G5/2+2G7/2 transition centered at 584 nm [10]. This peak is called hypersensitive transition that obeys the selection rule |L| ≤ 2, |J| ≤ 2and S=0. The hypersensitive transition of Dy3+ doped zinc telluro-fluoroborate glasses occurred at 1271 nm due to the 6H15/2→6F11/2 transition, while the hypersensitive transition for Sm3+, Eu3+ and Er3+ was 402 nm, 2089 nm, and 980 nm due to 6H5/2→6P3/2, 7F0→7F6, and 4I5/2→2H11/2 transition, respectively. The strongest absorption band can be used for fluorescence excitation such as commercial 980 nm laser diode [11–13]. Fig. 2(a) and (b) show the excitation and emission spectra of borate glass doped 0.1 to 2.5 mol% of Dy2O3. By choosing em = 575 nm, several transition occurred from 4F9/2 state to upper state including 14H3/2, 6P3/2, 6P7/2, 4 I11/2+4P3/2, 4I3/2+4F7/2, 4G11/2, 4I15/2, and 4F9/2. On the other hand, all transitions were correlated with the wavelength of 297 nm, 325 nm, 350 nm, 364 nm, 387 nm, 426 nm, 452 nm, and 471 nm respectively. Meanwhile, the emission spectra, excited by ex = 350 nm, presented the transitions originated from 4F9/2 state to lower states such as 6H15/2, 6 H13/2, 6H11/2, and 6H9/2. All transitions were corresponded by the wavelength of 482 nm, 575 nm, 664 nm, and 752 nm. The intensity of excitation and emission spectra increased by increasing 0.1 mol% to 0.5 mol% Dy2O3. Otherwise, the intensity of excitation and emission spectra decreased from 1.0 mol% to 2.5 mol% Dy2O3, indicating the quenching concentration effect is produced in 0.5 mol% Dy2O3. In this concentration, the luminescence properties were the highest intensity among glass samples. The highest peak of emission spectra of Dy3+ doped borate oxide was 482 nm (blue region) and 575 nm (yellow region) respectively. Because of this nature, the glass medium doped Dy3+ is the potential candidate for radiation sensor as explained by [14]. One of the UV sensor applications is security ink or barcode hide detector in the food, drink, medicine package or banknote. With this sensor, the consumers can identify the authenticity of them. The material emits visible light under excited by ultraviolet light. The euro banknote has implemented the lanthanide luminescence and shows orange-red emission which is predicted from Eu3+ ion under the ultraviolet excitation [15]. (a)

(b)

Fig. 2. (a) excitation spectra of glass medium doped Dy3+ by λem=575 nm; (b) emission spectra of borate glass doped by Dy3+ under excitation wavelength of λex=350 nm [14].

Another characteristic of glass medium doped Dy3+ for radiation sensor is x-ray induced optical luminescence. This property was measured and presented in Fig. 3 (a). The voltage and current of x-ray generator were set up at 50 kV and 20 mA. The intensity of x-ray luminescence increased by increasing 0.1 mol% to 1.0 mol% Dy2O3. Oppositely, the intensity of x-ray luminescence decreased from 1.5 mol% to 2.5 mol% Dy2O3, indicating the quenching concentration effect is produced in 1.0 mol% Dy2O3. In this concentration, the emission light were stronger than other glass samples. The emission transition of x-ray luminescence was similar to emission spectra where the highest peak was 574 nm (4F9/2→6H7/2). The glass medium doped 1.0 mol% of Dy2O3 is a potential

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candidate for x-ray scintillator crystal [16] due to the emission in the visible region induced by x-ray. The glass medium converts x-ray light to visible light and emission light can be detected by a photodiode. The scintillator is extensively applied in a medical field such as PET, LINAC, mammography, and CT-scan. 3.2. Temperature dependence luminescence Temperature dependence luminescence is used to analyse the characteristic of emitted light with alteration of temperature. This is the important parameter to measure for an optical temperature sensor. Fig. 3(b) shows temperature dependence luminescence of 60Li2O-10Y2O3-(30-x)B2O3-xDy2O3 glass system, where x was varied as 0.05, 0.10, 0.50, 1.00 and 1.50 mol%. The glass medium doped Dy3+ was excited by 266 nm laser and the range of temperature condition was 10 to 300 K. From Fig. 3(b), the glass medium doped Dy3+ ion exhibited two emission light originated from 4F9/2 state to 6H15/2 (484 nm) and 6H15/2 (576 nm) state by temperature alteration. The intensity of emission light increased by decreasing temperature due to the decrease of phonon energy. It was influenced the decreasing probability of non-radiative transition in the glass medium, so the highest intensity of emission light occurred in 10 K. The 60Li2O-10Y2O3-29B2O3-1Dy2O3 (LiYBDy1.00) glass was excited by λex=266 nm [8]. (a)

(b)

Fig. 3. (a) x-ray induced optical luminescence of borate glass doped Dy3+ [16]; (b) temperature dependence luminescence of glass medium doped 0.05 mol% to 1.50 mol% Dy2O3 [8].

4. Conclusion From this review, the general properties of rare earth ion doped glass such as optical and luminescence properties have been analysed. The optical properties showed that glass medium absorbs the wavelength in the range of the ultraviolet until near infrared region. The emission spectra of Dy3+ ion doped borate glass exhibited the wavelength in the visible region under excitation λex=350 nm, so this nature can be applied to UV sensor. Meanwhile, the scintillator application can be shown from x-ray luminescence which emitted visible light by x-ray induced. The emission intensity increased by decreasing the temperature from 300 K to 10 K, indicating that the glass doped Dy3+ is potential candidate for the optical temperature sensor. Acknowledgements The author would like to thank Nakhon Pathom Rajabhat University for all facilities, Research of P3MI ITB (No. 1011/I1.C01/PL/2017) for supports, and Ministry of Research, Technology and Higher Education of the Republic of Indonesia for PMDSU scholarship (No. 328/SP2H/LT/DPRM/II/2016).

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