Global Inventory of Seismographic Networks

Global Inventory of Seismographic Networks John C. Lahr US Geological Survey, Denver, Colorado, USA

Torild Van Eck Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute, De Bilt, The Netherlands

1. Introduction An untold amount of time, effort, and resources has been devoted to the operation of regional and global seismographic (or simply, seismic) networks and the generation of earthquake catalogs during the 20th century. This chapter documents and archives basic information about most of the world's seismic networks and provides a valuable starting point for future seismotectonic and hazard studies. Each network was asked to respond to the following survey questions in order to provide important basic data, such as the duration of recording, the region monitored, the equipment used, and the seismologists and organizations involved. They were also asked to contribute a short abstract summarizing their network. Both the survey responses and the abstracts are archived as computer-readable files on the attached Handbook CD. The survey questions are listed in the next section.

2. Survey Questions The survey questions were as follows: 1. NAME: (Give the official name of your network and the dates for which it has operated, such as "Southern Alaska Seismic Network, 1971-1989.") 2. STAFF: (Include one principal author for this report and their contact information [mail and e-mail addresses, phone number]. Also list staff members who have contributed to the success of the network.)

INTERNATIONALHANDBOOKOF EARTHQUAKEAND ENGINEERINGSEISMOLOGY, VOLUME81B Copyright 9 2003 by the Int'l Assoc. Seismol. & Phys. Earth's Interior, Committee on Education. All rights of reproduction in any form reserved.

3. GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION: (Describe the area covered by your network and the approximate geographical boundaries.) 4. NETWORK CODE: (Give the FDSN, or NEIC, or similar 2-4 letter network code used in reports, if there is one.) 5. INSTITUTION(S): (List the name and address of the institution(s) operating this network. Include WWW homepage address, if any.) 6. STATIONS: (Give summary of number and type of stations in network, such as # analog short-period, # digital broad-band, # of 3-comp sites, # strong-motion. If you record stations operated and recorded by another network, mention these separately.) 7. RECORDING: (Indicate type of recording system(s). Include sample rate, dynamic range, continuous or triggered, software, and/or other characteristics.) 8. DATA ANALYSIS: (Indicate the nature of your data processing including whether your network operates an automatic location and reporting system, how quickly the data are processed and quality checked, and to whom the results are distributed.) 9. DATA AVAILABILITY: (Indicate where data and analysis results are published and/or made available to others, including catalogs, phase data, and waveform data.) 10. OTHER PRODUCTS: (Indicate any other products provided or produced by your network such as hazard maps or plans, educational

ISBN: O-12-440658-0

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Lahr and Eck

1658

TABLE 1 Seismographic Networks Listed by Country (See text for abbreviations. This table is included on the attached Handbook CD. Many items in this table have links to files on the CD, and e-mail addresses are included for each contact person.)

Network name

Years of operation

No. of stations

Approx. No. of earthquakes

Contact

Albania

Albanian Seis. Net.

1968-

sp: 11

500/yr

Betim Muco

Antarctica

Mount Erebus Volcano Obs.

1980-

sp: 10; bb: 1

600 Strombolian expl./yr

Rick Aster

Argentina

Strong Ground Motion Nat. Net. Seis. Stations Nat. Net.

19701969-

See CD See CD

15/mo

Juan Carlos Suarez Norberto Pueblo

Australia

The Seis. Research Centre Seis. Net. (SRC) South Australian (ADE)

1976-

100

300/yr

Adam Pascale

1909-

sp: 15; 3c:5

7,000 since 1940

David Love

Austria

Vienna (AGS)

1902-

lp:2; sp:5; bb:5; sm:17

Available by autoDRM

Wolfgang Lenhardt

Country

Thierry Camelbeeck

sp:28

Belgium

Belgian Seis. Net.

Bolivia

Obs. San Calixto of La Paz (OSC)

1986-

sp:9; lp:3; bb: 1

180/yr (ME > 3.5)

R. Rodolfo Ayala S~inchez

Bulgaria

Nat. Telemetered System for Seis. Info., Sofia (SOF)

1980-

sp: 14 & 2 local sp networks & MedNet: 1

1,500/yr

Rumiana Glavcheva

Canada

Nat. Seis. Net. (CN)

1897-

sp:87; bb:40; sm:56

Cape Verde Islands

Fogo Volcano Net. (VIGIL)

1999-

sp:5; bb:2

50/mo

Joao Fonseca

China (Beijing)

Nat. Net. (NSSN)

1978-

sp:63; 1p:33; bb:66

3,200/yr

Liu Ruifeng

China Digital Seis. Net. (CDSN)

1986-

bb: 11; sm:9

China (Taipei)

Broadband Array for Seismology (BATS) Taiwan Rapid Earthquake System Taiwan Seis. Net. (TSN)

1996-

bb:14; mobile: 15

3,500/yr

19951897-1991(dig.)

dig. sm:79 sp:75; bb:20; dig. sm:700

Approx. 15,000/yr

Nat. Seis. Net. (RSNC)

1993-

Seis. Net. at Galeras Volcano Obs. Nevado Del Ruiz (See Machin-Cerro) Machin-Cerro Bravo Vol. Seis. Net.

19891985-1988 1988-

sp:20; sm: 130; bb:l sp: 14; bb:4; sm: 1

Costa Rica

Nat. Seis. Net. (RSN) Arenal-Miravalles Seis. Net. (OSIVAM)

19741994-

Croatia

Croatian Seis. Net. (ZAG)

Czech Republic Denmark

Colombia

Jim Lyons

Huang Jing Honn Kao/ Bor-Shouh Hwang Yih-Min Wu Chien-Hsin Chang

2,500/yr

Anibal Ojeda/Nelson E. Pulido H. Diego M. G6mez Carlos Arturo Garzon J. Carlos Arturo Garzon J.

sp:18 sp:12; sm:4

>20,000

Wilfredo Rojas Rafael Barquero

1900-

sp:4; lp:2; sm: 14

1,541 in catalog (373 BC-1999)

Marijan Herak

Czech Nat. Seis. Net. (CNSN) Western Bohemian Net. (WEBNET)

19081992-

bb:10 sp:10

15,000 (catalog & bulletin) See survey

Jan Zednik Josef Horalek

Danish Nat. Data Center

1927-

vbb:7; sp:2

2,000/yr

Peter Voss

3,254 located in 1999

Alain Hauser

sp:15; bb:l

Republic of Djibouti

Observatoire G6ophysique d' Arta (ARTA)

1976-

sp:16

Dominican Republic

Red Sismica (INDRHI)

1978-

sp:15

Ecuador

Seis. Net. of Austro (Southern Ecuador) Seis. Net. of N. Ecuador (EPN)

19951988-

sp:7; sm:8 See CD

Nat. Seis. Net. (ENSN)

1975-

sp:51; bb:5

El Salvador

Berlin Geothermal Net. (GESAL) Central American Univ. Accelerogr. Net. (UCA)

19961984-

sp:9; sm:2 sm:10

800/yr 800/yr

Lic. Jos6 Antonio Rivas Jos6 Mauricio Cepeda

Finland

Nat. Seis. Net.

1924-

sp:13

595 since 1610

Pasi Lindblom

Egypt

Ing. Luis Odonel Gomez

2,000-5,000/yr

Ricardo Pefiaherrera Leon Alexandra Alvarado Tarek Rashad Kebeasy

(continued)

Global Inventory of Seismographic Networks

TABLE 1

1659

(continued)

Country

Network name

France

Nat. Net. of Seis. Survey (ReNaSS)

Years of operation

No. of stations sp: 106; bb:6

Approx. No. of earthquakes Local: 1,600/yr Tele.: 600/yr 700/yr

Contact Michel Granet Jean-Louis Cheminee

Piton de la Fournaise Vol. Obs. (OVPF)

1980-

sp:24

French West Indies

Soufri~re de Guadeloupe (GUAD)

1950-

sp:22

Jean-Christophe Komorowski

Germany

Net. of Seis. Station Bensberg (BNS) Seis. Obs.: Ruhr-Univ. Bochum (BUG) Baden-Wuerttemberg Seis. Net. (LEDBW) Grafenberg Array (GRF) Northrhine-Westphalia Net. (GLA NRW) Muenchen Fuerstenfeldbruck Obs. Regional Seis. Net. (GRSN) Jena Seis. Net. (MOX)

195419811893-

sp:10; lp:l; sm:8 sp:5; bb:l sp:30; sm:15

Klaus-G. Hinzen Michael L. Jost Wolfgang Bruestle

19761980-

bb:13 sp:8; sm:3

197419911900-

sp:5; bb:2 bb:16 sp:3; bb:4

Greece

Nat. Obs. of Athens (ATH) University of Thessaloniki (THE) University of Patras

196419811991-

bb:32; sp:8; sm:50 sp:16 sp:48; bb:3; sm:3

India

India Meteorological Department

1898-

sp & bb: 212; sm: 140

Iran

Khorasan Seis. Net. (KHSN) Nat. Seis. Net. (INSN) Mazandaran Digital Seis. Net. (MDSN)

20001989-

bb:6 bb:18 sp:4

Israel

Israel Seis. Net. (ISN)

1981-

sp:13; bb:8; sm:63

Italy

Friuli Accelerograph Net., Univ. of Trieste (RAF) Marchesan Seis. Net. (RSM) Reg. Seis. Net. of NW Italy (RSNI) Mediterranean Net. Rome (MEDNET) Nat. Strong Motion Net.

1995-

bb: 10; vbb:2

1978196719891972-

sp:16 sp: 11; bb:6 15 sm:235; dig. sm:79

Jamaica

Jamaica Seis. Net. (JSN)

1961-

sp: 11; bb: 1; sm:3

Japan

Aso Volcanological Lab., Kyoto University Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) Nansei-Toko Obs. for Earthquakes & Volcanoes (NOEV)

1928-

sp:31; bb:8; sm:l

19261993-

114-625 sp:ll

Local 100/yr Reg. & Tele: 1,000/yr 500 eqs./yr 8,000 expls./yr

Klaus Stammler Rolf Pelzing Eberhard Schmedes Klaus Stammler Diethelm Kaiser

3,000/yr 55,000 ML > 2.5 20,580

George Stavrakakis Basil C. Papazachos Akis Tselentis Kusala Rajendran

350/yr

Jafar Shoja-Taheri Mohammad Mokhtari Behzad Pourmohammad Rami Hofstetter

140/yr for mag. 1.5 to 5.6 500/yr 25,000

Giovanni Costa

1,600

Margaret Grandison

Giancarlo Monachesi Stefano Solarino Salvatore Mazza Paolo Marsan Yasuaki Sudo

500-75,000/yr 18,000/yr

Nobuo Hamada Toshiki Kakuta

Kuwait

KNSN

1997-

sp:7; bb: 1; 3c:8

Kyrgyz Republic

Kyrgystan Inst. of Seis. (KNET)

1927-

sp:33; lp:23; bb:7

Lithuania

Seis. Net. of Lithuania

1970-

sp:4; sm:21

Saulius Sliaupa

Macedonia

Macedonia Republic Seis. Obs. (SORM) Malaysian Seis. Net.

1957-

See CD

Lazo Pekevski

1976-

sp: 19; sm:3

Mexico

Nat. Seis. Service, Mexico (SSN) Mexico, Baja Califonia (RESNOM)

19101980-

sp:30; bb:20 sp:12; lp:l

Montenegro

Montenegro Seis. Obs. (PDG)

1982-

sp:9; bb: 1

1,500/yr

Branislav Glavatovic

Morocco

Nat. Net. (CNRM)

1937-

sp:38

400/yr

Ben Aissa Tadili

Nepal

Nat. Net. of Napal

1979-

sp:21

Netherlands

Seis. Net. of the Netherlands (SNN)

1904-

sp:12; bb:4; sm:13

500/yr

Hein Haak

New Zealand

The Seismological Obs.

1884-

sp:60; bb:4; sm:270

188,000

Terry Webb

Malaysia

Jasem A1-Awadhi See catalog

Ilyasov Bektash

Jalan Sultan 700/yr

Javier Pacheco Luis Munguia-Orozco

Gautam Umesh

(continued)

1

TABLE 1

6

6

0

L

a

h

and Eck

r

(continued) Years of operation

Country

Network name

Nicaragua

Nicaraguan Seis. Net.

Norway

Norwegian Nat. Seis. Net. (NNSN) NORSAR (NOR)

1971-

1975-1985 1992-

No. of stations

Approx. No. of earthquakes

sp:29; bb:l; sm:19 bb:5; sp:19 See CD

Contact Wilfried Strauch

4,500/yr

Jens Havskov Jan Fyen Hernando Tavera

Peru

Seis. Net. of Peru (RSNP)

1931-

sp:20; bb: 11; sm:5

Poland

Polish Seismological Net.

1986-

vbb:4; bb:l; sp:2; lp: 1

Mine blasts: 500/yr; few eqs.

Pawel Wiejacz

Portugal

Lisboa Instituto de Meteorologia (LIS) Lisboa, U. of the Azores (PDA, CVUA) Inst. Geoffsico, Univ. de Lisboa

1961-

sp: 14; mp: 14; bb: 1

4,200 since 1961

Maria Luisa Senos

1997-

sp:28; lp: 1; vlp: 1; mp:12; bb:l sp:2; bb:2; sm:l

6,200 since 1997

J. Luis Gaspar

Puerto Rico

Puerto Rico Seis. Net. (PRSN) Puerto Rico and Virgin Island Strong Motion Program (PRVISMP)

1987-

sp:16; bb:ll; sm:36

600/yr

Christa G. von Hillebrandt-Andrade

Romania

Romanian Seis. Net. (RO)

1980-

sp:17; sm:21

2,800 1984-2000

Constantin Ionescu

Russia

Teleseismic Net. of Russia (RTSN) N Caucasus Regional Seis. Net. (NCRSN) Caucasus Mineral Waters Local Seis. Net. (CMWLSN) Dagestan Local Seis. Net. (DLSN) Kamchatka Regional Seis. Net. (KRSN) Sakhalin Seis. Net. (SAKH)

19121932-

bb: 19; sp,mp,lp:24 sp:7; mp:7; bb: 1

2,500-3,000/yr 150-500/yr

Oleg Starovoit Oleg Starovoit

1982-

sp:8; bb: 1

120-140/yr

Oleg Starovoit

19801961-

sp:15; sm:7 sp:34; sm:25

1,000-2,000/yr 70,000

Marat G. Daniyalov Evgenii Gordeev

1947-

1,050/yr

Dmitry Kuznetsov

Magadan Regional Seis. Net.

1978-

sp:14; lp:9; sm:3; dig.:8 bb:2; sp:7

See CD

Baikal Regional Seis. Net. (BEMSE) Altai-Saiyan Regional Seis. Net. (ASEMSE) Yakutiya Seis. Net., (EMSP)

19011962-

sp:21 sp:20; bb:3

3,500/yr

Gounbina Larissa Vladilenovna Vladimir Naiditch Alexandr E Emanov

1956-

sp:7; bb:4

800-5,000/yr located (M > 2)

A. G. Larionov

Siovak Republic

Nat. Seis. Net. (BRA)

1902-

sp:5; mp:l; bb:l

2,000/yr

Martin Bednarik

Republic of Slovenia

Nat. Seis. Net. (LJU)

1897-

2,500/yr, 400 local

Mladen Zivcic

South Africa

AngloGOLD, west WITS OPERATIONS Nat. Seis. Net. (PRE)

early 1990s(dig.) 1949

5

2,000/day

Dragan Amidzic

sp:25; lp:2

1,000/yr

Gerhard Graham

Andalusina Net. (RSA)

1903-1983(bb) 19851986- (sp) 1996- (bb) 1898- (lp) 1996-

sp:13; bb:4; sm:12

2,500/yr

Jesus M. Ibanez

sp: 11; bb:3; sm:7 sp:9; lp:l; bb:4

200/yr 500/yr

Xavier Goula J. Martin Davila

sp:37; bb:5; sm:63 sp:3; bb:l

1,000/year

Francisco Vidal Sanchez Josep Vila

bb:6

5-10/day

Ronald Arvidsson

Spain

Catalan Seis. Net. Royal Naval Institute, San Fernando (ROA) Nat. Geographic Inst. (IGN), Spain and Canary Islands Net. Lab. of Geophysical Studies "Eduard Fontser~" Institute of Catalan Studies (CA)

Sweden

Swedish Nat. Seis. Net.

Switzerland

Swiss Seis. Net.

1984- (sp) 1995- (bb) 1994-1998(dig.) 1911-

sp:27; bb:27; sm:62

Luis Mendes-Victor

Manfred Baer

(continued)

Global Inventory of Seismographic Networks TABLE 1

1661

(continued)

Country

Network name

Years of operation

No. of stations

Approx. No. of earthquakes

Contact

Turkey

IZINET Tubitak Net.

19931993-

sp: 13 See CD

>5,000

Serif Baris Mehmet Ergin

United Kingdom

UK Seismograph Net.

1969-

sp: 162; bb:l; sm: 17

50/yr

Brian J. Baptie

United States

See below 120/yr

Venezuela

Nat. Seis. Net.

1982-

sp:14; bb:i; sm:55

Vietnam

Nat. Net. (VNSN)

1975-

sp:15

Le Tu Son

West Indies

Eastern Caribbean Seis. Net. Montserrat Vol. Obs.

19501995- (sp) 1996- (bb)

sp:27; bb:12; sm:5 sp:10; bb:4

John B. Shepherd Glenn Thompson

Zambia

Zambia Nat. Net.

sp:5; lp:l; bb:l

Daniel Lombe

United States

Pacific Tsunami Warning Center Hawaii Net., HI (PTWC) PG&E Central Coast Seis. Net. (CA) Princeton Earth Physics Project Net. (PEPP) US Nat. Seis. Net. (US) US Nat. Strong-Motion Program Net.

sp:ll; bb:l

Barry Hirshom

West Coast and Alaska Tsunami Warning Center (AT)

19861997-

19321967-

sp:20 bb:40

Herbert Rendon

Marcia McLaren Robert Phinney

140/yr

bb:34; sm:28 sm:675 (70% dig.) sp:21; lp:5; bb:2

Ray Buland Ron Porcella/ Chris Stephens Tom Sokolowski

The following United States networks are ordered by state. United States

Alaska Earthquake Info. Center, AK (AK) Southern Alaska, AK Arizona Earthquake Info. Center, AR (AR) Anza Array, CA (AZ) Berkeley Digital Seis. Net., CA (BK) Califomia Dept. of Water Resources, CA (CDWR) California Strong Motion Instrument Program (CSMIP) Northem Califomia Seis. Net., CA (NC) Southern California Seis. Net., CA (SC) Delaware Geological Survey Seis. Net., DE (DGS) Georgia Tech Seis. Net., GA (GTSN) Hawaiian Vol. Obs. Seis. Net., HI (early) (HVO) Hawaiian Vol. Obs. Seis. Net., HI (current) (HVO) Boise State Univ. Net., ID (BU) Idaho Nat. Eng. and Envi. Lab., ID (INL) Ricks College--Teton Seis. Net., ID (RC) New England Seis. Net., Boston College, MA (NE/BC) New England Seis. Net., MIT, MA (NE/MIT)

sp:191; bb:9

Roger Hansen

1971-1989

sp:50 sp:7; bb:l;

55,000 1,000

Kent Fogleman Doug Bausch

19821910-1990(dig.)

sp:l; bb:13; bb:25; sm:25

42,000 25,000

Frank Vernon Lind Gee

sp:20; sm:54

Dave Kessler

1972-

sm:600

Anthony E Shakal

1967-

sp:376; sm:26

428,000

David Oppenheimer

1932-

sp:163; bb:79; sm:10 sp:3

411,000

Kate Hutton

1971-

Stefanie Baxter

sp:6; bb: 1 1912-1985

See CD

1912-

sp:53; bb:13; sm:4 sp:19 sp:24

Tim Long 17,738 (1912-1959); 107,974 (1960-1998) 200,000

Fred Klein

250 for M > 2.8 8,500

James Zollweg Suzette Jackson Payne

m

sp:4 1975-

bb:ll sp:4; bb:l

Paul Okubo

Edmund J. Williams 5,000 500 (1980-1998) 5,000

John E. Ebel Charles Doll, Jr.

(continued)

Lahr and Eck

1662 TABLE 1

(continued)

Country

Network name

United States

Cooperative New Madrid Seis. Net., MO (NM/SLU) New Madrid, MO (BILL) Montana Regional Seis. Net., MT (MB) Central N Carolina Seis. Net., NC (SE/UNC) Los Alamos Seis. Net., NM (LANL) New Mexico Tech Seis. Net.,

Years of operation

No. of stations

1975-

sp:10; bb:6

1982-

sp: 1; bb:5 sp:31; bb:l

Approx. No. of earthquakes

Contact Robert B. Herrmann Brian J. Mitchell Michael Stickney

15,000

sp: 12; bb: 1

Chris Powell

sp:7; sm:6

Leigh House

1997-

sp:17

1,900

Rick Aster

1900-

sp: 102; bb:9

50,000

Ken Smith

1949-

sp:22; bb:6; sm:6

50/yr

Won-Young Kim

sp: 16; bb: 11; sm:30

6,800

1974-

sp:75

4,000

Christa G. von Hillebrandt-Andrade Mitchell M. Withers

19781974-

sp:17; sm:4 sp:22 sp:6; bb: 1 sp:82; bb:8; sm:2

1,100

NM (SC) W. Great Basin & S. Great Basin Seis. Nets., NV (NN/SN) Lamont-Doherty Cooperative Seis. Net., NY (LD) Puerto Rico Seis. Net., PR (PRSN) Coop. New Madrid Seis. Net. & S. Appalachian Coop. Seis. Net., TN (NM/CERI) East Tennessee Seis. Net., TN (TN) S Carolina Seis. Net. (SE/USE) West Texas Seis. Net., TX (WTSN) Univ. of Utah Reg. Seis. Net., UT (UU/WY)

Virginia Tech Reg. Seis. Net., VA (SE/BLA) Pacific Norwest Seis. Net., WA (UW)

1962-

Utah: 21,675 (1962-1998) Yellowstone: 18,512 (1984-1998)

Martin Chapman

sp:8; bb: 1 1969-

sp: 134; bb: 10; sm:16

Jeffrey W. Munsey Pradeep Talwani Diane I. Doser Susan J. Nava

88,100 (sample)

Steve Malone

T A B L E 2 Global Seismographic Networks (See text for abbreviations. This table is also placed as a computer-readable file on the attached Handbook CD. Many items in this table have links to files on the CD, and e-mail addresses are included for each contact person.) Network name

Years of operation

No. of stations

Contact

GEOSCOPE Global Seis. Net. of IRIS (GSN) CTBTO Public Seis. Net. (PSN) (GEOFON)

198219861997-

bb:28 sp:100; bb:ll9; sm:94 See CD sp:43; bb:51; sm:2 bb:39; sm:5

Genevieve Roult Rhett Butler Sergio Barrientos Steve Hammond Winfried Hanka

1993-

outreach material or training, special displays, or support functions for other organizations.) 11. NEW OR PROPOSED DEVELOPMENTS: (Indicate here planned upgrades or additions to your network, including station upgrades, new telemetry plans, new recording equipment, etc.) 12. APPROXIMATE NUMBER OF EARTHQUAKES: Give the approximate number of earthquakes you have located.

13. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS: (List agencies providing support for network.)

3. Tables of N e t w o r k S u m m a r i e s Unless otherwise noted, each network listed in Tables 1 and 2 has answered the survey questions and submitted a short abstract describing their network. The abstracts and survey answers,

Global Inventory of Seismographic Networks along with additional information from many networks, are included in full on the attached Handbook CD. Table 1 is a list of seismographic networks listed by country. Table 2 lists the global networks. The following general abbreviations are used: Approx. eqs. expl. Info. Mag (M) mo Nat. Net. No. Obs. Reg. Seis. Tele. Vol. yr

Approximate earthquakes explosion Information Magnitude month National Network Number Observatory Regional Seismographic Teleseismic Volcano year

Abbreviations for types of seismic instruments are as follows: 3c bb dig. lp mp sm sp

three-component broad band digital long period medium period strong motion short period

1663 vbb vlp

very broad band very long period

Acknowledgments We wish to thank all of the network operators that contributed to this chapter. In addition, we thank Steve Malone for compiling the information on US networks and Willie Lee for developing the concept of this summary chapter.

Editor's Note We found it very difficult to "synchronize" the information collected over a few years for this chapter with the national and institutional reports collected over the same period. Readers should also consult Chapter 79, "Centennial National and Institutional Reports: Seismology," edited by Kisslinger; Chapter 80, "Centennial National and Institutional Reports: Earthquake Engineering," edited by Cherry; and Chapter 81, "International Organization Reports to IASPEI" edited by Kisslinger. For old seismographic stations and bulletins (from the 1890s up to 1920), please see Chapter 88 by Schweitzer and Lee. For readers interested in earthquake catalogs, please see also Chapter 41, "Global Seismicity: 1900-1999," by Engdahl and Villasenor, and Chapter 42, "A List of Deadly Earthquakes in the World (1500-2000)," by Utsu. A large amount of information has been submitted by seismographic networks for this chapter. It is archived on the attached Handbook CD under the directory \87Lahr.