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Glycosphingolipids of animal tissue
GLYCOSPHINGOLIPIDS ANIMAL TISSUE
OF
ERIK M/~RTENSSON Institute of Medical Biochemistry, University of G~teborg, Medieinaregatan 9, G6teborg, Sweden
CONTENTS
Page 367
I. INTRODUCTION II. STRUCTURE AND NOMENCLATURE A. General B. Neutral glycosphingolipids 1. Monoglycosylceramides (a) Galactosylceramide (b) Glucosylceramide 2. Diglycosylceramides (a) Lactosylceramide (b) Digalactosylceramide 3. Triglycosylceramides (a) Galactosyl-galactosyl-glucosylceramide (b) N-acetylgalactosaminyl-galactosyl-glucosylceramide 4. Tetraglycosylceramides (a) N-acetylgalactosaminyl-galactosyl-galactosylglucosylceramides (b) Galactosyl-N-acetylgalactosaminyl-galactosylglucosylceramide 5. Incompletely characterized neutral oligoglycosylceramides C. Sulfatides 1. Monohexose-sulfatide 2. Dihexose-sulfatide D. Gangliosides 1. Structure 2. Nomenclature
367 367 368 368 368 370 371 371 371 371 371 372 372
III. OCCURRENCE AND QUANTITATIVE DISTRIBUTION A. General B. Organ distribution
376 376 377
365
372 372 372 373 373 373 374 374 376
366
CONTENTS C. Cellular and subcellular localization D. Species distribution E. Developmental changes
IV. FATTY ACID COMPOSITION A. General B. Neutral glycosphingolipids and sulfatides 1. Organ differences 2. Fatty acid patterns of individual glycosphingolipids C. Gangliosides D. Species differences E. Developmental changes V. METABOLISM A. Turnover studies 1. Brain glycosphingolipids (a) Studies on whole brain (b) Studies on subcellular fractions 2. Extraneural glycosphingolipids B. Biosynthesis of glycosphingolipid fatty acids C. Biosynthesis of glycosphingolipids 1. Neutral glycosphingolipids (a) Galactosylceramide (b) Glucosylceramide (c) Lactosylceramide (d) Other neutral oligoglycosylceramides 2. Sulfatides 3. Gangliosides D. Catabolic degradation of glycosphingolipids 1. Neutral glycosphingolipids (a) Tetraglycosylceramides (b) Triglycosylceramides (c) Diglycosylceramides (d) Monoglycosyleeramides 2. Sulfatides 3. Gangliosides 4. Specificity of the hydrolytic enzymes E. Metabolic pathways
Page 379 380 381 384 384 384 384 384 385 385 385 386 386 386 386 387 387 388 389 389 389 390 390 390 390 391 391 392 392 392 392 393 393 394 394 395
VI. PHYSIOLOGICAL FUNCTIONS A. Function as structural elements B. The role of gangliosides in synaptic transmission C. Immunological properties
398 398 398 399
REFERENCES
402
OF
ERIK M/~RTENSSON Institute of Medical Biochemistry, University of G~teborg, Medieinaregatan 9, G6teborg, Sweden
CONTENTS
Page 367
I. INTRODUCTION II. STRUCTURE AND NOMENCLATURE A. General B. Neutral glycosphingolipids 1. Monoglycosylceramides (a) Galactosylceramide (b) Glucosylceramide 2. Diglycosylceramides (a) Lactosylceramide (b) Digalactosylceramide 3. Triglycosylceramides (a) Galactosyl-galactosyl-glucosylceramide (b) N-acetylgalactosaminyl-galactosyl-glucosylceramide 4. Tetraglycosylceramides (a) N-acetylgalactosaminyl-galactosyl-galactosylglucosylceramides (b) Galactosyl-N-acetylgalactosaminyl-galactosylglucosylceramide 5. Incompletely characterized neutral oligoglycosylceramides C. Sulfatides 1. Monohexose-sulfatide 2. Dihexose-sulfatide D. Gangliosides 1. Structure 2. Nomenclature
367 367 368 368 368 370 371 371 371 371 371 372 372
III. OCCURRENCE AND QUANTITATIVE DISTRIBUTION A. General B. Organ distribution
376 376 377
365
372 372 372 373 373 373 374 374 376
366
CONTENTS C. Cellular and subcellular localization D. Species distribution E. Developmental changes
IV. FATTY ACID COMPOSITION A. General B. Neutral glycosphingolipids and sulfatides 1. Organ differences 2. Fatty acid patterns of individual glycosphingolipids C. Gangliosides D. Species differences E. Developmental changes V. METABOLISM A. Turnover studies 1. Brain glycosphingolipids (a) Studies on whole brain (b) Studies on subcellular fractions 2. Extraneural glycosphingolipids B. Biosynthesis of glycosphingolipid fatty acids C. Biosynthesis of glycosphingolipids 1. Neutral glycosphingolipids (a) Galactosylceramide (b) Glucosylceramide (c) Lactosylceramide (d) Other neutral oligoglycosylceramides 2. Sulfatides 3. Gangliosides D. Catabolic degradation of glycosphingolipids 1. Neutral glycosphingolipids (a) Tetraglycosylceramides (b) Triglycosylceramides (c) Diglycosylceramides (d) Monoglycosyleeramides 2. Sulfatides 3. Gangliosides 4. Specificity of the hydrolytic enzymes E. Metabolic pathways
Page 379 380 381 384 384 384 384 384 385 385 385 386 386 386 386 387 387 388 389 389 389 390 390 390 390 391 391 392 392 392 392 393 393 394 394 395
VI. PHYSIOLOGICAL FUNCTIONS A. Function as structural elements B. The role of gangliosides in synaptic transmission C. Immunological properties
398 398 398 399
REFERENCES
402