Greenhouse gas emission inventories in Europe CORINAIR 90 and 94

Energy Convers. Mgmt Vol. 37, Nos 6-8, pp. 783-788, 1996

Pergamon

0196-8904(95)00256-1

Copyright © 1996 Elsevier Science Ltd Printed in Great Britain. All rights reserved 0196-8904/96 $15.00 + 0.00

GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSION INVENTORIES

IN EUROPE CORINAIR 90 and 94

Jean-Pierre FONTELLE INTERPROFESSIONAL TECHNICAL CENTRE ON AIR POLLUTION (CITEPA) 3, RUE HENRI HEINE - 75016 PARIS - FRANCE

Abstract - Air emission inventories in Europe have been developed under CORINAIR programme since 1985. Results of the last inventory relating to 1990 .are now available. The methodology !s ".maprgvedto tit with current Eur0_. ~ needs on air enusslon inventory and will be applied to me next CORINAIR inventory relating to 1994 for which the main characteristics are presented.

1 - INTRODUCTION CORINAIR inventories were initiated in the frame of the CORINE programme of the European Communities in 1985 [1] to produce European emission inventories into the atmosphere. CORINAIR 90 supported by the European Environment Agency Task Force covers 30 countries and 8 pollutants (cf. table 1) [2]. Now the European Environment Agency(EEA) intends to continue with this inventory work and has set up a Topic Centre an Air Emissions ~TC/AEM). Tl].e next inventory will be compiled in 1996 for the ref&ence year 1994 and will be updated every year at the national level [3]. It is intended to satisfy all .European needs on air emission inventories. At present the major activities and legal instruments requmng mr emissions reporting are : • • • • • • • • •

EEA needs of the Workprogramme. UNECE Long Range Transboundary Air Pollution Convention. EMEP model. PARCOM and HELCOM. EU CO2 monitoring mechanism. EU Large Combustion Plant Directive. EU VOC Directive (at present draft). UN Framework Convention on Climate Change. and eventually other needs relating to economical, modelling, national and local considerations, air quality, integrated emission inventory, ...

2 - CURRENT CORINAIR METHODOLOGY 2.1 - I n v e n t o r y A i m s

The approach should be to prioritise data requirements and to meet different needs on different timescales. These priorities can be described as follows :

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GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSION INVENTORIES IN EUROPE

Table I : CORINAIR 90 ANTHROPIC EMISSIONS (units Gg/y = kt/y except CO2 Tg/y = MtJy) on 12

l.ox l..vocl c., I BELGIUM 316,7 343~2 GERMANY 5256~8 2979T7 DENMARK 197~8 273,3 SPAIN 2205~6 1247T4 FRANCE 1297r9 1584,6 GREEGE 640,2 542,8 IRELAND 177,9 11517 ITALY 1683,4 2041r3 LUXEMBURG 14T3 23~1 NETHERLANDS 201,2 561,0 PORTUGAL 282~6 215,3 UNITEDKINGDOM 3786.,8 2773~2 E.U. 12 J 1656121 12700,7 AUSTRIA FINLAND SWEDEN

E.U. 15 NORWAY SWITZERLAND(p) BULGARIA CZECHREP. HUNGARY POLAND ROMANIA SLOVAKIA ESTONIA LATVIA LITHUANIA MALTA SLOVENIA

AIIcountries (p) provisional data

I

38419 2938~6 169,1 t11818 2403,7 324,9 180,4 2395,8 18,7 456,8 205,8 2602~0 13177,,5]

I co I

354,6 7816 6066,1 739,3 407,3 126,2 2141v9 330,8 2847,1 700,2 935,9 471,3 796,1 128,2 3636,9 382,9 23,8 7,5 9t7~5 195,5 254,1 92,9 3389~1 458~1 21770,3J 3719,4J

1220~7 10531,8 789,3 4950~7 t0738~2 1143,2 431,1 9268,6 171~2 1080r3 1086,1 6701,2 48110,3

i.,o 103~4 1011~2 56,0 279~4 373~0 74,4 31,6 440,6 11,1 159~3 47,3 580,5 3167,8J

92,5 226,7 419~0 651T2 65T6 1692,5 52,8 226,9 268,5 165,3 424,2 41,1 452,6 54,6 104r9 345~1 451~3 415f8 73w9 1345,4 56m0 16465'61 13541,01 14213,1[ 23261,41 3920,9 51600,91 3361,2I 53,6 44,1 2008,2 1652~6 905,4 3273,2 1311,5 542,1 275,1 114,6 222,5 6,t 195fl

232,4 153~8 361,1 772,6 191,3 1445r2 546,4 226,6 72,4 93T4 157,7 11,6 56~7

269,9 296 9 217,6 253,4 148,0 1005,1! 618,9 149,9 49,8 49,0 111,4 4,5 34T9

281T5 344,0 567,2 1457,2 571,5 5715T5 1864,7 323,2 Bt ,4 160,5 227,9 9,0 123r9

38,2 65~7 323,7 90,8 61,7 538~6 300,1 59,9 28,9 38~0 84,0 5,5 20T9

950,5 704,5 890~4 1044~0 767,5 7370v9 3187,7 500,8 346,7 389,9 520,6 23,1 76v7

95

34,4 47,0 90,9 156w5 59,9 401,6 171~1 50,6 29~7 16,4 34~5 2~2 12,6

22~2 214~8 10,3 94r3 16619 23,6 42,2 115,5 0,6 17~4 37~9 169T9 915,8 5~4 13,8 14141

~,~

15,5 9~1 35~." 45~.¢ 21,.= 133r3 72,7 18,~ 4,1 4,¢ 11,( 0~1 5fl

[273o0,61 17672,61 17422,61 ~5009,01 ~65,01 e~4,11 44~,71 1~,0~

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1. Essential data. This is the most important information that must be included in any inventory produced by the EEA. 2. Desirable data. These data items should be included but their priority is lower. These are items that will become available on a longer time frame. For example, the full documentation of an inventory is required but can be published after the results become available. 3. Useful data. Some items of data would be useful to have but are not necessary to the overall project. For example, all the details of a power plants boilers are not needed at the European level and so this data would be useful but not essential or desirable. The aim for inventories is to be complete, consistent and transparent. These are defined as : "Complete". This means that the inventory should include all sources of each pollutant. In an absolute sense we can never be certain that all sources are included, but we must aim to be as complete as possible. Any source we can find must be included. However it is clearly most important to expend most effort on significant sources and not to spend a lot of time on sources that will not affect the result significantly. "Consistent". Each contribution to the final inventory should be comparable between countries. It is important that differences between countries reflect reality. Thus differences between countries in emission factors or methodologies should reflect actual differences, for example in the emission rates, technology, control or operation. This does not mean that identical methodologies need to be used by all countries. "Transparent". In order to demonstrate that a inventory is complete and comparable it must be transparent. The IPCC states that "enough data should be provided to allow a third party to reconstruct the inventory from national activity data and assumptions". This does not imply that the emission factors should be identical in each country, nor that the same methodologies should be used. Transparency can exist even if each country uses completely different database systems. It is clear that there is a fourth requirement, they must be timely. This is perhaps the most important requirement of all, as inventory data must he produced in time to be useful to policy makers. This requirement may conflict with some of the above. Timeliness, Consistency, Completeness are essential. A desirable requirement is to be transparent.

2.2- Principles [4] Any source of pollutant can be expressed as : belonging to one economical sector specified by operations, using machines/technologies generally involving products/fuels. Each of these four components may be split when necessary for considering relevant details. Emissions are calculated by the mean of the following formula.

E = :~

[ A,j,k iJ,k

[ ~: Fj~, I

P,,j,k,, ] ]

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with

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E total emission for one pollutant A activity rate F emission factor P fraction of sector, activity, fuel and technology i economic sector j source type k fuel type 1 technology type (including control device).

The main emitters, so called Large Point Sources (LPS) are considered on an individual basis while others are considered as area sources. LPS are defined according to specifications in term of plant size and/or amount of pollutant exhausted. With regard to geographical aspect, emissions are determined by using bottom-up and top-down approaches. Both are practicable in CORINAIR and generally used in CORINAIR inventories depending on activities. The CORINAIR methodology flowsheet is presented by figure 1 and the data collection process by figure 2. It is to be noticed that an energy balance module allows to reinforce the consistency of data and the reliability of emission estimations. The use of a relevant database structure enables common data treatments, checking and validation. A special software is possibly usable. The CORINAIR soRware meets the requirements to provide relevant inventory data. Nevertheless, da_ta way be also transferred from national inventory systems to EEA COR1NAIR database. The revision of CORINAIR 90 software [5] is in progress. First results of the CORINAIR 94 inventory will be available in 1996. Its specifications compared with those of CORINAIR 90 are listed in table 2. It is intended to achieve a national CORINAIR inventory every year and a spatially disaggregated inventory every five years in harmonization with EMEP.. Table 2 - CORINAIR 90 and 94 main specifications CORINAIR 90

Substances

SO2, NOx, NMVOC, CH4 CO, CO2, N20, NH3

Geographical coverage Geographical resolution Temporal resolution Source category

30 countries in Europe and probably more EUROSTAT NUTS level HI or equivalent civil year 240 items classified in 11 groups Harmonisation with UNECE/EMEP

CORINAIR 94

SO2, NOx, NMVOC, CH4 CO, CO2, N20, NH3 + 9 heavy metals (As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb, Se, Zn) + 9 Persistent Organic Pollutants

(POPs)

Types of sources

Area + Large Point Sources

~(> 2000)

30 countries in Europe and probably more EUROSTAT NUTS level III or equivalent

civilyear 350 items classified in 11 groups Harmonisation with UNECE/EMEP and compatibility with IPCC Area + Large Point Sources

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I

-EB-

ENERGY BALANCE

(energyconsumptionbyfuels and economicalsectors) /

LPS outputs

NI AT(IegsL. ~e ! v~~ti~Eirl

nationalle~1---vel II

°u'°uts

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!ATA I- -~ °! -wh-ich- - -' l

I

COmpletion

~r

~I'NA F

-NDASNATIONAL DETAILED AREA SOURCES DATA

LARGE POINT

(moredetailedthanNAD, morecountryspecific).

+

t

-LPSD-

SOURCES DATA

L

BUF

{~ DIRECTINPUT] '/ALLOCATION~ r (topdown SURROGATE approach). DATA [AREA SOURCES DATA ,

(according to definitions).

(~-~oottom-up approach) ~

~

F TERRITORIAL UNIT DATA / EMISSIONS

~. spatial outputs

NAF : national aggregation fonction BUF ' bottom -up fonction Fig. 1. Overview flowsheet of air emission inventory model.

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NATIONAL DATA

]

I I

I CORINAIR SOFTWARE

[=--

.... AREA

LARGE POINT

="--]

EEA]CORINAIR Database Use of CORINAIR system Direct data transfer into EENCORINAIR Database Fig. 2. Data Collection Process of Air Emission Invemory REFERENCES

1 - CORINAIR lnventaire des 6missions de dioxyde de soufre, d'oxyde d'azote et de compos6s organiques volatils clans la Communaut6 Europ6enne en 1985 - Technical annexes - volumes I and 2 European Commission 1995 -

2 - CORINAIR 90 RESULTS European Topic Centre on Air Emissions European Environment Agency Topic Report (to be edited) 3 - Review of CORINAIR 90 Proposal for Air Emissions 94 European Topic Centre on Air Emissions - March 1995 European Environment Agency Topic Report 1995/1, Document EEA/049/95 4 - Recommendations for revised data system for air emission inventories European Topic Centre on Air Emissions - June 1995 European Environment Agency Topic Report 1 9 9 5 / 2 - Document EEA/050/95 5 - CORINAIR SOFTWARE Instructions for use - Version 5.13 CITEPA - September 1992