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Growth and Feed Efficiency Studies with Broilers.
Research Notes GROWTH AND FEED EFFICIENCY STUDIES WITH BROILERS. 2. GROSS WATER CONSUMPTION IN RELATION TO T H E LEVEL OF SOYBEAN OIL MEAL IN THE RATION W. A. GLISTA AND H. M. SCOTT Illinois Agricultural Experiment Station, Division of Poultry Husbandry (Received for publication June 11, 1949)
Forty crossbred day-old female chicks (New Hampshire male X Barred Plymouth Rock female) were used in each experimental lot. The rations fed are shown in Table 1 and are calculated to contain approximately 21 percent protein, 1.3 percent calcium and 1 percent phosphorus. The chicks were confined to electrically-heated starting batteries for four weeks and moved to unheated intermediate batteries for the remainder of the eight-week growth period. The room temperature was maintained at approxi-
mately 70° F. Feed and water were supplied ad libitum. The data on water consumption are not corrected for evaporation since the amount lost in this manner is small and would apply equally well to all lots. The data show that there was a positive correlation between the level of soybean oil meal included in the ration and the water that was consumed. However, not until after the level of soybean oil meal exceeded 15 percent did the water consumption become exaggerated. For example, the average daily consumption of water per chick for the six to eight week period was 105 ml. in Lot 1 and 140 ml. in Lot 4. These values are equivalent to 2.8 and 3.7 gal./lOO chicks/day and are within the range found by others for a similar period as summarized by Eley and Hoffmann. For the same period the chicks fed the 15 percent soybean ration consumed an average of 116 ml. of water per day. Over the eight week growing period the water/feed ratios were 1.98:1 (Lots 1, 2 and 3) and 2.24:1 (Lot 4). A possible explanation of the results with Lot 4 may be that above a certain level of soybean oil meal an added increment of water is required to metabolize and excrete the nitrogen of dietary origin. A calculation on the data of Ely and Hoffmann shows average values of 1.7:1 in the spring and 2.2:1 later in the season. Their diet contained 747
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at Northern Arizona University on May 31, 2015
In the course of growth and efficiency studies with broilers, it was noted that as the level of soybean oil meal in the diet was increased, water consumption rose. Recently, Eley and Hoffmann (1949) have reviewed the literature on water consumption and elimination in poultry. Their report deals with the influence of feed particle size. More recently, James and Wheeler (1949), in a note on the effect of protein level on water consumption, interpret their results as indicating that the amount of water consumed varies almost directly with the percent of protein in the diet. Barlow, Slinger and Zimmer (1948) and Kare and Biely (1948) have clearly shown the effect of sodium chloride level in the diet on water consumption. The present study was undertaken to determine what effect the level of soybean oil meal in the diet has on the water consumption of growing chicks.
748
RESEARCH NOTES TABLE 1.—Composition of rations Lot number Ingredients 1
—
•
1.00 4.00 3.00 2.00 0.15
— —
0.025 900 mg. 36 gm. 227 mg.
at least 3 percent less protein and the birds were older than the stock used in our experiment. The birds in all lots were very much alike in growth rate and activity. Theoretically, Lot 4 with its slightly lower body weight and lower maintenance requirement of water should have consumed the least water. As the level of soybean oil meal in the diet was increased, feed consumption was greater, feed efficiency was lowered and water consumption increased. This perhaps reflects the lower biological value of the protein mixture and additional water required in the metabolism of this protein. More fecal material was voided as the level of soybean oil meal in the diet was increased. Although the excreta did not appear to be more moist on
3 lb. 63.03 9.00 15.00 1.00 4.00 3.00 2.00 0.15 0.60 1.70 0.025 900 mg. 36 gm. 227 mg.
lb. 66.20 14.50 7.50 1.00 4.00 3.00 2.00 . 0.15 0.33 0.80 0.025 900 mg. 36 gm. 227 mg.
4 lb. 55.21
—
30.00 . 1.00 4.00 3.00 2.00 0.15 1.10 3.02 0.025 900 gm. 36 gm. 227 mg.
the higher levels, the total amount of water excreted would be greater as the uric acid and fecal output increased. The protein source as well as level in the diet should not be overlooked in water consumption studies with poultry. These factors as well as the level of salt in the diet should be considered in the recent observations on "wet litter" in poultry houses. SUMMARY
A study was made of the influence of soybean oil meal level (0-30%) in the diet on water consumption of pullet chicks from hatching to eight weeks of age. The data indicate that, under the conditions of this experiment, increasing the level of soybean oil meal in the diet will increase water consumption.
TABLE 2.—Growth, feed and water summary Lot number Period
Average/chick
0-8 wks.
Water consumption (ml.) Feed consumption (gms.) ml. water/gm. feed 8 week wt. (gms.) 8 week feed efficiency1
1
gm. gain/gm. feed consumed.
1
2
3
4
3,646 1,868 1.95
3,781 1,901 1.99
3,898 1,939 2.01
4,604 2,053 2.24
868 0.403
861 0.414
863 0.399
828 0.378
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at Northern Arizona University on May 31, 2015
Ground yellow corn Fishmeal (60% Menhaden) Soybean oil meal (44%) Alfalfa leaf meal Corn distillers' grain solubles Dried brewers' yeast Condensed fish solubles A and D feeding oil (800D-2.000A) Limestone Dicalcium phosphate Manganese sulfate Nicotinic acid Choline chloride Riboflavin
2
lb. 69.32 20.00
RESEARCH NOTES REFERENCES
Barlow, J. S., S. J. Sljnger and R. P. Zimmer, 1948. The reaction of growing chicks to diets varying in sodium chloride content. Poultry Sci. 27: 542552. Eley, C. P. and E. Hoffmann, 1949. Feed particle size as a factor in water consumption and elimination. Poultry Sci. 28: 215-222.
749
James, E. C. and R. S. Wheeler, 1949. Relation of dietary protein content to water intake, water elimination and amount of cloacal excreta produced by growing chickens. Poultry Sci. 28:465467. Kare, M. R. and J. Biely, 1948. The toxicity of sodium chloride and its relation to water intake in baby chjcks. Poultry Sci. 27: 751-758.
M. B. GILLIS AND L. C. NORRIS Agricultural Experiment Station and School of Nutrition, Cornell University, Ithaca, N. Y. (Received for publication July 27, 1949)
A further study has been made to comIn a previous communication Gillis and Norris (1949) showed that certain types pare the methyl-sparing activity of the of practical chick rations are significantly APF concentrate and purified Bi2.preparaimproved by the addition of betaine or tions with crystalline vitamin Bi2. The recholine. However, when the basal diet sults of the study are presented in this contained 0.15% of an animal protein report. factor (APF) concentrate (Wilson and White Leghorn chicks hatched from Company's liver paste) no further re- hens fed a diet containing no animal prosponse was obtained by adding betaine or tein were used in this experiment. They choline. The APF concentrate used in this were placed on the experimental diets work contained approximately 17 micro- when one day old. The lots receiving grams of vitamin B12 per gram. The as- crystalline vitamin Bi2 contained 5 chicks sumption was made that either this vita- each, while all other lots were started with min or some unidentified component of 20 chicks. Mortality, which was normal the APF complex exerted a sparing action for chicks from the source used in this exon the chick's requirement for labile periment, was confined almost entirely methyl groups. The amount of APF con- to the first week and was probably unrecentrate used supplied only 0.0018% lated to the experimental treatments. The choline in the diet. A report of a prelim- purified vitamin B12 fed certain lots was inary experiment in which a purified vita- prepared in our laboratory from liver min B12 preparation was found to have the fractions by the counter current distribusame effect as the APF concentrate was tion procedure developed by Craig (1944). made at the Informal Conference on The chicks which received crystalline Poultry Nutrition held at Detroit, April vitamin B i2 (Merck's Cobione) were each 18, 1949, in connection with the annual injected intramuscularly with one micromeeting of the Federation of the Societies gram of this vitamin when 3 days old and for Experimental Biology. again at the end of the third week. 1
Supported in part by a grant-in-aid from the International Minerals and Chemical Corporation, Chicago, Illinois.
The basal diet had the following percentage composition: yellow corn meal 55.5, 50 percent protein soybean meal
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at Northern Arizona University on May 31, 2015
VITAMIN B12 AND THE REQUIREMENT OF THE CHICK FOR METHYLATING COMPOUNDS 1
Forty crossbred day-old female chicks (New Hampshire male X Barred Plymouth Rock female) were used in each experimental lot. The rations fed are shown in Table 1 and are calculated to contain approximately 21 percent protein, 1.3 percent calcium and 1 percent phosphorus. The chicks were confined to electrically-heated starting batteries for four weeks and moved to unheated intermediate batteries for the remainder of the eight-week growth period. The room temperature was maintained at approxi-
mately 70° F. Feed and water were supplied ad libitum. The data on water consumption are not corrected for evaporation since the amount lost in this manner is small and would apply equally well to all lots. The data show that there was a positive correlation between the level of soybean oil meal included in the ration and the water that was consumed. However, not until after the level of soybean oil meal exceeded 15 percent did the water consumption become exaggerated. For example, the average daily consumption of water per chick for the six to eight week period was 105 ml. in Lot 1 and 140 ml. in Lot 4. These values are equivalent to 2.8 and 3.7 gal./lOO chicks/day and are within the range found by others for a similar period as summarized by Eley and Hoffmann. For the same period the chicks fed the 15 percent soybean ration consumed an average of 116 ml. of water per day. Over the eight week growing period the water/feed ratios were 1.98:1 (Lots 1, 2 and 3) and 2.24:1 (Lot 4). A possible explanation of the results with Lot 4 may be that above a certain level of soybean oil meal an added increment of water is required to metabolize and excrete the nitrogen of dietary origin. A calculation on the data of Ely and Hoffmann shows average values of 1.7:1 in the spring and 2.2:1 later in the season. Their diet contained 747
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at Northern Arizona University on May 31, 2015
In the course of growth and efficiency studies with broilers, it was noted that as the level of soybean oil meal in the diet was increased, water consumption rose. Recently, Eley and Hoffmann (1949) have reviewed the literature on water consumption and elimination in poultry. Their report deals with the influence of feed particle size. More recently, James and Wheeler (1949), in a note on the effect of protein level on water consumption, interpret their results as indicating that the amount of water consumed varies almost directly with the percent of protein in the diet. Barlow, Slinger and Zimmer (1948) and Kare and Biely (1948) have clearly shown the effect of sodium chloride level in the diet on water consumption. The present study was undertaken to determine what effect the level of soybean oil meal in the diet has on the water consumption of growing chicks.
748
RESEARCH NOTES TABLE 1.—Composition of rations Lot number Ingredients 1
—
•
1.00 4.00 3.00 2.00 0.15
— —
0.025 900 mg. 36 gm. 227 mg.
at least 3 percent less protein and the birds were older than the stock used in our experiment. The birds in all lots were very much alike in growth rate and activity. Theoretically, Lot 4 with its slightly lower body weight and lower maintenance requirement of water should have consumed the least water. As the level of soybean oil meal in the diet was increased, feed consumption was greater, feed efficiency was lowered and water consumption increased. This perhaps reflects the lower biological value of the protein mixture and additional water required in the metabolism of this protein. More fecal material was voided as the level of soybean oil meal in the diet was increased. Although the excreta did not appear to be more moist on
3 lb. 63.03 9.00 15.00 1.00 4.00 3.00 2.00 0.15 0.60 1.70 0.025 900 mg. 36 gm. 227 mg.
lb. 66.20 14.50 7.50 1.00 4.00 3.00 2.00 . 0.15 0.33 0.80 0.025 900 mg. 36 gm. 227 mg.
4 lb. 55.21
—
30.00 . 1.00 4.00 3.00 2.00 0.15 1.10 3.02 0.025 900 gm. 36 gm. 227 mg.
the higher levels, the total amount of water excreted would be greater as the uric acid and fecal output increased. The protein source as well as level in the diet should not be overlooked in water consumption studies with poultry. These factors as well as the level of salt in the diet should be considered in the recent observations on "wet litter" in poultry houses. SUMMARY
A study was made of the influence of soybean oil meal level (0-30%) in the diet on water consumption of pullet chicks from hatching to eight weeks of age. The data indicate that, under the conditions of this experiment, increasing the level of soybean oil meal in the diet will increase water consumption.
TABLE 2.—Growth, feed and water summary Lot number Period
Average/chick
0-8 wks.
Water consumption (ml.) Feed consumption (gms.) ml. water/gm. feed 8 week wt. (gms.) 8 week feed efficiency1
1
gm. gain/gm. feed consumed.
1
2
3
4
3,646 1,868 1.95
3,781 1,901 1.99
3,898 1,939 2.01
4,604 2,053 2.24
868 0.403
861 0.414
863 0.399
828 0.378
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at Northern Arizona University on May 31, 2015
Ground yellow corn Fishmeal (60% Menhaden) Soybean oil meal (44%) Alfalfa leaf meal Corn distillers' grain solubles Dried brewers' yeast Condensed fish solubles A and D feeding oil (800D-2.000A) Limestone Dicalcium phosphate Manganese sulfate Nicotinic acid Choline chloride Riboflavin
2
lb. 69.32 20.00
RESEARCH NOTES REFERENCES
Barlow, J. S., S. J. Sljnger and R. P. Zimmer, 1948. The reaction of growing chicks to diets varying in sodium chloride content. Poultry Sci. 27: 542552. Eley, C. P. and E. Hoffmann, 1949. Feed particle size as a factor in water consumption and elimination. Poultry Sci. 28: 215-222.
749
James, E. C. and R. S. Wheeler, 1949. Relation of dietary protein content to water intake, water elimination and amount of cloacal excreta produced by growing chickens. Poultry Sci. 28:465467. Kare, M. R. and J. Biely, 1948. The toxicity of sodium chloride and its relation to water intake in baby chjcks. Poultry Sci. 27: 751-758.
M. B. GILLIS AND L. C. NORRIS Agricultural Experiment Station and School of Nutrition, Cornell University, Ithaca, N. Y. (Received for publication July 27, 1949)
A further study has been made to comIn a previous communication Gillis and Norris (1949) showed that certain types pare the methyl-sparing activity of the of practical chick rations are significantly APF concentrate and purified Bi2.preparaimproved by the addition of betaine or tions with crystalline vitamin Bi2. The recholine. However, when the basal diet sults of the study are presented in this contained 0.15% of an animal protein report. factor (APF) concentrate (Wilson and White Leghorn chicks hatched from Company's liver paste) no further re- hens fed a diet containing no animal prosponse was obtained by adding betaine or tein were used in this experiment. They choline. The APF concentrate used in this were placed on the experimental diets work contained approximately 17 micro- when one day old. The lots receiving grams of vitamin B12 per gram. The as- crystalline vitamin Bi2 contained 5 chicks sumption was made that either this vita- each, while all other lots were started with min or some unidentified component of 20 chicks. Mortality, which was normal the APF complex exerted a sparing action for chicks from the source used in this exon the chick's requirement for labile periment, was confined almost entirely methyl groups. The amount of APF con- to the first week and was probably unrecentrate used supplied only 0.0018% lated to the experimental treatments. The choline in the diet. A report of a prelim- purified vitamin B12 fed certain lots was inary experiment in which a purified vita- prepared in our laboratory from liver min B12 preparation was found to have the fractions by the counter current distribusame effect as the APF concentrate was tion procedure developed by Craig (1944). made at the Informal Conference on The chicks which received crystalline Poultry Nutrition held at Detroit, April vitamin B i2 (Merck's Cobione) were each 18, 1949, in connection with the annual injected intramuscularly with one micromeeting of the Federation of the Societies gram of this vitamin when 3 days old and for Experimental Biology. again at the end of the third week. 1
Supported in part by a grant-in-aid from the International Minerals and Chemical Corporation, Chicago, Illinois.
The basal diet had the following percentage composition: yellow corn meal 55.5, 50 percent protein soybean meal
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at Northern Arizona University on May 31, 2015
VITAMIN B12 AND THE REQUIREMENT OF THE CHICK FOR METHYLATING COMPOUNDS 1