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Growth rate and carcass characteristics of pigs fed on diets containing palm kernel cake
ANIMAL FEED SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
ELSEVIER
Animal Feed Science Technology6 1( 1996) 167- I72
Growth rate and carcass characteristics of pigs fed on diets containing palm kernel cake S.W.A. Rhule Animal Reseurch Institute, P.O. Box 20, Achimota, Gharur
Accepted 28 November 1995
Abstract Fifty-six Large White pigs were fed from 25 to 90 kg liveweight on diets containing palm kernel cake (PKC) at 0,200, 300 and 400 g kg-’ inclusion levels. The average daily gains (ADG) in liveweight by the pigs during the grower phase were 0.47, 0.46, 0.39 and 0.40 kg on the 0, 200, 300 and 400 g kg-’ PKC diets. These were significantly (P < 0.05) different. The corresponding ADGs during the finisher phase were 0.45, 0.45, 0.46 and 0.42 kg. The differences were not statistically different. Feed conversion ratios were 3.84, 3.85, 4.32 and 4.50 kg feed kg-’ weight gain on the 0, 200, 300 and 400 g kg- ’ PKC diets (grower phase) and 6.7 1, 6.2 I, 6.11 and 6.62 kg feed kg - ’ weight gain (finisher phase). Dressing percentage was significantly (P < 0.05) reduced from 69.5 to 67.1 with increasing level of PKC in the diet. Back fat thickness was not significantly affected by level of PKC in the diet. Eye muscle area was significantly (P < 0.05) reduced from 43.3 cm* to 33.9 cm* with increasing level of PKC in the diet. Weights of joints and cuts, expressed as proportion of the carcass weight, showed a significant (P < 0.05) decrease with the weight of the hand as PKC increased in the diet. Keywords:
Pig, finishing;
Pig, growing;
Palm kernel meal
1. Introduction
Provision of adequate feed is the major constraint on pig production in many countries such as Ghana. The main portions of the feed, sources of energy and protein, are very expensive and not available consistently. To reduce the cost of feed, attempts have been made to use alternative sources of protein and energy. These have mostly been by-products of agro-based industries. Palm kernel cake (PKC) is a by-product of oil extraction from the palm nut. It is abundant in the tropical areas of the world and 0377-84O1/96/$15OO Copyright SSDl O377-8401(95)00934-S
0 1996 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
168
S.WA. Rhule/Animul
Feed Science Technology 61 (19%)
167-172
attempts have been made to feed it to livestock (Armas and Chicco, 1977; Hutagalung et al., 1982; Yeong, 1983; Abu et al., 1984; Yusoff, 1985). However, it has found limited use in pig feeding because of its high fibre content, low palatability and low availability of amino acids and energy (Hutagalung et al., 1982; McDonald et al., 1988; Duran et al., 1990). It has an amino acid availability of 74.4% and is deficient in lysine and methionine (Armas and Chicco, 1977; Yeong, 1983). The optimum level of inclusion of PKC in pig diets has been suggested as 200 g kg-’ (McDonald et al., 1988). In view of the severe constraint of scarcity of feed placed on pig production, this project was undertaken to determine the influence of higher levels of inclusion of PKC in the diet on the growth and carcass characteristics of grower-finisher pigs.
2. Materials and methods 2.1. Animals Fifty-six Large White pigs with an average liveweight of 25 kg were assigned to four treatments according to a completely randomised design with 14 pigs to a treatment. There were equal numbers of intact males and females to a treatment. Pigs on each treatment were grouped by sex. There were seven pigs in a pen and two pens to a treatment. 2.2. Treatments The four dietary treatments incorporated PKC at levels of 0,200,300 and 400 g kg- ’ into diets based mainly on maize, wheat bran and fish meal. The PKC used in this study contained 90 g kg-’ moisture, 44 g kg-’ ash, 137 g kg-’ crude protein, 139 g kg-’ ether extract and 90 g kg-’ crude fibre. This was obtained from a commercial oil mill. The diets were formulated to be as similar as possible in chemical composition (Table 1) and according to the National Research Council nutrient requirements for pigs (NRC, 1979). 2.3. Feeding The pigs on a diet were kept and fed in a group. They were fed once daily. The diet was fed wet in a feed/water ratio of 1:2. Any feed left over was carefully removed and weighed. Water for drinking was provided ad libitum. 2.4. Management The pigs were weighed individually at the start of the treatment and thereafter weekly. The feed allowance was adjusted accordingly. The pigs were fed the grower diets until they attained about 55 kg liveweight. They were then fed the corresponding finisher diets until slaughter at about 90 kg liveweight.
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Feed Science Technology 61 (19%)
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169
2.5. Carcass measurements Pigs attaining 90 kg at the weekly weighing were weighed again the next morning and slaughtered. The weight of the empty carcass was recorded. Then the carcass was chilled for 24 h. The head was removed and the body split in two by sawing along the vertebral column. The left side of the carcass was used for the various measurements according to the procedure of the Meat and Livestock Commission (1980). Measurements taken were carcass length, fat depth at the shoulder, loin and PI; width (A) and depth (B) used to calculate the eye muscle area, and the weight of the various cuts. 2.6. Analyses The chemical analysis of the diets followed the procedures of ADAS (1973). The results were analysed statistically by ANOVA and regression analysis (Snedecor and Cochran, 1972). When significantly different, means were compared using Duncan’s multiple range test (Steel and Torrie, 1960).
Table 1 Analysis of grower and finisher pig diets containing palm kernel cake Level of PKC (g kg- ’) 0
200
300
107 51 154 36 51 11.0 6
108 47 145 41 55 10.2 5.1
98 48 141 48 59 9.3 5.7
47 135 56 64 9.8 5.3
6.7 3.0 5.6
6.5 2.9 5.7
6.5 3.1 6.0
6.4 3.0 6.1
105 43 134 42 55 7.5 5.3
98 43 128 50 57 8.2 6.2
92 45 130 54 61 8.6 5.4
101 45 127 57 64 4.3 5.2
5.1 2.4 4.9
5.2 2.5 5.2
5.6 2.7 5.5
5.6 2.7 5.6
400
Grower diets
Determined analysis Moisture Ash Protein Ether extract Crude tibre Calcium Phosphorus Calculated analysis Lysine Methionine Methionine + cystine
99
Finisher diets
Determined analysis Moisture Asb Protein Ether extract Crude fibre Calcium Phosphorus Calculated analysis Lysine Methionine Methionine + cystine
170
XWA.
Rhule/Animal
Feed Science Technology 61 (1996) 167-172
3. Results and discussion
The composition of the PKC used for this study was similar to that reported by Jegede et al., 1994. Both the crude fibre and ether extract contents of the diets increased with increasing levels of PKC. The crude protein content was similar for all the grower PKC diets. The finisher PKC diets also had similar crude protein contents. Average daily gains of the grower pigs on 0 g kg-’ PKC and 200 g kg-’ PKC were similar and significantly higher (P < 0.05) than with the 300 g kg-’ PKC diet, which were in turn similar to those with the 400 g kg- ’ PKC diet. The regression of diet (X) on average daily gain (Y) for the grower period was Y = 0.5O@E = 0.02) - 0.03 X(SE = 0.01) (P < 0.05). There was a decreasing trend in the lysine content with increasing level of PKC in the diet at the grower phase. The crude fibre increased with increasing level of PKC in the diet. Availability of amino acids in PKC was found to be about 74.4% (Yeong, 1983). The lysine content of the diets could be considered low (Bourdon and Henry, 1986; Homb and Matre, 1989). However, they were adequate compared to values of the NRC (1979). The levels of sulphur-containing amino acids in the diets could be considered adequate (NRC, 1979; Stupak, 1981; McDonald et al., 1988). The increasing crude fibre levels in the diets could be expected to reduce their digestibility, leading to low availability of the amino acids and energy of the diets as had been observed by Baird et al. (1970), Hutagalung et al. (1982), Stanogias and Pearce (1985a>, Lekule et al. (1986) and Ugye et al. (1988). The resulting nutrient deficiencies could have produced the average daily gains observed in the present study. Average daily gain was not significantly different during the finisher phase, although it was lower with the 400 g kg-’ PKC diet. The average daily gains obtained in the present study were similar to values from other tropical areas reported by Babatunde et al. (1972). The results suggest the possibility of feeding higher levels of PKC than the 200 g kg-’ level suggested by McDonald et al. (1988). The feed conversion ratio could not be analysed statistically as the pigs were fed in groups. It was found that the feed conversion ratio increased with increasing PKC level, consistent with the findings of Baird et al. (1975). The feed conversion ratio during the grower phase was similar to values from other tropical areas as reported by Egbunike (1986) and Lekule et al. (1986). The values of the carcass characteristics measured are shown in Table 2. The final liveweights of the pigs were similar. However, there was a significant (P < 0.05) decrease in the dressing percentage with increasing level of PKC in the diet. The carcass weight (Y) on the diet (X) had the regression equation Y = 69.77(SE = 3.72) 3.73X(SE = 1.36) (P < 0.05). This was consistent with that reported by Stanogias and Pearce (1985b) in relation to the crude fibre in the diet. The fat measurements were not found to be significantly different. The shoulder fat decreased from 3.8 to 3.6 cm with increasing level of PKC. Loin fat increased from 1.5 to 1.6 cm and P2 fat from 1.5 to 1.7 cm with increasing level of PKC. The values were considered adequate and similar to those reported for the Large White by Cole et al. (1967) and Barber et al. (1972). The weights of several joints and cuts were expressed as proportions of the carcass weight. There was a significant (P < 0.05) decrease (68.7 to 61.2 g kg- * ) in the weight of the hand with increasing level of PKC in the diet. This was fitted by the regression equation
S.W.A. Rhule/Animal Feed Science Technology 61 119%) 167-172
171
Table 2 Average daily gain, feed conversion kernel cake Criteria
ratio and carcass
characteristics
of pigs fed on diets containing
palm
Palm kernel cake level (g kg- ’1 0
Daily gain (kg) Grower 0.47 a Finisher 0.45 Feed conversion ratio Grower 3.84 Finisher 6.71 Slaughter weight (kg) 91.3 Dressing f%) 69.5 a Carcass length (cm) 76.6 Exposed muscle surface at last rib km) A 9.7 a B 4.5 Eye muscle area (cm*) (AX B) 43.3 a
200
0.46 ab 0.45
300
0.39 c 0.46
400
0.40 bc 0.42
SEMf f )
0.02 0.02
3.85 6.21 90.2 68.6 a 77.3
4.32 6.11 90.2 68.4 a 77.7
4.50 6.62 90.6 67.1 b 76.3
0.3 0.4 0.7
9.3 b 4.2
9.0 b 4. I
8.6 c 4.0
0.4 0.2
36.3 b
33.9 b
1.7
38.7 ab
a’.‘, Means in a row with different superscripts are significantly different (P < 0.05). Values in a row without superscripts are not significantly different (P > 0.05).
Y = 7.3O@E = 0.22) - 0.30X(SE = 0.08) where Y is percentage hand and X is diet. The effect of diet (X> on the weight of the hand (Y > had the equation Y = 5.02(SE = 0.26) - 0.42X(SE = 0.10). The ham tended to decrease linearly with increasing level of PKC in the diet, i.e. 91.9 to 88.4 g kg- ’. The regression equation of percentage ham (Y ) on the diet (X) was Y = 9.25(SE = 0.14) - 0.08 X(SE = 0.05). This was, however, not significant (P < 0.05). The weight of the ham (Y) on the diet (XI gave the regression equation Y = 6.44@E = 0.34) - 0.39X(SE = 0.13) which was significant (P < 0.05). This trend was not observed with the other joints. Ranges for the other cuts were collar (66.8-72.1 g kg- ’>, rib back (65.0-69.7 g kg- ’>, rib streak (3 1.I -27.3 g kg- ’>, rump back (65.1-66.9 g kg-’ > and rump streak (34.3-35.6 g kg-’ >. This study indicated that PKC is a potential feedstuff for pigs. Based on average daily gain, feed conversion ratio and carcass measurements, the recommendation is 200 g kg-’ PKC in the diet in the grower phase and 300 g kg-’ in the finisher phase. PKC may have a variable composition, depending on the source. The influence of the various sources on growth performance and carcass characteristics should be established in future studies.
References Abu, A.A.. Okai, D.B. and Tush. A.K., 1984. Oil palm slurry (OPS) as a partial replacement diets of growing finishing pigs. Nun. Rep. Int., 30: 12 l- 127. ADAS, 1973. The Analysis of Agricultural Materials. Ministry of Agriculture. Fisheries Majesty’s Stationery Office, London.
for maize in the and Food.
Her
172
S.WA. Rhule/Animal
Feed Science Technology 61 (1996) 167-172
Armas, A.E. and Chicco, C.F., 1977. Use of palm kernel meal of the oil palm (Hueis guinensis Jacq) in broiler chicken diets. Agron. Trop. (Venezuela), 27: 339-343. Babatunde, GM., Olomu, M.J. and Oyenuga, V.A., 1972. Determination of the optimum crude protein requirement of pigs in a tropical environment. Anim. Prod., 14: 57-67. Baird, D.M.. McCampbell, H.C. and Allison, J.R., 1970. Levels of crude fibre with constant energy levels for growing tinishmg swine using computerised rations. J. Anim. Sci., 31: 518-525. Baird, D.M., McCampbell. H.C. and Allison, J.R., 1975. Effect of levels of Crude tibre, protein and bulk in diets for finishing hogs. J. Anim. Sci., 41: 1039-1047. Barber, R.S., Braude, R., Mitchell, K.G. and Pitman, R.T., 1972. Effects of level of feed intake on the performance and carcass composition of growing pigs. Anim. Prod., 14: 199-208. Bourdon, D. and Henry, Y., 1986. Effect of supplementary industrial lysine on growth performance in pigs: composition of two sources (HCI and sulphate). Pig News Inform., 7: 248. Cole, D.J.A., Duckworth, J.E. and Holmes, W., 1967. Factors affecting voluntary feed intake in pigs. 11.The effect of two levels of crude fibre. Anim. Prod., 9: 149-153. Duran, A.O., Lozano, E. and Reyes, E., 1990. Use of African palm residue as an energy source in starter, grower and fmishing phases of pigs. Livest. Res. Rural Dev., 2: 43-50. Egbunike. G.M., 1986. Response of European pigs to improved management under humid tropical climatic conditions in Ibadan. A review. Pig News Inform., 7: 3 15. Homb, T. and Matte, T., 1989. Supplementting synthetic ammo acids to a barley-oats-soybean meal ratio for growing-fmishing pigs. J. Anim. Physiol. Nutr., 61: 68-74. Hutagalung, RI., Mohd-Mahyudin and Syed-Jalaludin, 1982. Feeds for farm animals from oil palm. Proceedings International Conference Oil Palm in Agriculture in the Eighties, Kuala Lumpur. Vol. 2, pp. 609-622. Jegede, J.O., Tegbe, T.S.B., Aduku. A.O. and Olorunju, S.A.S., 1994. The effect of feeding palm kernel meal on performance and carcass characteristics of pigs., Nig. J. Ani. Prod., 21: 88-94. Lekule, F.P., Homb, T. and Katagile, J.A., 1986. Digestibility and effect of copra cake on rate of gain, feed efficiency and protein retention of fattening pigs. Trop. Anim. Health Prod., 18: 243-247. McDonald, P., Edwards, R.A. and Greenhalgh, J.F.G., 1988. Palm Kernel meal. In: Animal Nutrition, 4th edn. Longman, Harlow. pp. 462-463. Meat and Livestock Commission, 1980. Commercial Pig Evaluation Management and Procedums. Meat and Livestock Commission, Milton Keynes. National Research Council, 1979. Nutrient Requirement of Swine. National Academy Press, Washington, DC. Snedecor, G.W. and Cochran, W.G., 1972. Statistical Methods. Iowa State University Press, Ames. Stanogias, G. and Pearce, G.R., 1985a. The digestion of tibre by pigs. 1. The effects of amount and type of tibre on apparent digestibility, nitrogen balance and rate of passage. Br. J. Nutr., 53: 513-530. Stanogias, G. and Pearce, G.R., 1985b. The digestion of fibre by pigs. 3. Effects of the amount and type of tibre on physical characteristics of segments of the gastrointestinal tract. Br. J. Nutr., 53: 537-548. Steel, R.G.D. and Torrie, J.H., 1960. Principles and Procedures of Statistics. McGraw-Hill, New York. Stupak, M., 1981. Protein and amino acid requirement of young pigs. Nut. Abstr. Rev., 52: 37. Ugye, B.H., Anugwa, F.O.I. and Nwosu, C.C., 1988. Effects of varying levels of dietary dried brewers grains on performance and carcass characteristics of growing pigs. Bull. Anim. Health Prod. Afr., 36: 3 l-37. Yeong, S.W.. 1983. Amino acid availability of palm kernel cake, palm oil sludge and sludge fermented product (Prolima) in studies with chicken. MARDI Res. Bull., 11: 84-88. Yusoff, S.M., 1985. Feeding value of palm kernel cake for growing heifers. Kajian Vet., 17: 49-54.
ELSEVIER
Animal Feed Science Technology6 1( 1996) 167- I72
Growth rate and carcass characteristics of pigs fed on diets containing palm kernel cake S.W.A. Rhule Animal Reseurch Institute, P.O. Box 20, Achimota, Gharur
Accepted 28 November 1995
Abstract Fifty-six Large White pigs were fed from 25 to 90 kg liveweight on diets containing palm kernel cake (PKC) at 0,200, 300 and 400 g kg-’ inclusion levels. The average daily gains (ADG) in liveweight by the pigs during the grower phase were 0.47, 0.46, 0.39 and 0.40 kg on the 0, 200, 300 and 400 g kg-’ PKC diets. These were significantly (P < 0.05) different. The corresponding ADGs during the finisher phase were 0.45, 0.45, 0.46 and 0.42 kg. The differences were not statistically different. Feed conversion ratios were 3.84, 3.85, 4.32 and 4.50 kg feed kg-’ weight gain on the 0, 200, 300 and 400 g kg- ’ PKC diets (grower phase) and 6.7 1, 6.2 I, 6.11 and 6.62 kg feed kg - ’ weight gain (finisher phase). Dressing percentage was significantly (P < 0.05) reduced from 69.5 to 67.1 with increasing level of PKC in the diet. Back fat thickness was not significantly affected by level of PKC in the diet. Eye muscle area was significantly (P < 0.05) reduced from 43.3 cm* to 33.9 cm* with increasing level of PKC in the diet. Weights of joints and cuts, expressed as proportion of the carcass weight, showed a significant (P < 0.05) decrease with the weight of the hand as PKC increased in the diet. Keywords:
Pig, finishing;
Pig, growing;
Palm kernel meal
1. Introduction
Provision of adequate feed is the major constraint on pig production in many countries such as Ghana. The main portions of the feed, sources of energy and protein, are very expensive and not available consistently. To reduce the cost of feed, attempts have been made to use alternative sources of protein and energy. These have mostly been by-products of agro-based industries. Palm kernel cake (PKC) is a by-product of oil extraction from the palm nut. It is abundant in the tropical areas of the world and 0377-84O1/96/$15OO Copyright SSDl O377-8401(95)00934-S
0 1996 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
168
S.WA. Rhule/Animul
Feed Science Technology 61 (19%)
167-172
attempts have been made to feed it to livestock (Armas and Chicco, 1977; Hutagalung et al., 1982; Yeong, 1983; Abu et al., 1984; Yusoff, 1985). However, it has found limited use in pig feeding because of its high fibre content, low palatability and low availability of amino acids and energy (Hutagalung et al., 1982; McDonald et al., 1988; Duran et al., 1990). It has an amino acid availability of 74.4% and is deficient in lysine and methionine (Armas and Chicco, 1977; Yeong, 1983). The optimum level of inclusion of PKC in pig diets has been suggested as 200 g kg-’ (McDonald et al., 1988). In view of the severe constraint of scarcity of feed placed on pig production, this project was undertaken to determine the influence of higher levels of inclusion of PKC in the diet on the growth and carcass characteristics of grower-finisher pigs.
2. Materials and methods 2.1. Animals Fifty-six Large White pigs with an average liveweight of 25 kg were assigned to four treatments according to a completely randomised design with 14 pigs to a treatment. There were equal numbers of intact males and females to a treatment. Pigs on each treatment were grouped by sex. There were seven pigs in a pen and two pens to a treatment. 2.2. Treatments The four dietary treatments incorporated PKC at levels of 0,200,300 and 400 g kg- ’ into diets based mainly on maize, wheat bran and fish meal. The PKC used in this study contained 90 g kg-’ moisture, 44 g kg-’ ash, 137 g kg-’ crude protein, 139 g kg-’ ether extract and 90 g kg-’ crude fibre. This was obtained from a commercial oil mill. The diets were formulated to be as similar as possible in chemical composition (Table 1) and according to the National Research Council nutrient requirements for pigs (NRC, 1979). 2.3. Feeding The pigs on a diet were kept and fed in a group. They were fed once daily. The diet was fed wet in a feed/water ratio of 1:2. Any feed left over was carefully removed and weighed. Water for drinking was provided ad libitum. 2.4. Management The pigs were weighed individually at the start of the treatment and thereafter weekly. The feed allowance was adjusted accordingly. The pigs were fed the grower diets until they attained about 55 kg liveweight. They were then fed the corresponding finisher diets until slaughter at about 90 kg liveweight.
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Feed Science Technology 61 (19%)
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169
2.5. Carcass measurements Pigs attaining 90 kg at the weekly weighing were weighed again the next morning and slaughtered. The weight of the empty carcass was recorded. Then the carcass was chilled for 24 h. The head was removed and the body split in two by sawing along the vertebral column. The left side of the carcass was used for the various measurements according to the procedure of the Meat and Livestock Commission (1980). Measurements taken were carcass length, fat depth at the shoulder, loin and PI; width (A) and depth (B) used to calculate the eye muscle area, and the weight of the various cuts. 2.6. Analyses The chemical analysis of the diets followed the procedures of ADAS (1973). The results were analysed statistically by ANOVA and regression analysis (Snedecor and Cochran, 1972). When significantly different, means were compared using Duncan’s multiple range test (Steel and Torrie, 1960).
Table 1 Analysis of grower and finisher pig diets containing palm kernel cake Level of PKC (g kg- ’) 0
200
300
107 51 154 36 51 11.0 6
108 47 145 41 55 10.2 5.1
98 48 141 48 59 9.3 5.7
47 135 56 64 9.8 5.3
6.7 3.0 5.6
6.5 2.9 5.7
6.5 3.1 6.0
6.4 3.0 6.1
105 43 134 42 55 7.5 5.3
98 43 128 50 57 8.2 6.2
92 45 130 54 61 8.6 5.4
101 45 127 57 64 4.3 5.2
5.1 2.4 4.9
5.2 2.5 5.2
5.6 2.7 5.5
5.6 2.7 5.6
400
Grower diets
Determined analysis Moisture Ash Protein Ether extract Crude tibre Calcium Phosphorus Calculated analysis Lysine Methionine Methionine + cystine
99
Finisher diets
Determined analysis Moisture Asb Protein Ether extract Crude fibre Calcium Phosphorus Calculated analysis Lysine Methionine Methionine + cystine
170
XWA.
Rhule/Animal
Feed Science Technology 61 (1996) 167-172
3. Results and discussion
The composition of the PKC used for this study was similar to that reported by Jegede et al., 1994. Both the crude fibre and ether extract contents of the diets increased with increasing levels of PKC. The crude protein content was similar for all the grower PKC diets. The finisher PKC diets also had similar crude protein contents. Average daily gains of the grower pigs on 0 g kg-’ PKC and 200 g kg-’ PKC were similar and significantly higher (P < 0.05) than with the 300 g kg-’ PKC diet, which were in turn similar to those with the 400 g kg- ’ PKC diet. The regression of diet (X) on average daily gain (Y) for the grower period was Y = 0.5O@E = 0.02) - 0.03 X(SE = 0.01) (P < 0.05). There was a decreasing trend in the lysine content with increasing level of PKC in the diet at the grower phase. The crude fibre increased with increasing level of PKC in the diet. Availability of amino acids in PKC was found to be about 74.4% (Yeong, 1983). The lysine content of the diets could be considered low (Bourdon and Henry, 1986; Homb and Matre, 1989). However, they were adequate compared to values of the NRC (1979). The levels of sulphur-containing amino acids in the diets could be considered adequate (NRC, 1979; Stupak, 1981; McDonald et al., 1988). The increasing crude fibre levels in the diets could be expected to reduce their digestibility, leading to low availability of the amino acids and energy of the diets as had been observed by Baird et al. (1970), Hutagalung et al. (1982), Stanogias and Pearce (1985a>, Lekule et al. (1986) and Ugye et al. (1988). The resulting nutrient deficiencies could have produced the average daily gains observed in the present study. Average daily gain was not significantly different during the finisher phase, although it was lower with the 400 g kg-’ PKC diet. The average daily gains obtained in the present study were similar to values from other tropical areas reported by Babatunde et al. (1972). The results suggest the possibility of feeding higher levels of PKC than the 200 g kg-’ level suggested by McDonald et al. (1988). The feed conversion ratio could not be analysed statistically as the pigs were fed in groups. It was found that the feed conversion ratio increased with increasing PKC level, consistent with the findings of Baird et al. (1975). The feed conversion ratio during the grower phase was similar to values from other tropical areas as reported by Egbunike (1986) and Lekule et al. (1986). The values of the carcass characteristics measured are shown in Table 2. The final liveweights of the pigs were similar. However, there was a significant (P < 0.05) decrease in the dressing percentage with increasing level of PKC in the diet. The carcass weight (Y) on the diet (X) had the regression equation Y = 69.77(SE = 3.72) 3.73X(SE = 1.36) (P < 0.05). This was consistent with that reported by Stanogias and Pearce (1985b) in relation to the crude fibre in the diet. The fat measurements were not found to be significantly different. The shoulder fat decreased from 3.8 to 3.6 cm with increasing level of PKC. Loin fat increased from 1.5 to 1.6 cm and P2 fat from 1.5 to 1.7 cm with increasing level of PKC. The values were considered adequate and similar to those reported for the Large White by Cole et al. (1967) and Barber et al. (1972). The weights of several joints and cuts were expressed as proportions of the carcass weight. There was a significant (P < 0.05) decrease (68.7 to 61.2 g kg- * ) in the weight of the hand with increasing level of PKC in the diet. This was fitted by the regression equation
S.W.A. Rhule/Animal Feed Science Technology 61 119%) 167-172
171
Table 2 Average daily gain, feed conversion kernel cake Criteria
ratio and carcass
characteristics
of pigs fed on diets containing
palm
Palm kernel cake level (g kg- ’1 0
Daily gain (kg) Grower 0.47 a Finisher 0.45 Feed conversion ratio Grower 3.84 Finisher 6.71 Slaughter weight (kg) 91.3 Dressing f%) 69.5 a Carcass length (cm) 76.6 Exposed muscle surface at last rib km) A 9.7 a B 4.5 Eye muscle area (cm*) (AX B) 43.3 a
200
0.46 ab 0.45
300
0.39 c 0.46
400
0.40 bc 0.42
SEMf f )
0.02 0.02
3.85 6.21 90.2 68.6 a 77.3
4.32 6.11 90.2 68.4 a 77.7
4.50 6.62 90.6 67.1 b 76.3
0.3 0.4 0.7
9.3 b 4.2
9.0 b 4. I
8.6 c 4.0
0.4 0.2
36.3 b
33.9 b
1.7
38.7 ab
a’.‘, Means in a row with different superscripts are significantly different (P < 0.05). Values in a row without superscripts are not significantly different (P > 0.05).
Y = 7.3O@E = 0.22) - 0.30X(SE = 0.08) where Y is percentage hand and X is diet. The effect of diet (X> on the weight of the hand (Y > had the equation Y = 5.02(SE = 0.26) - 0.42X(SE = 0.10). The ham tended to decrease linearly with increasing level of PKC in the diet, i.e. 91.9 to 88.4 g kg- ’. The regression equation of percentage ham (Y ) on the diet (X) was Y = 9.25(SE = 0.14) - 0.08 X(SE = 0.05). This was, however, not significant (P < 0.05). The weight of the ham (Y) on the diet (XI gave the regression equation Y = 6.44@E = 0.34) - 0.39X(SE = 0.13) which was significant (P < 0.05). This trend was not observed with the other joints. Ranges for the other cuts were collar (66.8-72.1 g kg- ’>, rib back (65.0-69.7 g kg- ’>, rib streak (3 1.I -27.3 g kg- ’>, rump back (65.1-66.9 g kg-’ > and rump streak (34.3-35.6 g kg-’ >. This study indicated that PKC is a potential feedstuff for pigs. Based on average daily gain, feed conversion ratio and carcass measurements, the recommendation is 200 g kg-’ PKC in the diet in the grower phase and 300 g kg-’ in the finisher phase. PKC may have a variable composition, depending on the source. The influence of the various sources on growth performance and carcass characteristics should be established in future studies.
References Abu, A.A.. Okai, D.B. and Tush. A.K., 1984. Oil palm slurry (OPS) as a partial replacement diets of growing finishing pigs. Nun. Rep. Int., 30: 12 l- 127. ADAS, 1973. The Analysis of Agricultural Materials. Ministry of Agriculture. Fisheries Majesty’s Stationery Office, London.
for maize in the and Food.
Her
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