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Guidelines on energy efficiency of cultural heritage
Accepted Manuscript Title: Guidelines on energy efficiency of cultural heritage Author: Livio de Santoli PII: DOI: Reference:
S0378-7788(14)00895-0 http://dx.doi.org/doi:10.1016/j.enbuild.2014.10.050 ENB 5433
To appear in:
ENB
Received date: Accepted date:
14-10-2014 21-10-2014
Please cite this article as: L. de Santoli, Guidelines on energy efficiency of cultural heritage, Energy and Buildings (2014), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2014.10.050 This is a PDF file of an unedited manuscript that has been accepted for publication. As a service to our customers we are providing this early version of the manuscript. The manuscript will undergo copyediting, typesetting, and review of the resulting proof before it is published in its final form. Please note that during the production process errors may be discovered which could affect the content, and all legal disclaimers that apply to the journal pertain.
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Guidelines on energy efficiency of cultural heritage
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Livio de Santoli1 1
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Interdisciplinary Centre for Landscape, Building, Conservation, Environment (CITERA), Sapienza University of Rome, via Antonio Gramsci, 53 - 00197 Rome, Italy AiCARR President – Italian Association for heating ventilation, Air Conditioning and Refrigeration
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address to whom to send any comunications: [email protected]
SUMMARY
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The AiCARR Guidelines “Energy Efficiency in Historic Buildings” (February 2014) provide information to evaluate and improve the energy performance of historic buildings, fully respecting their significance and expression; where applicable these Guidelines will include the most recent legislation on the subject existing in Italy. These guidelines are intended for both design engineers and superintendencies. They provide the design engineers with a tool for the energy audit of the historic building and offer a framework for the design of possible energy upgrades, which are conceptually similar to that provided for non-protected buildings, but appropriately tailored to the needs and peculiarities of the cultural heritage. On the other hand, these Guidelines provide the institutions responsible for protecting the building, the possibility to objectively decide on the level of energy efficiency achieved as a result of the rehabilitation in accordance with the conservation criteria. Key words: energy efficiency, HVAC, cultural heritage, historic buildings
1. INTRODUCTION
Whenever an intervention is required to a protected property or nevertheless to property of cultural value, it should be considered that the work to be carried out falls within the scope of restoration and the priority objectives are to preserve and bring these assets in line with the future in the best possible condition (Charter for conservation and restoration, Italian Ministry of Instruction, 1972). Even the energy efficiency measures should pursue the above stated purposes, which means considering energy efficiency as a tool for protecting - rather than a process of upgrading that conflicts with the conservation requirements. It follows that the design choices should be made by consulting with the conservation experts. In this regard,
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the following criteria set out in the Venice Charter for Conservation and Restoration are of invaluable help: compatibility, minimum intervention, reversibility, distinguishability, expressive authenticity, durability and respect of the original fabric. However, these Guidelines have a more ambitious objective. Its aim is to provide an insight into the relationship between restoration and installations that today is still little explored from a theoretical point of view, and definitely less, for example, than the corresponding relationship between restoration and the need for full accessibility - or even between restoration and structural consolidation works. Even in this case, as for the structural consolidation, it is necessary to radically rethink the concept, which is reflected in a new methodological approach, an example of which is suggested in these Guidelines. If we start from the same experience that years ago brought about a debate on the problems related to the historical-critical process, and to the scientific-technical process for consolidation restoration projects, which recognized the need of a rigorous method of unity, this same method is proposed for the energy efficiency of a cultural asset. In the restoration-HVAC systems relation we still see a gap in the rules and regulations. Notwithstanding this gap, the need to include systems in the restoration concept and the three point criteria (minimum intervention, reversibility and compatibility) is well established. To this regard, these Guidelines also propose that the concept of “improvement” replace the concept of “adaptation” in the current standards and requirements also with regard to safety and comfort, elaborated along the lines of “integrated conservation” (Congress on the European Architectural Heritage, the Declaration of Amsterdam, 1975). Proposals to improve the energy compliance of a historic building (or, even, of a cultural landscape) can be made by taking appropriate measures that are well-balanced for a suitable architectural or landscape integration. This means that you will often have to settle for a partial architectural integration, rather than a total integration, as would be desirable for new buildings. The required level of integration must be such that the interventions proposed do not upset the asset itself, which is the case when "adapting" it to the current standards and requirements, as if it were a new building. The proposed methodology should be based on an interdisciplinary approach, the main steps of which are clearly set out in the Guidelines. These steps include: following the general principles and the concepts; an analysis of the plant engineering systems; measuring the environmental quality and determining the risks to historical buildings (including the identification of the proposed intervention as it relates to the building and the system.) As to the application of these principles, these Guidelines refer to the existing legislation with non-binding methods that, given the nature of evolution over time, may and will be subject to revision and updates.[1-27] The Guidelines are therefore both a point of arrival (if a univocity of languages among different regulations is reached), but above all serve as a starting point and a stimulus for further advances and progress in a sector that will be of fundamental importance to the development of our future society.
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Finally, the Guidelines refer to the existing buildings needs in order to match both the energy efficiency enhancement [28,29] and the carbon dioxide emissions reduction by means of new carbon-free fuels application along with more complex energy scenarios development. [30,31]
2. THE MEANING OF THESE GUIDELINES
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The Code of cultural and landscape heritage states that: cultural heritage is made up of both cultural and landscape heritage and that cultural assets are intangible and tangible goods that, pursuant to Articles 10 and 11, are of artistic, historical, archaeological, ethno-anthropological, archival and bibliographic interest and other things identified by the law or pursuant to the law as evidence of civilization value.[21] The Hague Convention of 1954 also considers as cultural assets a) movable or immovable property of great importance to the cultural heritage of every people, such as monuments of architecture, art or history, whether religious or secular; archaeological sites, groups of buildings which as a whole, are of historical or artistic interest; …b) buildings whose main and effective purpose is to preserve or exhibit the movable cultural property defined in sub-paragraph a) such as museums, large libraries and depositories of archives, and refuges intended to shelter, in the event of armed conflict, the movable cultural property defined in subparagraph a); c) centers containing a large amount of cultural property, as defined in sub-paragraphs a) and b), to be known as “centers containing monuments”. The historic buildings are, therefore, a cultural heritage that must be preserved and enhanced, as evidence of history and culture. Italy is characterized by a widespread and diffused presence of historic buildings throughout the country; these buildings are often still used as homes and museums. For this reason, the energy upgrade of historic buildings represents two major challenges: intervention on an artifact subject to historical and architectural constraints and sometimes also structural ones, and carrying out work that can affect both the envelope as well as the building systems, and requires great care and skill by the professional entrusted with the design engineering. 3. THE LEGISLATION CONTEXT The assessment of energy performance in the building-plant system is performed under both winter and summer conditions. The assessment is based upon the energy performance index EP, which expresses the primary energy consumption referred to the useful area or gross volume, expressed respectively in kWh/(m2·year) or kWh/(m3·year), and which is calculated according to the instructions provided by law. The EP is a standardized performance indicator whose value may change according to the technical and technological solutions adopted. For this reason, when choosing the energy production system and/or the envelope components, it is important to weigh the different solutions that can be adopted. The goal should be to evaluate the energy feasibility of each possible solution with a goal of maximizing energy efficiency while meeting the regulatory restraints imposed on the renovation of historic buildings.
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It should be remembered that legislation and regulations identify the building services as a single block: however, during the assessment of energy performance, it is advisable to distinguish the energy requirements for: cooling, heating, the HVAC system and the primary building-plant system. This characterization allows an energy audit to be performed in a more comprehensible manner so as to evaluate possible inefficiencies in energy transformation operations. In recent years the Italian legislation on energy saving has since undergone a series of changes1 until the issue of Legislative Decree n° 63/13, which is the first legal instrument prescribing requirements for historic buildings. In fact, until the publication of Legislative Decree n° 63/13 (Italian Government, 2013), converted into law on August 3, 2013 (Italian Parliament, 2013), some protected buildings, including historic buildings, did not fall within the scope of the legislation on energy saving in buildings. As of August 4, 2013 the obligation to drawing up the certificate of energy performance in buildings, in accordance with Article 6, and the operation, maintenance and inspections of technical installations applies. It should be emphasized that Legislative Decree 311/06 provided that the previous provisions concerning the energy performance of historic buildings were not applicable in the case where they entailed an unacceptable alteration to their character or appearance with particular reference to historical or artistic character. Since Legislative Decree 63/13 modifies 192/95, clarification should be made as to whether the latter condition has been confirmed or not. For historic buildings that fall within the scope of Legislative Decree n° 63/13 the EP should be calculated and the related building energy class must also be checked, in order to fill out the energy performance certificate. The calculation procedure must comply with the rules in force in the field of energy saving in the building sector.
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4. A PROCEDURE PROPOSAL TO IMPROVE THE ENERGY EFFICIENCY OF HISTORIC BUILDINGS
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Energy improvement means to perform one or more interventions with the aim of reducing the energy performance index without changing the structural and architectural condition of the artifact, while trying to improve the quality of the environment. Figure 1 shows the flow chart of the proposal made by AiCARR regarding the best improvement procedure on how to improve energy efficiency. The procedure involves some preliminary actions aimed at a correct energy audit, downstream of which the actual energy performance index must be calculated. The energy audit should also be used to evaluate the possible improvement actions, which must be calculated on the basis of the post-construction energy performance index. Obviously, if the improvement has led to concrete results it is possible to proceed; otherwise the process should be repeated by analyzing the audit levels more thoroughly. 1
A key role was played by the European Directives 91/02 (European Parliament, 2002), known as the EPBD, and 31/10 (European Parliament, 2010), known as EPBD recast, which led to the Legislative Decree 192/05 (Italian Government, 2005) and subsequent amendments and Legislative Decree 63/13 (Italian Government, 2013).
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The Line Guides are dedicated to the different phases in detail - with special regard to the audit, the analysis of the envelope, the plant engineering system and the evaluation of energy performance of the historic building. Particularly, two chapters discuss the interventions on the envelope and the plant engineering systems. Lastly, all of the reported actions in the proposal of procedure refer to the huge Italian bibliography dealing with this matter.[29-….]
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Figure 1 – A procedure proposed by AiCARR to improve the energy efficiency in historic buildings
5. THE PATH OF THE KNOWLEDGE
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The characteristics of most of Italian cultural heritage lie in their diffusion on the territory, and even if the single structure should not have any particular relevance, the system as a whole shows a network which constitute the historic memory of that site. These systems are extremely fragiles and vulnerable towards any morpholgical and cromatic changes. From the latter the designer has to be activate in order to develop a knowledge path for a complete comprehensive of the nature of the system and its role within the landscape around. This preliminary activity must include any specific competence in a complete interdisciplinary approach. In the Guide the knoledge path is related to the following processes:. The study of the site context The anamnesi The study of the environmental conditions of the site The survay (geometrical, architectonic, structural, survay of the elements) Evolution of building services Material characterisation Energy data collections Diagnostic reports 6. THE ENERGY AUDIT FOR HISTORIC BUILDINGS
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The energy audit is one of the fundamental processes of energy upgrade for buildings, so it is essential to clearly define the purpose and method of execution. To confirm this, the European Committee for Normalization (CEN) has recently published the UNI CEI EN 16247-1 (UNI, 2012) standard, which is the first of a series dedicated to this topic and which defines the energy audit as a "systematic inspection and analysis of energy use and energy consumption of a site, building, system, or organization with the objective of identifying energy flows and the potential for energy efficiency improvements and reporting them. " With reference to the building, the energy audit is a systematic procedure that aims at : defining the energy balance of the building-plant system and identifying the possible recovery of dissipated energy; evaluating the conditions of thermohygrometric comfort and safety necessary and identifying appropriate solutions for energy saving; evaluating opportunities for energy savings from a technical-economic point of view and optimizing the management methods of the building services, such as energy supply contracts and system operating methods, seeing to reducing management costs. With specific regard to historic buildings, the improvement of energy performance sometimes requires changes to the architectural organism which, if not carefully designed on the basis of a correct energy audit, can lead to problems such as affecting the
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monumental and/or documental value of the artifact as well as calling into question the structural safety of the building. It follows that the thermotechnical engineer who has to intervene on a historic building - especially if constrained by the Legislation - is often required to obtain the documentation necessary to gain knowledge about the building, not only with reference to the aspects related to his technical expertise, but also those related to its role in human history and within the urban context and landscape in which it is inserted. There are three different basic types, also known as energy audit levels, which, in order of complexity, are namely: Level I - Audit by visual inspection or walk-through audit: this basically consists of a visual inspection of each system and/or subsystem exchanging energy in the building. Generally, this type of audit also includes an assessment of the energy consumption data, in order to analyze energy quantities and use profiles as well as provide an element of comparison with the average reference values. It is the least expensive audit that can nonetheless provide a number of low-cost savings opportunities, to be achieved mainly through the improvement of management and maintenance procedures, as well as a preliminary estimation of the potential savings. It is also useful as a screening to determine whether it is appropriate to proceed to the next levels, which are more accurate and therefore more expensive. II Level – Standard audit: this consists in quantifying energy uses and losses, to be made by reviewing and analyzing the equipment and systems and their operational features, and in economically analyzing the recommended energy saving measures. It can envisage on-site measurements and performance testing to quantify the energy use and energy efficiency of the various systems. The instruments used to calculate this level of audit are the standard ones, such as the calculation procedures set out in national Standards UNI TS 11300 standard. III Level – Investment-grade audit: This consists of a detailed analysis of energy uses, according to function and/or intended use, and in an assessment of energy use profiles by means of computer programs for dynamic simulation of the energy system considered. It is evidently the most expensive level in terms of time and cost, which can be justified by the high complexity of the building or system being examined, and which cannot be correctly treated with the previous levels. Table 1 shows a comparison between the three audit levels. Once the type of audit to be performed has been established, it is necessary to collect information on structural and mechanical components affecting energy uses in the building as well as the operation and management methods of the building-plant system. Much of this information can and should be collected before inspecting the building: in fact, a detailed assessment of energy use and user systems before the on-site inspection definitely helps to identify the areas of potential energy savings by optimizing the inspection. As mentioned before, the energy audit of a historic building is not a simple process. The first obstacle is the lack of adequate plans and sections, in addition to the lack of knowledge of materials and stratigraphy of the inner and outer walls. These problems are common to many existing buildings, for which it is not easy to track plant sections that are significant from a thermotechnical point of view, and in
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which coring is not always possible for the identification of correct thermophysical characteristics of masonry structures. In the case of historic buildings, the task is even more difficult because, unless archive research is carried out, it is not possible to go back to the original plant and any changes that it has undergone over the years or centuries. From the materials point of view, it is sometimes possible to trace the stratigraphy of the walls in a non-destructive or intrusive way; for example using endoscopic techniques applied to existing passages or interstices in the masonry. These techniques, however, may be expensive and not always take account of works that have been performed over time to the walls, which are often hidden under more or less valuable plaster and are not always detectable with techniques such as infrared thermography.
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Table 1 – Comparison between the three levels of audit. ESO: Energy Saving Opportunities.
7. THE ANALYSIS OF EXISTING ENVELOPE AND BUILDING SERVICES
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7.1. Analysis of the existing envelope Knowledge of the geometrical, functional, physical and technical characteristics of the artifact is of fundamental importance, and requires surveys to be carried out to collect all the information necessary to perform a correct audit, and to calculate the energy parameters envisaged by law, as set out in the Italian and European standards (UNI, 2008c, 2010c, 2012b, 2013b, 2013c). The energy audit and the calculation of energy performance, after defining the boundaries of the reference system, require knowledge of some data such as: the values of the surface areas of the building layout as well as the envelope opaque and transparent areas, the building volumes and geometry, the stratigraphy of the envelope components, the final use of the building and different environments. 7.2. Analysis of the existing HVAC system Knowledge of plant systems within the building is essential to understand the building-plant system status and to define the measures to be taken to improve energy performance. For this purpose, surveys should be carried out in order to collect all the information necessary to perform a correct energy audit and calculate the parameters according to law, as set out in the Italian and European standards (UNI, 2008c, 2010c, 2012b, 2013b, 2013c). The installations in a building that use energy are essentially climatization and electrical systems. The former, in turn, can be classified: heating, ventilation,
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thermoventilation, air conditioning and domestic hot water production systems. The characteristics of the most common systems – heating and air-conditioning systems (UNI, 2014b) - are summarized in the Guide Lines. To draw up the energy audit and calculate the energy performance of buildings, a variety of information about the system and its associated characteristics is required. To collect and organize data, data sheets and protocols may be very useful for the expert as a guide in carrying out the task. These data sheets must contain at least the type and the technical characteristics of the system and its components; however, they can obviously include any type of information, from the building internal layout to the terminal arrangement. Examples of the sheets are given in the Guide.
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7.3. Historic plant systems engineering From the systems engineering point of view, historic buildings that have not been affected by recent maintenance work, whether ordinary, extraordinary or preventive, are generally equipped with obsolete equipment that, in principle, could be replaced, but that can actually be evidence of the past and as such have a historical interest; therefore they should be carefully recovered, valued and, if possible, made useable. It goes without saying that an assessment to possibly reutilize systems that have a historical value involves problems of protection and often enhancement. It is an interdisciplinary process that the designer has to manage in terms of thermal engineering and also requires the typical skills of Cultural Heritage experts. An analysis of historical works to assess the possibilities for protection, enhancement and fruition is therefore an integrated process in which the designer plays a particularly important role.
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8. THE OVERALL ENERGY PERFORMANCE ASSESSMENT OF A HISTORIC BUILDING
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The energy performance of a building is the annual amount of energy actually consumed or expected to be needed to meet the different requirements associated with a standardized use of the building, including winter and summer air conditioning, domestic hot water production, ventilation and lighting. The overall energy performance of the building is expressed through the global energy performance index (EPgI), which measures the primary energy consumption referred to the net area unit or to the gross volume for the purpose of heating, cooling, domestic hot water production, lighting, and ventilation if any: EPgl= EPci + EPacs + EPce + EPill where: EPci = energy performance index for winter heating; EPacs = energy performance index for the production of domestic hot water; EPce = energy performance index for summer conditioning; EPill = energy performance index for artificial lighting. The performance indices are expressed in kWh/m2year or kWh/m3year, according to the information provided by the current European and national standards and regulations.
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The value obtained from the calculation is a performance indicator that can be compared with the values resulting from the calculations performed on other buildings only on condition that the assumptions are congruent. In this regard, it should be pointed out that the assessment of the energy demand of a building, having been carried out by a method of calculation, cannot but be affected by the different assumptions that the designer considers useful or necessary to adopt. The value obtained can be varied thanks to the adoption of different solutions, such as improvements in the energy production system or in the performance of the envelope elements, which make it possible to assess the feasibility of a given operation from an energetic point of view. As mentioned above, laws and regulations require the building-plant system to be considered as a single block; however, during the assessment of energy performance, it is advisable to distinguish the energy contributions required for cooling energy, those required for heating, the energy required by the plant system and the primary energy required by the entire building-plant system. This determination allows energy audits to be performed in a more understandable way. To calculate the building energy performance indexes, reference is made to the methods described in the Technical Specifications of the UNI 11300 series (UNI, 2010a, 2012a, 2014c, 2014d), all expressly adopted by the Italian law and therefore binding. On the basis of the contents of the Guide, the assessment of the energy performance of a historic building should be performed at least twice; the first time to define the actual condition of the building, and the second time to evaluate the results obtained after the improvements. Obviously, this assessment may be affected by inaccuracies and/or errors related to the difficulty of obtaining data on the thermo-physical properties of the building-plant system.
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Table 2 – Diagram for the evaluation of the effects of energy upgrade.
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As already stated, energy performance must be assessed both before and after the intervention. The results should be summarized in Table 2. The form should be filled in by the designer of the intervention and evaluated by the Superintendence on the basis of the documentation produced. Of course, an improvement in the energy performance of a building involves interventions characterized by a significant percentage of overall primary energy savings to be evaluated case by case. 9. A TOOL TO ASSESS LANDSCAPE INTEGRATION To improve the energy efficiency of historic buildings can have, more often than not, an impact on the landscape due, for example, to interventions which might interfere with the characters of historicity and antiquity of the building or to plant engineering installations that may not be synergistic with the landscape, seen aside from the building. In these cases, special attention has to be paid to landscape integration, which must be assessed at different scales of intervention for each typological element on the basis of the following criteria:
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- technology, intended as the degree of replacement of the building and system components; - landscape, morphological, form and colour perception. As a first assessment of the overall degree of integration of the project, a sheet such as the one shown in Table 3 can be used to be filled-in by the designer of the intervention on the basis of the documents produced, as illustrated below, and that is assessed by the Superintendency. This sheet is a summary that will then be compared with the results of the energy assessment and is also useful to for an initial screening on the acceptability of the project, in the sense that interventions that are not characterised by at least a partial degree of integration cannot be submitted.
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Table 3 – Preliminary assessment sheet for integration in the landscape.
10. HISTORIC BUILDINGS AND STANDARD EVOLUTION RELATED TO ENERGY EFFICIENCY
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In the case of historic buildings, it will be necessary to interpret the possibility of unifying and simplifying all the current laws and decrees related to energy performance of buildings in a more incisive manner. This topic is currently being discussed by the operators of the heating sector, who are often in difficulty, as pointed out in the Introduction of the Guide with reference to the interpretation of the scope of the legislative body on energy efficiency in buildings. Obviously, this subject is not merely technical; therefore it is not the responsibility of the designers only, but involves policy choices on energy efficiency that Italy is called to make as a member State of the EU. AiCARR believes that it is necessary to clarify the subject of energy saving in the building industry in general, and with special reference to historic buildings, establishing a few rules that are clear and that cannot be interpreted at will. To this end, AiCARR believes that the following would be essential: - introducing a performance index that takes into account only non-renewable primary energy; defining the energy performance of a building only through the primary energy requirements; - providing a definition of energy from renewable sources; - defining the nZEB (nearly Zero Energy Building) univocally, i.e. a building characterised by a low demand for non-renewable primary energy; - defining the assessment method of exported energy, for example by referring to the territorial context. According to AiCARR, these rules should only relate to matters regarding the energy performance of the building, during the design or upgrading phase, not to checks and inspections of use and maintenance. In particular, aspects related to the minimum performance of the building-plant system should be separated from those related to energy certification, so as to eliminate the misunderstanding that the design activity is aimed only at obtaining the energy performance certificate.
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With regard to the minimum performance, AiCARR believes that it is necessary to identify the minimum requirements which can be easily verified by the municipality or concerned institution, without necessarily having to perform a complete calculation of the energy performance. For instance, the following criteria could be taken into account: - transmittance: indicate the value of the transmittance of the walls responsible for 60% of the total dispersion; - subsystem efficiency: provide a minimum reference value; - production efficiency: Indicate a minimum value of the nominal efficiency and think of a way to limit oversizing. Evidently, appropriate adjustments for historical buildings should be provided and regulated. CONCLUSIONS
REFERENCES
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The Guidelines consist of two parts and they should serve as a tool of comparison between the two professions that interact in the process of upgrading energy efficiency: the designer, who manages the process by identifying the solution he considers to be most appropriate to the individual situation among the various improvement possibilities, and the technicians of the Superintendence, who must verify the compliance with the constraints existing on the building. The first part of the Guidelines, is dedicated to the technicians of the Superintendence and it contains the main general principles of energy saving, in order to create a common ground of knowledge for a correct and qualified choice of interventions. The second part, devoted mainly to designers, delves into the concepts related to the audit process and the improvement of energy efficiency in historic buildings; but of course it can also be used for existing buildings in general.
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[1] CEN. 2014. Conservation of Cultural Heritage - Guidelines and procedures for choosing appropriate lighting for indoor exhibitions. CEN TS/16163. Bruxelles: European Committee for Standardization. [2] UNI. 1999. Beni di interesse storico artistico. Condizioni ambientali di conservazione. Misure ed analisi. Norma UNI 10829. Milano: Ente Nazionale Italiano di Unificazione. [3] UNI. 2000. Manutenzione dei patrimoni immobiliari - Criteri di stesura dei manuali d uso e di manutenzione. Norma UNI 10874. Milano: Ente Nazionale Italiano di Unificazione. [4] UNI. 2002a. Previsione tecnica ed economica delle attività di manutenzione (budget di manutenzione) di aziende produttrici di beni e servizi - Criteri per la definizione, approvazione, gestione e controllo. Norma UNI 10992. Milano: Ente Nazionale Italiano di Unificazione. [5] UNI. 2008a. Criteri per la progettazione dell'ambiente interno e per la valutazione della prestazione energetica degli edifici, in relazione alla qualità dell'aria interna,
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all'ambiente termico, all'illuminazione e all'acustica. UNI EN 15251. Milano: Ente Nazionale Italiano di Unificazione. [6] UNI. 2008c. Prestazione energetica degli edifici - Calcolo del fabbisogno di energia per il riscaldamento e il raffrescamento. Norna UNI EN ISO 13790. Milano: Ente Nazionale Italiano di Unificazione. [7] UNI.2008h. Prestazione energetica degli edifici - Requisiti energetici per illuminazione. Norma UNI EN ISO 15193. Milano: Ente Nazionale Italiano di Unificazione. [8] UNI. 2010a. Conservazione dei Beni Culturali - Specifiche concernenti la temperatura e l'umidità relativa per limitare i danni meccanici causati dal clima ai materiali organici igroscopici. Norma UNI EN 15757. Milano: Ente Nazionale Italiano di Unificazione. [9] UNI. 2010b. Conservazione dei Beni Culturali - Procedure e strumenti per misurare la temperatura dell'aria e quella della superficie degli oggetti. Norma UNI EN 15758. Milano: Ente Nazionale Italiano di Unificazione. [10] UNI. 2010c. Prestazioni energetiche degli edifici - Parte 3: Determinazione del fabbisogno di energia primaria e dei rendimenti per la climatizzazione estiva. Specifica Tecnica UNI/TS 11300-3. Milano: Ente Nazionale Italiano di Unificazione. [11] UNI. 2010d. Manutenzione - Terminologia di manutenzione. Norma UNI 13306. Milano: Ente Nazionale Italiano di Unificazione. [12] UNI. 2011a. Luce e illuminazione - Illuminazione dei posti di lavoro - Parte 1: Posti di lavoro in interni. Norma UNI EN 12464-1. Milano: Ente Nazionale Italiano di Unificazione. [13] UNI. 2011b. Global service per la manutenzione dei patrimoni immobiliari - Linee guida. Norma UNI 11136. Milano: Ente Nazionale Italiano di Unificazione. [14] UNI. 2011c. Criteri di progettazione, gestione e controllo dei servizi di manutenzione degli immobili. Norma UNI EN 15331. Milano: Ente Nazionale Italiano di Unificazione. [15] UNI. 2012a. Conservazione dei beni culturali - Principali termini generali e definizioni. Norma UNI EN 15898. Milano: Ente Nazionale Italiano di Unificazione. [16] UNI. 2012b. Diagnosi energetiche - Parte 1: Requisiti generali. Norma UNI CEI EN 16247-1:2012. Milano: Ente Nazionale Italiano di Unificazione. [17] UNI. 2012c.Prestazioni energetiche degli edifici - Parte 4: Utilizzo di energie rinnovabili e di altri metodi di generazione per la climatizzazione invernale e per la produzione di acqua calda sanitaria. Specifica Tecnica UNI/TS 11300-4. Milano: Ente Nazionale Italiano di Unificazione. [18] UNI. 2014a. Prestazioni energetiche degli edifici - Parte 1: Determinazione del fabbisogno di energia termica dell'edificio per la climatizzazione estiva ed invernale. Specifica Tecnica UNI/TS 11300-1. Milano: Ente Nazionale Italiano di Unificazione. [19] UNI. 2014b. Prestazioni energetiche degli edifici - Parte 2: Determinazione del fabbisogno di energia primaria e dei rendimenti per la climatizzazione invernale e
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per la produzione di acqua calda sanitaria. Specifica Tecnica UNI/TS 11300-2. Milano: Ente Nazionale Italiano di Unificazione. [20]UNI. 2014c. Impianti aeraulici per la climatizzazione - Classificazione, prescrizione e requisiti prestazionali per la progettazione e la fornitura. Norma UNI 10339. Milano: Ente Nazionale Italiano di Unificazione. [21] Italian Government. 2004. Codice dei beni culturali e del paesaggio, ai sensi dell'articolo 10 della legge 6 luglio 2002, n. 137. DLgs 42/2004.Gazzetta Ufficiale n. 45 del 24 .2.2004, SO n. 28. [22] Italian Government. 2011. Attuazione della direttiva 2009/28/CE sulla promozione dell'uso dell'energia da fonti rinnovabili, recante modifica e successiva abrogazione delle direttive 2001/77/CE e 2003/30/CE. DLgs 28/11. Gazzetta Ufficiale n. 71 del 28.3.2011, SO n. 81. [23] Italian Government. 2013. Disposizioni urgenti per il recepimento della Direttiva 2010/31/UE del Parlamento europeo e del Consiglio del 19 maggio 2010, sulla prestazione energetica nell'edilizia per la definizione delle procedure d'infrazione avviate dalla Commissione europea, nonché altre disposizioni in materia di coesione sociale. DL 63/13. Gazzetta Ufficiale n. 130 del 5.6.2013. [24] Italian Parliament. 2013. Conversione in legge, con modificazioni, del decreto-legge 4 giugno 2013, n. 63, recante disposizioni urgenti per il recepimento della Direttiva 2010/31/UE del Parlamento europeo e del Consiglio del 19 maggio 2010, sulla prestazione energetica nell'edilizia per la definizione delle procedure d'infrazione avviate dalla Commissione europea, nonché altre disposizioni in materia di coesione sociale. L 90/13. Gazzetta Ufficiale Serie Generale n. 181 del 3.8.2013. [25] European Parliament. 2002. Directive 2002/91/CE; Parlamento Europeo e Consiglio del 16 dicembre 2002 sul rendimento energetico nell'edilizia. Gazzetta Ufficiale delle Comunità europee L1/65 del 4.1.2003. [26] Parlamento Europeo. 2009. Directive 2009/28/C; Parlamento Europeo e Consiglio del 23 aprile 2009 sulla promozione dell’uso dell’energia da fonti rinnovabili, recante modifica e successiva abrogazione delle Direttive 2001/77/CE e 2003/30/CE. Gazzetta Ufficiale dell’Unione Europea L140/16 del 5.6.2009. [27] Parlamento Europeo. 2010. Directive 2010/; Parlamento Europeo e Consiglio del 19 maggio 2010 sulle prestazioni energetiche degli edifici (recast). Gazzetta Ufficiale dell’Unione Europea L153/13 del 18.6.2010. [28] de Santoli L, Mancini F, Rossetti S. The energy sustainability of Palazzo Italia at EXPO 2015: Analysis of an nZEB building. Energy and Buildings 2014;82:534539. [29] de Santoli L, Fraticelli F, Fornari F, Calice C. Energy performance assessment and a retrofit strategies in public school buildings in Rome. Energy and Buildings 2014;68(A):196-202 [30] de Santoli L, Lo Basso G, Bruschi D. A small scale H2NG production plant in Italy: Techno-economic feasibility analysis and costs associated with carbon avoidance. Int J Hydrogen Energy 2014;39(12):6497–6517. [31] de Santoli L, Nastasi B, Albo A, Bruschi D, Lo Basso G. RES (Renewable Energy Sources) availability assessments for Eco-fuels production at local scale: carbon
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avoidance costs associated to a hybrid biomass/H2NG-based energy scenario. Energy Procedia; article in press. [32] AiCARR. 2011. Posizione di AiCARR sul D.Lgs. 28/11 per gli aspetti riguardanti le rinnovabili termiche. Milano: Editoriale Delfino. Disponibile alla pagina www.aicarr.org. [33] Alfano G., d’Ambrosio F.R., Riccio G. 1998. Degrado degli edifici dovuto ad umidità: prevenzione e bonifica. In: Edilizia e Ambiente (A. Peretti e P. Simonetti eds.), 103-122. Padova: Arti Grafiche Padovane. [34] Bellia L., D’Agostino S., d’Ambrosio F.R. 2014. An integrated process for rehabilitating historical buildings. Proceedings of 49th AiCARR International Conference “Historical and existing buildings: Designing the retrofit, Rome. [35] Bo M. 2011. Innovazione delle tecniche tradizionali nel retrofit degli edifici: la riqualificazione dei vecchi impianti di riscaldamento a radiatori. Atti del 48° Convegno Internazionale AiCARR, Baveno, settembre. [36] Busato F. 2009. Energie rinnovabili: eolico. In: Miniguida AICARR, Padova: SGE. [37] Busato F. 2014. Analisi economica: fondamenti e applicazioni al sistema edificioimpianto. Collana AiCARR. Milano: Editoriale Delfino. [38] Crawley D., Hand., Kummert M., Griffith B. 2008. Contrasting the capabilities of building energy performance simulation programs. Building and Environment, 43(4), 661-673. [39] d’Ambrosio, M. Dell’Isola, M. Palmiero, A. Pica. 2010. Misura della permeabilità all’aria degli edifici residenziali. Parte 1: Principi generali. La Termotecnica. ottobre, 61-68, Parte 2: Indagini sperimentali, novembre, 69-72. [40] d'Ambrosio Alfano F.R. 2013. Oltre la certificazione energetica: progettazione e gestione del sistema edificio impianto per ottimizzare il comfort ed i consumi energetici reali. AiCARR Journal, 20, 16-30. [41] Daniel R. 2009. Audit degli edifici esistenti: problematiche e metodologie operative. Tesi di laurea, Dipartimento di Energia Politecnico di Milano - ALDAR S.rl. Engineering Efficiency Milano, 2009. [42] De Leo F., d’Ambrosio Alfano F.R. 2014. I materiali termoisolanti per l’edilizia. (In corso di stampa). [43] Dell’Isola M., d’Ambrosio Alfano F.R., Ficco G., Ianniello E. 2010. Problematiche di misura in campo della trasmittanza termica nella diagnosi energetica degli edifici. Atti 65° Congresso Nazionale dell'Associazione Termotecnica Italiana. Laguna Chia, settembre. [44] Givoni B. 1969. Man, climate and architecture. Elsevier Publishing Company Limited. [45] Lazzarin R. 2009. Energie rinnovabili: solare termico. In: Miniguida AICARR, Padova: SGE. [46] Lazzarin R. 2011. Le pompe di calore nel retrofit degli edifici: aspetti tecnici ed economici. Atti del 48° Convegno Internazionale AiCARR, Baveno, settembre. [47] Mazzarella L. 2010. Diagnosi energetica (Energy Audit): aspetti generali - criteri e procedure di valutazione. In: Diagnosi energetica degli edifici esistenti: aspetti relativi a involucro edilizio e impianti, valutazioni tecnico-economiche. Milano: AiCARR.
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[48] Mazzarella L., Piterà L.A, 2013. Efficienza energetica attraverso la diagnosi e il servizio energia negli edifici. Linee Guida - AGESI - ASSISTAL ASSOPETROLI - ASSOENERGIA. [49] MIBAC. 2001. Atto di indirizzo sui criteri tecnico-scientifici e sugli standard di funzionamento e sviluppo dei musei (Art. 150, comma 6, del DLgs 112 del 1998). DM 10 maggio 2001. Gazzetta Ufficiale 19 ottobre 2001, n. 244, S.O. [50] Ministero della Salute. 2006. Linee Guida per la definizione di protocolli tecnici di manutenzione predittiva degli impianti di climatizzazione. Gazzetta Ufficiale del 3.11.2006. [51] Olgyay V. 1963. Design with climate: bioclimatic approach to architectural regionalism. Some chapters based on cooperative research with Aladar Olgyay. Princeton: Princeton University Press, [52] Pinna M. 1978. L’atmosfera e il clima. Torino: UTET. [53] Tronville P. 2013. La filtrazione dell’aria negli impianti di climatizzazione. Collana Tecnica AiCARR . Milano: Editoriale Delfino.
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ACKNOLEDGEMENTS
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Acknowledgements include all supporting activity of the Italian Ministry of Cultural Heritage. The AiCARR guideline has been drawn up by a work team consisting of the following experts: Livio de Santoli (coordinator, Sapienza University of Rome), Laura Bellia (University of Naples Federico II), Stefano P. Corgnati (Polytechnic University of Turin), Francesca R. d’Ambrosio Alfano (University of Salerno), Marco Filippi (Polytechnic University of Turin), Livio Mazzarella (Polytechnic University of Milan), Piercarlo Romagnoni (University IUAV of Venice), Fabio Sciurpi (University of Studies of Florence). The author thanks also Pietro Mazzei, Fabrizio Ascione, Francesco Calise and Francesco Minichiello of the University of Naples Federico II, Gianfranco Rizzo, Gianluca Scaccianoce, Vincenzo Franzitta and Antonio Nucara of the University of Palermo and Mario Mariotti, PhD, for their precious cooperation in drawing up the first draft of these Guidelines. The Guidelines have been reviewed by the following experts who have supplied valuable suggestions: Matteo Bo, Luca Alberto Piterà.
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Visit to the building to be audited in order to visually inspect each energy system and/or subsystem.
Level II: General
Energy analysis of plant systems with stationary computational models. Small measurements.
Level III: Investmentgrade
Energy analysis of plant systems with dynamic computational models. Detailed measurements on components.
Estimation of the potential energy and cost saving on the basis of the ESO at low investment cost. List of quality intervention scenarios. Information for subsequent level II or III analysis Indication of ESO and scenarios of intervention to be implemented through the building energy, economic and multicriteria analysis. Evaluation of the primary energy consumption in relation to the utility function, the energy carrier and use profiles. Accurate Indication of ESO and scenarios of intervention to be implemented through the building energy, economic and multicriteria analysis. Definition of the interactions between the different scenarios.
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TIME
Few days
Few weeks
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Level I: Walkthrough
RESULTS
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CHARACTERISTICS
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Table 1 – Comparison between the three levels of audit. ESO: Energy Saving Opportunities.
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Before the intervention
After the intervention
Percentage reduction [%]
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Performance index
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[kWh/(m3·year)] EPci EPacs EPce EPill EPgl (global) Table 2 – Diagram for the evaluation of the effects of energy upgrade.
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Integration level Technological
Scenic Formal
Chromatic
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Cover
Cover Facade Installations Integration level: = partial; = total
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Mesoscale Squareblocksurrounding Macroscale territory
Opaque surfaces Transparent surfaces Facade Opaque surfaces Transparent surfaces Installations Cover Facade Installations
Morphological
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Microscale Architecture Buildingplaceconstruction
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Typological element
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Scale
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Table 3 – Preliminary assessment sheet for integration in the landscape.
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Highlights Guidelines to improve the energy efficiency of historic buildings were developed.
The proposed methodology should be based on an interdisciplinary approach.
Criteria for interventions integration in the landscape were identified.
Appropriate adjustments for historical buildings should be provided and regulated.
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A procedure proposed by AiCARR to improve the energy efficiency
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S0378-7788(14)00895-0 http://dx.doi.org/doi:10.1016/j.enbuild.2014.10.050 ENB 5433
To appear in:
ENB
Received date: Accepted date:
14-10-2014 21-10-2014
Please cite this article as: L. de Santoli, Guidelines on energy efficiency of cultural heritage, Energy and Buildings (2014), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2014.10.050 This is a PDF file of an unedited manuscript that has been accepted for publication. As a service to our customers we are providing this early version of the manuscript. The manuscript will undergo copyediting, typesetting, and review of the resulting proof before it is published in its final form. Please note that during the production process errors may be discovered which could affect the content, and all legal disclaimers that apply to the journal pertain.
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Guidelines on energy efficiency of cultural heritage
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Livio de Santoli1 1
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Interdisciplinary Centre for Landscape, Building, Conservation, Environment (CITERA), Sapienza University of Rome, via Antonio Gramsci, 53 - 00197 Rome, Italy AiCARR President – Italian Association for heating ventilation, Air Conditioning and Refrigeration
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address to whom to send any comunications: [email protected]
SUMMARY
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The AiCARR Guidelines “Energy Efficiency in Historic Buildings” (February 2014) provide information to evaluate and improve the energy performance of historic buildings, fully respecting their significance and expression; where applicable these Guidelines will include the most recent legislation on the subject existing in Italy. These guidelines are intended for both design engineers and superintendencies. They provide the design engineers with a tool for the energy audit of the historic building and offer a framework for the design of possible energy upgrades, which are conceptually similar to that provided for non-protected buildings, but appropriately tailored to the needs and peculiarities of the cultural heritage. On the other hand, these Guidelines provide the institutions responsible for protecting the building, the possibility to objectively decide on the level of energy efficiency achieved as a result of the rehabilitation in accordance with the conservation criteria. Key words: energy efficiency, HVAC, cultural heritage, historic buildings
1. INTRODUCTION
Whenever an intervention is required to a protected property or nevertheless to property of cultural value, it should be considered that the work to be carried out falls within the scope of restoration and the priority objectives are to preserve and bring these assets in line with the future in the best possible condition (Charter for conservation and restoration, Italian Ministry of Instruction, 1972). Even the energy efficiency measures should pursue the above stated purposes, which means considering energy efficiency as a tool for protecting - rather than a process of upgrading that conflicts with the conservation requirements. It follows that the design choices should be made by consulting with the conservation experts. In this regard,
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the following criteria set out in the Venice Charter for Conservation and Restoration are of invaluable help: compatibility, minimum intervention, reversibility, distinguishability, expressive authenticity, durability and respect of the original fabric. However, these Guidelines have a more ambitious objective. Its aim is to provide an insight into the relationship between restoration and installations that today is still little explored from a theoretical point of view, and definitely less, for example, than the corresponding relationship between restoration and the need for full accessibility - or even between restoration and structural consolidation works. Even in this case, as for the structural consolidation, it is necessary to radically rethink the concept, which is reflected in a new methodological approach, an example of which is suggested in these Guidelines. If we start from the same experience that years ago brought about a debate on the problems related to the historical-critical process, and to the scientific-technical process for consolidation restoration projects, which recognized the need of a rigorous method of unity, this same method is proposed for the energy efficiency of a cultural asset. In the restoration-HVAC systems relation we still see a gap in the rules and regulations. Notwithstanding this gap, the need to include systems in the restoration concept and the three point criteria (minimum intervention, reversibility and compatibility) is well established. To this regard, these Guidelines also propose that the concept of “improvement” replace the concept of “adaptation” in the current standards and requirements also with regard to safety and comfort, elaborated along the lines of “integrated conservation” (Congress on the European Architectural Heritage, the Declaration of Amsterdam, 1975). Proposals to improve the energy compliance of a historic building (or, even, of a cultural landscape) can be made by taking appropriate measures that are well-balanced for a suitable architectural or landscape integration. This means that you will often have to settle for a partial architectural integration, rather than a total integration, as would be desirable for new buildings. The required level of integration must be such that the interventions proposed do not upset the asset itself, which is the case when "adapting" it to the current standards and requirements, as if it were a new building. The proposed methodology should be based on an interdisciplinary approach, the main steps of which are clearly set out in the Guidelines. These steps include: following the general principles and the concepts; an analysis of the plant engineering systems; measuring the environmental quality and determining the risks to historical buildings (including the identification of the proposed intervention as it relates to the building and the system.) As to the application of these principles, these Guidelines refer to the existing legislation with non-binding methods that, given the nature of evolution over time, may and will be subject to revision and updates.[1-27] The Guidelines are therefore both a point of arrival (if a univocity of languages among different regulations is reached), but above all serve as a starting point and a stimulus for further advances and progress in a sector that will be of fundamental importance to the development of our future society.
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Finally, the Guidelines refer to the existing buildings needs in order to match both the energy efficiency enhancement [28,29] and the carbon dioxide emissions reduction by means of new carbon-free fuels application along with more complex energy scenarios development. [30,31]
2. THE MEANING OF THESE GUIDELINES
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The Code of cultural and landscape heritage states that: cultural heritage is made up of both cultural and landscape heritage and that cultural assets are intangible and tangible goods that, pursuant to Articles 10 and 11, are of artistic, historical, archaeological, ethno-anthropological, archival and bibliographic interest and other things identified by the law or pursuant to the law as evidence of civilization value.[21] The Hague Convention of 1954 also considers as cultural assets a) movable or immovable property of great importance to the cultural heritage of every people, such as monuments of architecture, art or history, whether religious or secular; archaeological sites, groups of buildings which as a whole, are of historical or artistic interest; …b) buildings whose main and effective purpose is to preserve or exhibit the movable cultural property defined in sub-paragraph a) such as museums, large libraries and depositories of archives, and refuges intended to shelter, in the event of armed conflict, the movable cultural property defined in subparagraph a); c) centers containing a large amount of cultural property, as defined in sub-paragraphs a) and b), to be known as “centers containing monuments”. The historic buildings are, therefore, a cultural heritage that must be preserved and enhanced, as evidence of history and culture. Italy is characterized by a widespread and diffused presence of historic buildings throughout the country; these buildings are often still used as homes and museums. For this reason, the energy upgrade of historic buildings represents two major challenges: intervention on an artifact subject to historical and architectural constraints and sometimes also structural ones, and carrying out work that can affect both the envelope as well as the building systems, and requires great care and skill by the professional entrusted with the design engineering. 3. THE LEGISLATION CONTEXT The assessment of energy performance in the building-plant system is performed under both winter and summer conditions. The assessment is based upon the energy performance index EP, which expresses the primary energy consumption referred to the useful area or gross volume, expressed respectively in kWh/(m2·year) or kWh/(m3·year), and which is calculated according to the instructions provided by law. The EP is a standardized performance indicator whose value may change according to the technical and technological solutions adopted. For this reason, when choosing the energy production system and/or the envelope components, it is important to weigh the different solutions that can be adopted. The goal should be to evaluate the energy feasibility of each possible solution with a goal of maximizing energy efficiency while meeting the regulatory restraints imposed on the renovation of historic buildings.
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It should be remembered that legislation and regulations identify the building services as a single block: however, during the assessment of energy performance, it is advisable to distinguish the energy requirements for: cooling, heating, the HVAC system and the primary building-plant system. This characterization allows an energy audit to be performed in a more comprehensible manner so as to evaluate possible inefficiencies in energy transformation operations. In recent years the Italian legislation on energy saving has since undergone a series of changes1 until the issue of Legislative Decree n° 63/13, which is the first legal instrument prescribing requirements for historic buildings. In fact, until the publication of Legislative Decree n° 63/13 (Italian Government, 2013), converted into law on August 3, 2013 (Italian Parliament, 2013), some protected buildings, including historic buildings, did not fall within the scope of the legislation on energy saving in buildings. As of August 4, 2013 the obligation to drawing up the certificate of energy performance in buildings, in accordance with Article 6, and the operation, maintenance and inspections of technical installations applies. It should be emphasized that Legislative Decree 311/06 provided that the previous provisions concerning the energy performance of historic buildings were not applicable in the case where they entailed an unacceptable alteration to their character or appearance with particular reference to historical or artistic character. Since Legislative Decree 63/13 modifies 192/95, clarification should be made as to whether the latter condition has been confirmed or not. For historic buildings that fall within the scope of Legislative Decree n° 63/13 the EP should be calculated and the related building energy class must also be checked, in order to fill out the energy performance certificate. The calculation procedure must comply with the rules in force in the field of energy saving in the building sector.
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4. A PROCEDURE PROPOSAL TO IMPROVE THE ENERGY EFFICIENCY OF HISTORIC BUILDINGS
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Energy improvement means to perform one or more interventions with the aim of reducing the energy performance index without changing the structural and architectural condition of the artifact, while trying to improve the quality of the environment. Figure 1 shows the flow chart of the proposal made by AiCARR regarding the best improvement procedure on how to improve energy efficiency. The procedure involves some preliminary actions aimed at a correct energy audit, downstream of which the actual energy performance index must be calculated. The energy audit should also be used to evaluate the possible improvement actions, which must be calculated on the basis of the post-construction energy performance index. Obviously, if the improvement has led to concrete results it is possible to proceed; otherwise the process should be repeated by analyzing the audit levels more thoroughly. 1
A key role was played by the European Directives 91/02 (European Parliament, 2002), known as the EPBD, and 31/10 (European Parliament, 2010), known as EPBD recast, which led to the Legislative Decree 192/05 (Italian Government, 2005) and subsequent amendments and Legislative Decree 63/13 (Italian Government, 2013).
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The Line Guides are dedicated to the different phases in detail - with special regard to the audit, the analysis of the envelope, the plant engineering system and the evaluation of energy performance of the historic building. Particularly, two chapters discuss the interventions on the envelope and the plant engineering systems. Lastly, all of the reported actions in the proposal of procedure refer to the huge Italian bibliography dealing with this matter.[29-….]
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Figure 1 – A procedure proposed by AiCARR to improve the energy efficiency in historic buildings
5. THE PATH OF THE KNOWLEDGE
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The characteristics of most of Italian cultural heritage lie in their diffusion on the territory, and even if the single structure should not have any particular relevance, the system as a whole shows a network which constitute the historic memory of that site. These systems are extremely fragiles and vulnerable towards any morpholgical and cromatic changes. From the latter the designer has to be activate in order to develop a knowledge path for a complete comprehensive of the nature of the system and its role within the landscape around. This preliminary activity must include any specific competence in a complete interdisciplinary approach. In the Guide the knoledge path is related to the following processes:. The study of the site context The anamnesi The study of the environmental conditions of the site The survay (geometrical, architectonic, structural, survay of the elements) Evolution of building services Material characterisation Energy data collections Diagnostic reports 6. THE ENERGY AUDIT FOR HISTORIC BUILDINGS
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The energy audit is one of the fundamental processes of energy upgrade for buildings, so it is essential to clearly define the purpose and method of execution. To confirm this, the European Committee for Normalization (CEN) has recently published the UNI CEI EN 16247-1 (UNI, 2012) standard, which is the first of a series dedicated to this topic and which defines the energy audit as a "systematic inspection and analysis of energy use and energy consumption of a site, building, system, or organization with the objective of identifying energy flows and the potential for energy efficiency improvements and reporting them. " With reference to the building, the energy audit is a systematic procedure that aims at : defining the energy balance of the building-plant system and identifying the possible recovery of dissipated energy; evaluating the conditions of thermohygrometric comfort and safety necessary and identifying appropriate solutions for energy saving; evaluating opportunities for energy savings from a technical-economic point of view and optimizing the management methods of the building services, such as energy supply contracts and system operating methods, seeing to reducing management costs. With specific regard to historic buildings, the improvement of energy performance sometimes requires changes to the architectural organism which, if not carefully designed on the basis of a correct energy audit, can lead to problems such as affecting the
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monumental and/or documental value of the artifact as well as calling into question the structural safety of the building. It follows that the thermotechnical engineer who has to intervene on a historic building - especially if constrained by the Legislation - is often required to obtain the documentation necessary to gain knowledge about the building, not only with reference to the aspects related to his technical expertise, but also those related to its role in human history and within the urban context and landscape in which it is inserted. There are three different basic types, also known as energy audit levels, which, in order of complexity, are namely: Level I - Audit by visual inspection or walk-through audit: this basically consists of a visual inspection of each system and/or subsystem exchanging energy in the building. Generally, this type of audit also includes an assessment of the energy consumption data, in order to analyze energy quantities and use profiles as well as provide an element of comparison with the average reference values. It is the least expensive audit that can nonetheless provide a number of low-cost savings opportunities, to be achieved mainly through the improvement of management and maintenance procedures, as well as a preliminary estimation of the potential savings. It is also useful as a screening to determine whether it is appropriate to proceed to the next levels, which are more accurate and therefore more expensive. II Level – Standard audit: this consists in quantifying energy uses and losses, to be made by reviewing and analyzing the equipment and systems and their operational features, and in economically analyzing the recommended energy saving measures. It can envisage on-site measurements and performance testing to quantify the energy use and energy efficiency of the various systems. The instruments used to calculate this level of audit are the standard ones, such as the calculation procedures set out in national Standards UNI TS 11300 standard. III Level – Investment-grade audit: This consists of a detailed analysis of energy uses, according to function and/or intended use, and in an assessment of energy use profiles by means of computer programs for dynamic simulation of the energy system considered. It is evidently the most expensive level in terms of time and cost, which can be justified by the high complexity of the building or system being examined, and which cannot be correctly treated with the previous levels. Table 1 shows a comparison between the three audit levels. Once the type of audit to be performed has been established, it is necessary to collect information on structural and mechanical components affecting energy uses in the building as well as the operation and management methods of the building-plant system. Much of this information can and should be collected before inspecting the building: in fact, a detailed assessment of energy use and user systems before the on-site inspection definitely helps to identify the areas of potential energy savings by optimizing the inspection. As mentioned before, the energy audit of a historic building is not a simple process. The first obstacle is the lack of adequate plans and sections, in addition to the lack of knowledge of materials and stratigraphy of the inner and outer walls. These problems are common to many existing buildings, for which it is not easy to track plant sections that are significant from a thermotechnical point of view, and in
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which coring is not always possible for the identification of correct thermophysical characteristics of masonry structures. In the case of historic buildings, the task is even more difficult because, unless archive research is carried out, it is not possible to go back to the original plant and any changes that it has undergone over the years or centuries. From the materials point of view, it is sometimes possible to trace the stratigraphy of the walls in a non-destructive or intrusive way; for example using endoscopic techniques applied to existing passages or interstices in the masonry. These techniques, however, may be expensive and not always take account of works that have been performed over time to the walls, which are often hidden under more or less valuable plaster and are not always detectable with techniques such as infrared thermography.
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Table 1 – Comparison between the three levels of audit. ESO: Energy Saving Opportunities.
7. THE ANALYSIS OF EXISTING ENVELOPE AND BUILDING SERVICES
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7.1. Analysis of the existing envelope Knowledge of the geometrical, functional, physical and technical characteristics of the artifact is of fundamental importance, and requires surveys to be carried out to collect all the information necessary to perform a correct audit, and to calculate the energy parameters envisaged by law, as set out in the Italian and European standards (UNI, 2008c, 2010c, 2012b, 2013b, 2013c). The energy audit and the calculation of energy performance, after defining the boundaries of the reference system, require knowledge of some data such as: the values of the surface areas of the building layout as well as the envelope opaque and transparent areas, the building volumes and geometry, the stratigraphy of the envelope components, the final use of the building and different environments. 7.2. Analysis of the existing HVAC system Knowledge of plant systems within the building is essential to understand the building-plant system status and to define the measures to be taken to improve energy performance. For this purpose, surveys should be carried out in order to collect all the information necessary to perform a correct energy audit and calculate the parameters according to law, as set out in the Italian and European standards (UNI, 2008c, 2010c, 2012b, 2013b, 2013c). The installations in a building that use energy are essentially climatization and electrical systems. The former, in turn, can be classified: heating, ventilation,
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thermoventilation, air conditioning and domestic hot water production systems. The characteristics of the most common systems – heating and air-conditioning systems (UNI, 2014b) - are summarized in the Guide Lines. To draw up the energy audit and calculate the energy performance of buildings, a variety of information about the system and its associated characteristics is required. To collect and organize data, data sheets and protocols may be very useful for the expert as a guide in carrying out the task. These data sheets must contain at least the type and the technical characteristics of the system and its components; however, they can obviously include any type of information, from the building internal layout to the terminal arrangement. Examples of the sheets are given in the Guide.
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7.3. Historic plant systems engineering From the systems engineering point of view, historic buildings that have not been affected by recent maintenance work, whether ordinary, extraordinary or preventive, are generally equipped with obsolete equipment that, in principle, could be replaced, but that can actually be evidence of the past and as such have a historical interest; therefore they should be carefully recovered, valued and, if possible, made useable. It goes without saying that an assessment to possibly reutilize systems that have a historical value involves problems of protection and often enhancement. It is an interdisciplinary process that the designer has to manage in terms of thermal engineering and also requires the typical skills of Cultural Heritage experts. An analysis of historical works to assess the possibilities for protection, enhancement and fruition is therefore an integrated process in which the designer plays a particularly important role.
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8. THE OVERALL ENERGY PERFORMANCE ASSESSMENT OF A HISTORIC BUILDING
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The energy performance of a building is the annual amount of energy actually consumed or expected to be needed to meet the different requirements associated with a standardized use of the building, including winter and summer air conditioning, domestic hot water production, ventilation and lighting. The overall energy performance of the building is expressed through the global energy performance index (EPgI), which measures the primary energy consumption referred to the net area unit or to the gross volume for the purpose of heating, cooling, domestic hot water production, lighting, and ventilation if any: EPgl= EPci + EPacs + EPce + EPill where: EPci = energy performance index for winter heating; EPacs = energy performance index for the production of domestic hot water; EPce = energy performance index for summer conditioning; EPill = energy performance index for artificial lighting. The performance indices are expressed in kWh/m2year or kWh/m3year, according to the information provided by the current European and national standards and regulations.
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The value obtained from the calculation is a performance indicator that can be compared with the values resulting from the calculations performed on other buildings only on condition that the assumptions are congruent. In this regard, it should be pointed out that the assessment of the energy demand of a building, having been carried out by a method of calculation, cannot but be affected by the different assumptions that the designer considers useful or necessary to adopt. The value obtained can be varied thanks to the adoption of different solutions, such as improvements in the energy production system or in the performance of the envelope elements, which make it possible to assess the feasibility of a given operation from an energetic point of view. As mentioned above, laws and regulations require the building-plant system to be considered as a single block; however, during the assessment of energy performance, it is advisable to distinguish the energy contributions required for cooling energy, those required for heating, the energy required by the plant system and the primary energy required by the entire building-plant system. This determination allows energy audits to be performed in a more understandable way. To calculate the building energy performance indexes, reference is made to the methods described in the Technical Specifications of the UNI 11300 series (UNI, 2010a, 2012a, 2014c, 2014d), all expressly adopted by the Italian law and therefore binding. On the basis of the contents of the Guide, the assessment of the energy performance of a historic building should be performed at least twice; the first time to define the actual condition of the building, and the second time to evaluate the results obtained after the improvements. Obviously, this assessment may be affected by inaccuracies and/or errors related to the difficulty of obtaining data on the thermo-physical properties of the building-plant system.
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Table 2 – Diagram for the evaluation of the effects of energy upgrade.
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As already stated, energy performance must be assessed both before and after the intervention. The results should be summarized in Table 2. The form should be filled in by the designer of the intervention and evaluated by the Superintendence on the basis of the documentation produced. Of course, an improvement in the energy performance of a building involves interventions characterized by a significant percentage of overall primary energy savings to be evaluated case by case. 9. A TOOL TO ASSESS LANDSCAPE INTEGRATION To improve the energy efficiency of historic buildings can have, more often than not, an impact on the landscape due, for example, to interventions which might interfere with the characters of historicity and antiquity of the building or to plant engineering installations that may not be synergistic with the landscape, seen aside from the building. In these cases, special attention has to be paid to landscape integration, which must be assessed at different scales of intervention for each typological element on the basis of the following criteria:
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- technology, intended as the degree of replacement of the building and system components; - landscape, morphological, form and colour perception. As a first assessment of the overall degree of integration of the project, a sheet such as the one shown in Table 3 can be used to be filled-in by the designer of the intervention on the basis of the documents produced, as illustrated below, and that is assessed by the Superintendency. This sheet is a summary that will then be compared with the results of the energy assessment and is also useful to for an initial screening on the acceptability of the project, in the sense that interventions that are not characterised by at least a partial degree of integration cannot be submitted.
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Table 3 – Preliminary assessment sheet for integration in the landscape.
10. HISTORIC BUILDINGS AND STANDARD EVOLUTION RELATED TO ENERGY EFFICIENCY
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In the case of historic buildings, it will be necessary to interpret the possibility of unifying and simplifying all the current laws and decrees related to energy performance of buildings in a more incisive manner. This topic is currently being discussed by the operators of the heating sector, who are often in difficulty, as pointed out in the Introduction of the Guide with reference to the interpretation of the scope of the legislative body on energy efficiency in buildings. Obviously, this subject is not merely technical; therefore it is not the responsibility of the designers only, but involves policy choices on energy efficiency that Italy is called to make as a member State of the EU. AiCARR believes that it is necessary to clarify the subject of energy saving in the building industry in general, and with special reference to historic buildings, establishing a few rules that are clear and that cannot be interpreted at will. To this end, AiCARR believes that the following would be essential: - introducing a performance index that takes into account only non-renewable primary energy; defining the energy performance of a building only through the primary energy requirements; - providing a definition of energy from renewable sources; - defining the nZEB (nearly Zero Energy Building) univocally, i.e. a building characterised by a low demand for non-renewable primary energy; - defining the assessment method of exported energy, for example by referring to the territorial context. According to AiCARR, these rules should only relate to matters regarding the energy performance of the building, during the design or upgrading phase, not to checks and inspections of use and maintenance. In particular, aspects related to the minimum performance of the building-plant system should be separated from those related to energy certification, so as to eliminate the misunderstanding that the design activity is aimed only at obtaining the energy performance certificate.
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With regard to the minimum performance, AiCARR believes that it is necessary to identify the minimum requirements which can be easily verified by the municipality or concerned institution, without necessarily having to perform a complete calculation of the energy performance. For instance, the following criteria could be taken into account: - transmittance: indicate the value of the transmittance of the walls responsible for 60% of the total dispersion; - subsystem efficiency: provide a minimum reference value; - production efficiency: Indicate a minimum value of the nominal efficiency and think of a way to limit oversizing. Evidently, appropriate adjustments for historical buildings should be provided and regulated. CONCLUSIONS
REFERENCES
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The Guidelines consist of two parts and they should serve as a tool of comparison between the two professions that interact in the process of upgrading energy efficiency: the designer, who manages the process by identifying the solution he considers to be most appropriate to the individual situation among the various improvement possibilities, and the technicians of the Superintendence, who must verify the compliance with the constraints existing on the building. The first part of the Guidelines, is dedicated to the technicians of the Superintendence and it contains the main general principles of energy saving, in order to create a common ground of knowledge for a correct and qualified choice of interventions. The second part, devoted mainly to designers, delves into the concepts related to the audit process and the improvement of energy efficiency in historic buildings; but of course it can also be used for existing buildings in general.
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[1] CEN. 2014. Conservation of Cultural Heritage - Guidelines and procedures for choosing appropriate lighting for indoor exhibitions. CEN TS/16163. Bruxelles: European Committee for Standardization. [2] UNI. 1999. Beni di interesse storico artistico. Condizioni ambientali di conservazione. Misure ed analisi. Norma UNI 10829. Milano: Ente Nazionale Italiano di Unificazione. [3] UNI. 2000. Manutenzione dei patrimoni immobiliari - Criteri di stesura dei manuali d uso e di manutenzione. Norma UNI 10874. Milano: Ente Nazionale Italiano di Unificazione. [4] UNI. 2002a. Previsione tecnica ed economica delle attività di manutenzione (budget di manutenzione) di aziende produttrici di beni e servizi - Criteri per la definizione, approvazione, gestione e controllo. Norma UNI 10992. Milano: Ente Nazionale Italiano di Unificazione. [5] UNI. 2008a. Criteri per la progettazione dell'ambiente interno e per la valutazione della prestazione energetica degli edifici, in relazione alla qualità dell'aria interna,
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all'ambiente termico, all'illuminazione e all'acustica. UNI EN 15251. Milano: Ente Nazionale Italiano di Unificazione. [6] UNI. 2008c. Prestazione energetica degli edifici - Calcolo del fabbisogno di energia per il riscaldamento e il raffrescamento. Norna UNI EN ISO 13790. Milano: Ente Nazionale Italiano di Unificazione. [7] UNI.2008h. Prestazione energetica degli edifici - Requisiti energetici per illuminazione. Norma UNI EN ISO 15193. Milano: Ente Nazionale Italiano di Unificazione. [8] UNI. 2010a. Conservazione dei Beni Culturali - Specifiche concernenti la temperatura e l'umidità relativa per limitare i danni meccanici causati dal clima ai materiali organici igroscopici. Norma UNI EN 15757. Milano: Ente Nazionale Italiano di Unificazione. [9] UNI. 2010b. Conservazione dei Beni Culturali - Procedure e strumenti per misurare la temperatura dell'aria e quella della superficie degli oggetti. Norma UNI EN 15758. Milano: Ente Nazionale Italiano di Unificazione. [10] UNI. 2010c. Prestazioni energetiche degli edifici - Parte 3: Determinazione del fabbisogno di energia primaria e dei rendimenti per la climatizzazione estiva. Specifica Tecnica UNI/TS 11300-3. Milano: Ente Nazionale Italiano di Unificazione. [11] UNI. 2010d. Manutenzione - Terminologia di manutenzione. Norma UNI 13306. Milano: Ente Nazionale Italiano di Unificazione. [12] UNI. 2011a. Luce e illuminazione - Illuminazione dei posti di lavoro - Parte 1: Posti di lavoro in interni. Norma UNI EN 12464-1. Milano: Ente Nazionale Italiano di Unificazione. [13] UNI. 2011b. Global service per la manutenzione dei patrimoni immobiliari - Linee guida. Norma UNI 11136. Milano: Ente Nazionale Italiano di Unificazione. [14] UNI. 2011c. Criteri di progettazione, gestione e controllo dei servizi di manutenzione degli immobili. Norma UNI EN 15331. Milano: Ente Nazionale Italiano di Unificazione. [15] UNI. 2012a. Conservazione dei beni culturali - Principali termini generali e definizioni. Norma UNI EN 15898. Milano: Ente Nazionale Italiano di Unificazione. [16] UNI. 2012b. Diagnosi energetiche - Parte 1: Requisiti generali. Norma UNI CEI EN 16247-1:2012. Milano: Ente Nazionale Italiano di Unificazione. [17] UNI. 2012c.Prestazioni energetiche degli edifici - Parte 4: Utilizzo di energie rinnovabili e di altri metodi di generazione per la climatizzazione invernale e per la produzione di acqua calda sanitaria. Specifica Tecnica UNI/TS 11300-4. Milano: Ente Nazionale Italiano di Unificazione. [18] UNI. 2014a. Prestazioni energetiche degli edifici - Parte 1: Determinazione del fabbisogno di energia termica dell'edificio per la climatizzazione estiva ed invernale. Specifica Tecnica UNI/TS 11300-1. Milano: Ente Nazionale Italiano di Unificazione. [19] UNI. 2014b. Prestazioni energetiche degli edifici - Parte 2: Determinazione del fabbisogno di energia primaria e dei rendimenti per la climatizzazione invernale e
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per la produzione di acqua calda sanitaria. Specifica Tecnica UNI/TS 11300-2. Milano: Ente Nazionale Italiano di Unificazione. [20]UNI. 2014c. Impianti aeraulici per la climatizzazione - Classificazione, prescrizione e requisiti prestazionali per la progettazione e la fornitura. Norma UNI 10339. Milano: Ente Nazionale Italiano di Unificazione. [21] Italian Government. 2004. Codice dei beni culturali e del paesaggio, ai sensi dell'articolo 10 della legge 6 luglio 2002, n. 137. DLgs 42/2004.Gazzetta Ufficiale n. 45 del 24 .2.2004, SO n. 28. [22] Italian Government. 2011. Attuazione della direttiva 2009/28/CE sulla promozione dell'uso dell'energia da fonti rinnovabili, recante modifica e successiva abrogazione delle direttive 2001/77/CE e 2003/30/CE. DLgs 28/11. Gazzetta Ufficiale n. 71 del 28.3.2011, SO n. 81. [23] Italian Government. 2013. Disposizioni urgenti per il recepimento della Direttiva 2010/31/UE del Parlamento europeo e del Consiglio del 19 maggio 2010, sulla prestazione energetica nell'edilizia per la definizione delle procedure d'infrazione avviate dalla Commissione europea, nonché altre disposizioni in materia di coesione sociale. DL 63/13. Gazzetta Ufficiale n. 130 del 5.6.2013. [24] Italian Parliament. 2013. Conversione in legge, con modificazioni, del decreto-legge 4 giugno 2013, n. 63, recante disposizioni urgenti per il recepimento della Direttiva 2010/31/UE del Parlamento europeo e del Consiglio del 19 maggio 2010, sulla prestazione energetica nell'edilizia per la definizione delle procedure d'infrazione avviate dalla Commissione europea, nonché altre disposizioni in materia di coesione sociale. L 90/13. Gazzetta Ufficiale Serie Generale n. 181 del 3.8.2013. [25] European Parliament. 2002. Directive 2002/91/CE; Parlamento Europeo e Consiglio del 16 dicembre 2002 sul rendimento energetico nell'edilizia. Gazzetta Ufficiale delle Comunità europee L1/65 del 4.1.2003. [26] Parlamento Europeo. 2009. Directive 2009/28/C; Parlamento Europeo e Consiglio del 23 aprile 2009 sulla promozione dell’uso dell’energia da fonti rinnovabili, recante modifica e successiva abrogazione delle Direttive 2001/77/CE e 2003/30/CE. Gazzetta Ufficiale dell’Unione Europea L140/16 del 5.6.2009. [27] Parlamento Europeo. 2010. Directive 2010/; Parlamento Europeo e Consiglio del 19 maggio 2010 sulle prestazioni energetiche degli edifici (recast). Gazzetta Ufficiale dell’Unione Europea L153/13 del 18.6.2010. [28] de Santoli L, Mancini F, Rossetti S. The energy sustainability of Palazzo Italia at EXPO 2015: Analysis of an nZEB building. Energy and Buildings 2014;82:534539. [29] de Santoli L, Fraticelli F, Fornari F, Calice C. Energy performance assessment and a retrofit strategies in public school buildings in Rome. Energy and Buildings 2014;68(A):196-202 [30] de Santoli L, Lo Basso G, Bruschi D. A small scale H2NG production plant in Italy: Techno-economic feasibility analysis and costs associated with carbon avoidance. Int J Hydrogen Energy 2014;39(12):6497–6517. [31] de Santoli L, Nastasi B, Albo A, Bruschi D, Lo Basso G. RES (Renewable Energy Sources) availability assessments for Eco-fuels production at local scale: carbon
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avoidance costs associated to a hybrid biomass/H2NG-based energy scenario. Energy Procedia; article in press. [32] AiCARR. 2011. Posizione di AiCARR sul D.Lgs. 28/11 per gli aspetti riguardanti le rinnovabili termiche. Milano: Editoriale Delfino. Disponibile alla pagina www.aicarr.org. [33] Alfano G., d’Ambrosio F.R., Riccio G. 1998. Degrado degli edifici dovuto ad umidità: prevenzione e bonifica. In: Edilizia e Ambiente (A. Peretti e P. Simonetti eds.), 103-122. Padova: Arti Grafiche Padovane. [34] Bellia L., D’Agostino S., d’Ambrosio F.R. 2014. An integrated process for rehabilitating historical buildings. Proceedings of 49th AiCARR International Conference “Historical and existing buildings: Designing the retrofit, Rome. [35] Bo M. 2011. Innovazione delle tecniche tradizionali nel retrofit degli edifici: la riqualificazione dei vecchi impianti di riscaldamento a radiatori. Atti del 48° Convegno Internazionale AiCARR, Baveno, settembre. [36] Busato F. 2009. Energie rinnovabili: eolico. In: Miniguida AICARR, Padova: SGE. [37] Busato F. 2014. Analisi economica: fondamenti e applicazioni al sistema edificioimpianto. Collana AiCARR. Milano: Editoriale Delfino. [38] Crawley D., Hand., Kummert M., Griffith B. 2008. Contrasting the capabilities of building energy performance simulation programs. Building and Environment, 43(4), 661-673. [39] d’Ambrosio, M. Dell’Isola, M. Palmiero, A. Pica. 2010. Misura della permeabilità all’aria degli edifici residenziali. Parte 1: Principi generali. La Termotecnica. ottobre, 61-68, Parte 2: Indagini sperimentali, novembre, 69-72. [40] d'Ambrosio Alfano F.R. 2013. Oltre la certificazione energetica: progettazione e gestione del sistema edificio impianto per ottimizzare il comfort ed i consumi energetici reali. AiCARR Journal, 20, 16-30. [41] Daniel R. 2009. Audit degli edifici esistenti: problematiche e metodologie operative. Tesi di laurea, Dipartimento di Energia Politecnico di Milano - ALDAR S.rl. Engineering Efficiency Milano, 2009. [42] De Leo F., d’Ambrosio Alfano F.R. 2014. I materiali termoisolanti per l’edilizia. (In corso di stampa). [43] Dell’Isola M., d’Ambrosio Alfano F.R., Ficco G., Ianniello E. 2010. Problematiche di misura in campo della trasmittanza termica nella diagnosi energetica degli edifici. Atti 65° Congresso Nazionale dell'Associazione Termotecnica Italiana. Laguna Chia, settembre. [44] Givoni B. 1969. Man, climate and architecture. Elsevier Publishing Company Limited. [45] Lazzarin R. 2009. Energie rinnovabili: solare termico. In: Miniguida AICARR, Padova: SGE. [46] Lazzarin R. 2011. Le pompe di calore nel retrofit degli edifici: aspetti tecnici ed economici. Atti del 48° Convegno Internazionale AiCARR, Baveno, settembre. [47] Mazzarella L. 2010. Diagnosi energetica (Energy Audit): aspetti generali - criteri e procedure di valutazione. In: Diagnosi energetica degli edifici esistenti: aspetti relativi a involucro edilizio e impianti, valutazioni tecnico-economiche. Milano: AiCARR.
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[48] Mazzarella L., Piterà L.A, 2013. Efficienza energetica attraverso la diagnosi e il servizio energia negli edifici. Linee Guida - AGESI - ASSISTAL ASSOPETROLI - ASSOENERGIA. [49] MIBAC. 2001. Atto di indirizzo sui criteri tecnico-scientifici e sugli standard di funzionamento e sviluppo dei musei (Art. 150, comma 6, del DLgs 112 del 1998). DM 10 maggio 2001. Gazzetta Ufficiale 19 ottobre 2001, n. 244, S.O. [50] Ministero della Salute. 2006. Linee Guida per la definizione di protocolli tecnici di manutenzione predittiva degli impianti di climatizzazione. Gazzetta Ufficiale del 3.11.2006. [51] Olgyay V. 1963. Design with climate: bioclimatic approach to architectural regionalism. Some chapters based on cooperative research with Aladar Olgyay. Princeton: Princeton University Press, [52] Pinna M. 1978. L’atmosfera e il clima. Torino: UTET. [53] Tronville P. 2013. La filtrazione dell’aria negli impianti di climatizzazione. Collana Tecnica AiCARR . Milano: Editoriale Delfino.
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ACKNOLEDGEMENTS
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Acknowledgements include all supporting activity of the Italian Ministry of Cultural Heritage. The AiCARR guideline has been drawn up by a work team consisting of the following experts: Livio de Santoli (coordinator, Sapienza University of Rome), Laura Bellia (University of Naples Federico II), Stefano P. Corgnati (Polytechnic University of Turin), Francesca R. d’Ambrosio Alfano (University of Salerno), Marco Filippi (Polytechnic University of Turin), Livio Mazzarella (Polytechnic University of Milan), Piercarlo Romagnoni (University IUAV of Venice), Fabio Sciurpi (University of Studies of Florence). The author thanks also Pietro Mazzei, Fabrizio Ascione, Francesco Calise and Francesco Minichiello of the University of Naples Federico II, Gianfranco Rizzo, Gianluca Scaccianoce, Vincenzo Franzitta and Antonio Nucara of the University of Palermo and Mario Mariotti, PhD, for their precious cooperation in drawing up the first draft of these Guidelines. The Guidelines have been reviewed by the following experts who have supplied valuable suggestions: Matteo Bo, Luca Alberto Piterà.
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Visit to the building to be audited in order to visually inspect each energy system and/or subsystem.
Level II: General
Energy analysis of plant systems with stationary computational models. Small measurements.
Level III: Investmentgrade
Energy analysis of plant systems with dynamic computational models. Detailed measurements on components.
Estimation of the potential energy and cost saving on the basis of the ESO at low investment cost. List of quality intervention scenarios. Information for subsequent level II or III analysis Indication of ESO and scenarios of intervention to be implemented through the building energy, economic and multicriteria analysis. Evaluation of the primary energy consumption in relation to the utility function, the energy carrier and use profiles. Accurate Indication of ESO and scenarios of intervention to be implemented through the building energy, economic and multicriteria analysis. Definition of the interactions between the different scenarios.
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TIME
Few days
Few weeks
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RESULTS
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Table 1 – Comparison between the three levels of audit. ESO: Energy Saving Opportunities.
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Before the intervention
After the intervention
Percentage reduction [%]
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[kWh/(m3·year)] EPci EPacs EPce EPill EPgl (global) Table 2 – Diagram for the evaluation of the effects of energy upgrade.
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Integration level Technological
Scenic Formal
Chromatic
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Mesoscale Squareblocksurrounding Macroscale territory
Opaque surfaces Transparent surfaces Facade Opaque surfaces Transparent surfaces Installations Cover Facade Installations
Morphological
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Microscale Architecture Buildingplaceconstruction
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Typological element
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Table 3 – Preliminary assessment sheet for integration in the landscape.
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Highlights Guidelines to improve the energy efficiency of historic buildings were developed.
The proposed methodology should be based on an interdisciplinary approach.
Criteria for interventions integration in the landscape were identified.
Appropriate adjustments for historical buildings should be provided and regulated.
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A procedure proposed by AiCARR to improve the energy efficiency
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