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Handbook of Properties of Condensed Phases of Hydrogen and Oxygen
Book reviews Future Opportunities
in Catalytic and Separation
M. Misono, Y. Moro-oka and S. Kimura (Eds.) Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1990, 382 pp, ISBN 0444885927, This book has been edited from the papers presented at a seminar about ‘Selective Reactions and Separation’ held in Japan on l-5 February 1988. The seminar was organized by ASPRONC (The Association for the Progress of New Chemistry). The title, which includes both ‘catalytic and separation technology’ might sound like a combination of entirely different fields. However, readers will soon find how the two technologies are closely related. The first chapter, of four, was compiled from the keynote lectures about recent developments in industrial catalysts and/or catalytic processes and from four review articles of topics covered in this book. Two of them deal with advanced methodologies of catalyst development and characterizing dynamic behaviour of adsorption and desorption on catalysts. A bridge between catalytic processes and separation technologies could be found in the development of selective reactions that use welldesigned catalysts. Enzymes are ideal catalysts for highly selective reactions. Oxidation of organic compounds by molecular oxygen is catalysed with oxygenase in biological systems. Recent developments in the synthesis of metal complexes, modelling for the active sites of enzymes and reactions that mimic enzyme oxidation are surveyed. Recent developments in various membrane separation processes are reviewed. They include electrodialysis by using ion-exchange membranes, reverse osmosis for desalination, ultrafiltration and microtiltration for biotechnologies, pervaporation for dehydration, gas separation and membrane distillation. The other three chapters deal with more specific topics in the fields of new aspects of heterogeneous catalysts, selective syntheses of chiral molecules by using asymmetric catalysts and new methodologies for separating optical isomers, and membrane reactors that use catalysts. Some new developments in zeolite catalysts are briefly reviewed, together with the extended use of zeolite catalysts for organic synthesis and decomposition of NO with the aim of reducing emission from motor-vehicle exhaust gases. The direct conversion of methane into higher hydrocarbons and into formaldehyde or methanol is described. Among many metal-oxide catalysts effective for this reaction, the authors claimed that their samarium-oxidebased catalyst exhibited the highest activity and selectivity
Handbook
of Properties of Condensed
Technology
US$179.50
for ethane and ethene. Types and examples of catalytic membrane reactor are described together with theoretical and experimental details of their use in the oxidative dehydrogenation of cyclohexane. Remarkable progress in homogeneous asymmetric catalysts and separation techniques of optical isomers is included. The key compound for the asymmetric induction reaction is (R) or (S)-2,2’-bis(diphenylphosphino)-l,l’binaphthyl (BINAP) ligand for transition-metal catalysis. This bulky and rigid axially dissymmetric molecule provides dissymmetry in the active centre in order to control the steric course of reactant molecules. In this system extraordinarily high enantiomer excess is reported in several asymmetric hydrogenation reactions with ruthenium and rhodium complexes. The use of host guest complexes and chromatographic separation of chiral molecules are described, where axially dissymmetric molecules served as chiral recognition centres. Wide ranges of topics, from heterogeneous to homogeneous catalysts and their applications in membrane reactors, covered in such a concise volume generally tend to make the descriptions of related topics superficial. However, the authors of individual papers are leading world scientists in their respective fields. Therefore, most of the papers have enough depth for readers to understand recent developments in related fields. Some papers contain current experimental results of the author’s research group with a large amount of cited literature. Readers who are not specialists in these fields will be attracted by well-designed molecular-level catalyst technology leading to high selectivity in chemical reactions. However, readers are expected to have a considerable background knowledge of organic chemistry fully to understand the subjects covered. This book is suited to graduate students, who may or may not be specializing in catalyst chemistry, and chemical engineers who wish to extend their knowledge in chemistry-oriented research areas. Overall the quality of the typesetting and figures is very good for a volume produced from camera-ready copy.
Toshimitsu Suzuki Department
of Chemical Engineering, Kansai University, Japan
Phases of Hydrogen and Oxygen
6.1.Verkin
(Editor), T.B. Selover Jr. (English Edition Editor) Hemisphere Publishing Corporation, USA, Distribution Taylor & Francis Ltd, London, UK, 1991, lSBN0981167145,f71.00
This is a compilation of data collected by staff at the State Service for Standard Reference Data of the PhysicoTechnical Institute for Low Temperatures of the Academy of Sciences of the Ukraine. It has been well translated by
110
Gas Separation Et Purification 1992 Vol 6 No 2
J.I. Ghojel from Professor Verkin’s 1984 Russian edition and edited by T.B. Selover Jr. for a ‘revised and augmented English edition with a few extra references and updated data where necessary.
Book reviews The contents may be regarded as a collection of four critical review articles on the properties of liquid hydrogen and its isotopes, solid hydrogen and its isotopes, liquid oxygen and solid oxygen. Data on the vapour state are also included. The combination of hydrogen and oxygen seems at first an odd choice, but presumably arose from an involvement with the design of rocket motors for the Soviet space programme. The properties of cryogenic fluids have been extensively investigated over the years, especially in the USA at NIST (formerly the National Bureau of Standards), but also widely in Europe including the USSR. Accurate equations of state are available from which all the thermodynamic properties can be calculated, as exemplified by the IUPAC publication on oxygen’, and equations are similarly available for thermophysical properties. Such equations form the basis of sophisticated computer programs which can be incorporated into design procedures. Many companies and other establishments, in the western world at least, have had access to such programs for a long time. Verkin’s book discusses each of the thermodynamic and thermophysical properties individually, giving equations where appropriate. Many of the thermodynamic equations are of limited value, since the properties can be deduced more usefully from a good equation of state. However, the latest equations of state are not included, so that the IUPAC equation’ for oxygen is not mentioned, nor is the equation for hydrogen published by McCarty in 1980’. On the positive side, mixtures of hydrogen isotopes and the effects and dynamics of orrhopara conversion for both hydrogen and deuterium are given considerable space. The chapters on properties of the solid phase are of value. since the data are widely scattered through the literature. The different phases of solid hydrogen isotopes and their properties are discussed in detail, together with the ortho- and para-states. There is an especially lengthy section on specific heats, and mechanical properties are not forgotten. The chapter on solid oxygen is. of necessity, briefer: as we11 as thermophysical properties, information is included on mechanical properties and magnetic susceptibility, although there is no mention in the book of the magnetic properties of the liquid. For data reference, the book is not convenient to use, since each property is listed in a separate table. so that, for instance, heats of vaporization are given as a function of saturated temperature only, the relation between saturation temperature and pressure being on another page. Some of the information is given graphically. which is useful for determining trends. but not suitable for accurate data. In view of the easy accessibiiity of computers. I would suggest that it is sufficient in a book of this type to give equations describing the various properties (this is in any case done here) and eliminate the expense of preparing extensive tables. If this had been done, the book might have appeared at a more affordable price. and would have been no less useful. The preface claims that the book is intended for specialists and ‘science staffs as well as graduate and undergraduate students specializing in the field of physics and technology of low temperatures’. However, in western
terms, I find it difficult to see its real use. It is certainly not a teaching book, because there is little discussion of the underlying physics. I would not expect it to be particularly useful to the specialist who should have virtually all of the information to hand already. Perhaps it might find a niche with new users of oxygen and hydrogen. It might, in fact have made more sense to publish the book in two separate volumes, one for hydrogen and one for oxygen, each at rather less than half the price of the combined volume.
References I 2
Wagner, W. and de Reuck, K.M. Oxygen: International rhe~~.y~a~jc tables of the solid state - 9 Biackwefl Scientific Publications. Oxford (1987) McCarty, R.D. Interactive Fortran IV computer programs for the thermodynamic and transport properties of selected cryogens (Fluids Pack) NBS Tech Note 1025 (1980)
B.A. Hands Cryogenics Laboratory, Depa~men~ of Engineering Science, University of Oxford, UK
THE
ULTIMATE
MU~IPOINT MASSFLOWMETER
Upto8Sena3relemmtsperpfobeensure comprehensive monitoring. Accuracy and reliabiltty in Air/Gas handling Row measurement 2:l to100:1+flowtumdmvll. A&irate
in hiih temperattires to 450°C.
~~1~~~
l&earize nle siglxil ou@ut
~~~~~~~~~~
We never compromise quality iuagadiy WI andallows theaceunite Allison Engineering Ltd. Allison House, Capricorn Cranes Farm Road, Basildon, Essex SS14 3JA. Tel: 0268 526161, Fax: 0268 533144.
Cmtre.
meawremantofmassairgasiknvinlarge handling systems. The unit combines, &!i&tiwT_y
Gas Separation & Purification 1992
BccuraC’es
Vol 6 No 2
111
in Catalytic and Separation
M. Misono, Y. Moro-oka and S. Kimura (Eds.) Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1990, 382 pp, ISBN 0444885927, This book has been edited from the papers presented at a seminar about ‘Selective Reactions and Separation’ held in Japan on l-5 February 1988. The seminar was organized by ASPRONC (The Association for the Progress of New Chemistry). The title, which includes both ‘catalytic and separation technology’ might sound like a combination of entirely different fields. However, readers will soon find how the two technologies are closely related. The first chapter, of four, was compiled from the keynote lectures about recent developments in industrial catalysts and/or catalytic processes and from four review articles of topics covered in this book. Two of them deal with advanced methodologies of catalyst development and characterizing dynamic behaviour of adsorption and desorption on catalysts. A bridge between catalytic processes and separation technologies could be found in the development of selective reactions that use welldesigned catalysts. Enzymes are ideal catalysts for highly selective reactions. Oxidation of organic compounds by molecular oxygen is catalysed with oxygenase in biological systems. Recent developments in the synthesis of metal complexes, modelling for the active sites of enzymes and reactions that mimic enzyme oxidation are surveyed. Recent developments in various membrane separation processes are reviewed. They include electrodialysis by using ion-exchange membranes, reverse osmosis for desalination, ultrafiltration and microtiltration for biotechnologies, pervaporation for dehydration, gas separation and membrane distillation. The other three chapters deal with more specific topics in the fields of new aspects of heterogeneous catalysts, selective syntheses of chiral molecules by using asymmetric catalysts and new methodologies for separating optical isomers, and membrane reactors that use catalysts. Some new developments in zeolite catalysts are briefly reviewed, together with the extended use of zeolite catalysts for organic synthesis and decomposition of NO with the aim of reducing emission from motor-vehicle exhaust gases. The direct conversion of methane into higher hydrocarbons and into formaldehyde or methanol is described. Among many metal-oxide catalysts effective for this reaction, the authors claimed that their samarium-oxidebased catalyst exhibited the highest activity and selectivity
Handbook
of Properties of Condensed
Technology
US$179.50
for ethane and ethene. Types and examples of catalytic membrane reactor are described together with theoretical and experimental details of their use in the oxidative dehydrogenation of cyclohexane. Remarkable progress in homogeneous asymmetric catalysts and separation techniques of optical isomers is included. The key compound for the asymmetric induction reaction is (R) or (S)-2,2’-bis(diphenylphosphino)-l,l’binaphthyl (BINAP) ligand for transition-metal catalysis. This bulky and rigid axially dissymmetric molecule provides dissymmetry in the active centre in order to control the steric course of reactant molecules. In this system extraordinarily high enantiomer excess is reported in several asymmetric hydrogenation reactions with ruthenium and rhodium complexes. The use of host guest complexes and chromatographic separation of chiral molecules are described, where axially dissymmetric molecules served as chiral recognition centres. Wide ranges of topics, from heterogeneous to homogeneous catalysts and their applications in membrane reactors, covered in such a concise volume generally tend to make the descriptions of related topics superficial. However, the authors of individual papers are leading world scientists in their respective fields. Therefore, most of the papers have enough depth for readers to understand recent developments in related fields. Some papers contain current experimental results of the author’s research group with a large amount of cited literature. Readers who are not specialists in these fields will be attracted by well-designed molecular-level catalyst technology leading to high selectivity in chemical reactions. However, readers are expected to have a considerable background knowledge of organic chemistry fully to understand the subjects covered. This book is suited to graduate students, who may or may not be specializing in catalyst chemistry, and chemical engineers who wish to extend their knowledge in chemistry-oriented research areas. Overall the quality of the typesetting and figures is very good for a volume produced from camera-ready copy.
Toshimitsu Suzuki Department
of Chemical Engineering, Kansai University, Japan
Phases of Hydrogen and Oxygen
6.1.Verkin
(Editor), T.B. Selover Jr. (English Edition Editor) Hemisphere Publishing Corporation, USA, Distribution Taylor & Francis Ltd, London, UK, 1991, lSBN0981167145,f71.00
This is a compilation of data collected by staff at the State Service for Standard Reference Data of the PhysicoTechnical Institute for Low Temperatures of the Academy of Sciences of the Ukraine. It has been well translated by
110
Gas Separation Et Purification 1992 Vol 6 No 2
J.I. Ghojel from Professor Verkin’s 1984 Russian edition and edited by T.B. Selover Jr. for a ‘revised and augmented English edition with a few extra references and updated data where necessary.
Book reviews The contents may be regarded as a collection of four critical review articles on the properties of liquid hydrogen and its isotopes, solid hydrogen and its isotopes, liquid oxygen and solid oxygen. Data on the vapour state are also included. The combination of hydrogen and oxygen seems at first an odd choice, but presumably arose from an involvement with the design of rocket motors for the Soviet space programme. The properties of cryogenic fluids have been extensively investigated over the years, especially in the USA at NIST (formerly the National Bureau of Standards), but also widely in Europe including the USSR. Accurate equations of state are available from which all the thermodynamic properties can be calculated, as exemplified by the IUPAC publication on oxygen’, and equations are similarly available for thermophysical properties. Such equations form the basis of sophisticated computer programs which can be incorporated into design procedures. Many companies and other establishments, in the western world at least, have had access to such programs for a long time. Verkin’s book discusses each of the thermodynamic and thermophysical properties individually, giving equations where appropriate. Many of the thermodynamic equations are of limited value, since the properties can be deduced more usefully from a good equation of state. However, the latest equations of state are not included, so that the IUPAC equation’ for oxygen is not mentioned, nor is the equation for hydrogen published by McCarty in 1980’. On the positive side, mixtures of hydrogen isotopes and the effects and dynamics of orrhopara conversion for both hydrogen and deuterium are given considerable space. The chapters on properties of the solid phase are of value. since the data are widely scattered through the literature. The different phases of solid hydrogen isotopes and their properties are discussed in detail, together with the ortho- and para-states. There is an especially lengthy section on specific heats, and mechanical properties are not forgotten. The chapter on solid oxygen is. of necessity, briefer: as we11 as thermophysical properties, information is included on mechanical properties and magnetic susceptibility, although there is no mention in the book of the magnetic properties of the liquid. For data reference, the book is not convenient to use, since each property is listed in a separate table. so that, for instance, heats of vaporization are given as a function of saturated temperature only, the relation between saturation temperature and pressure being on another page. Some of the information is given graphically. which is useful for determining trends. but not suitable for accurate data. In view of the easy accessibiiity of computers. I would suggest that it is sufficient in a book of this type to give equations describing the various properties (this is in any case done here) and eliminate the expense of preparing extensive tables. If this had been done, the book might have appeared at a more affordable price. and would have been no less useful. The preface claims that the book is intended for specialists and ‘science staffs as well as graduate and undergraduate students specializing in the field of physics and technology of low temperatures’. However, in western
terms, I find it difficult to see its real use. It is certainly not a teaching book, because there is little discussion of the underlying physics. I would not expect it to be particularly useful to the specialist who should have virtually all of the information to hand already. Perhaps it might find a niche with new users of oxygen and hydrogen. It might, in fact have made more sense to publish the book in two separate volumes, one for hydrogen and one for oxygen, each at rather less than half the price of the combined volume.
References I 2
Wagner, W. and de Reuck, K.M. Oxygen: International rhe~~.y~a~jc tables of the solid state - 9 Biackwefl Scientific Publications. Oxford (1987) McCarty, R.D. Interactive Fortran IV computer programs for the thermodynamic and transport properties of selected cryogens (Fluids Pack) NBS Tech Note 1025 (1980)
B.A. Hands Cryogenics Laboratory, Depa~men~ of Engineering Science, University of Oxford, UK
THE
ULTIMATE
MU~IPOINT MASSFLOWMETER
Upto8Sena3relemmtsperpfobeensure comprehensive monitoring. Accuracy and reliabiltty in Air/Gas handling Row measurement 2:l to100:1+flowtumdmvll. A&irate
in hiih temperattires to 450°C.
~~1~~~
l&earize nle siglxil ou@ut
~~~~~~~~~~
We never compromise quality iuagadiy WI andallows theaceunite Allison Engineering Ltd. Allison House, Capricorn Cranes Farm Road, Basildon, Essex SS14 3JA. Tel: 0268 526161, Fax: 0268 533144.
Cmtre.
meawremantofmassairgasiknvinlarge handling systems. The unit combines, &!i&tiwT_y
Gas Separation & Purification 1992
BccuraC’es
Vol 6 No 2
111